Jung: Analytical Psychology Analytical Psychology - Rest on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone. - Jung believed that each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors. - These inherited images make up what Jung called the collective unconscious. Collective unconscious - Includes those elements that we have never experienced individually but which have come down to us from our ancestors. Archetypes - Elements of the collective unconscious that become highly developed. Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites ● People are both introverted and extraverted; ● Rational and irrational; ● Male and female; ● Conscious and unconscious; ● Pushed by past events while being pulled by future expectations. Carl Gustav Jung - Was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, a town on Lake Constance in Switzerland. - He had a brother who was born before him but only lived 3 days, and a sister who was born 9 years younger than him. Carl Gustav Jung (Paternal Grandfather) - Was a prominent physician in Basel and one of the best-known men of the city. - Rumor has it that elder Carl Jung was the illegitimate son of the Great German poet Goethe. Johann Paul Jung (Father) - Was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church Emilie Preiswerk Jung (Mother) - Was a daughter of a theologian. - Her family had a tradition of spiritualism and mysticism, and his maternal grandfather, Samuel Preiswerk, was a believer in the occult and often talked to the dead. - Eight of Jung’s maternal uncles and two of his paternal uncles were pastors, so both religion and medicine were prevalent in his family. No. 1 and No. 2 personalities - During his school years, Jung gradually became aware of two separate aspects of his self, and he called these his No. 1 and No. 2 personalities. No. 1 personality - Was extraverted and in tune to the objective world. No. 2 personality - Was introverted and directed inward toward his subjective world. 1902 - He completed his medical degree in Basel University He became a psychiatric assistant to Eugene Bleuler at Burghöltzli Mental Hospital in Zürich, possibly the most prestigious psychiatric teaching hospital in the world at that time. 1902-1903 - Jung studied for 6 months in Paris with Pierre Janet, successor to Charcot. - When he returned to Switzerland in 1903, he married Emma Rauschenbach, a young sophisticated woman from a wealthy Swiss family 1906 - - in order to interpret one of Freud’s dreams. ● ● 1907 - Jung and Freud began a steady correspondence The following year, Freud invited Carl and Emma Jung to Vienna. Immediately, both Freud and Jung developed a strong mutual respect and affection for one another, talking during their first meeting for 13 straight hours and well into the early morning hours. During this marathon conversation, Martha Freud and Emma Jung busied themselves with polite conversation Jung was the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. Memories, Dreams, Reflections - Jung (1961) claimed that Freud was unwilling to reveal details of his personal life—details Jung needed Two women who shared Jung’s life for nearly 40 years were his wife Emma and another former patient named Antonia (Toni) Wolff Emma Jung seemed to have related better to Jung’s No. 1 personality while Toni Wolff was more in touch with his No. 2 personality. Jung wrote to Freud of his “boundless admiration” for him and confessed that his veneration “has something of the character of a ‘religious’ crush” and that it had an “undeniable erotic undertone” Jung was actually 18 years old at the time of the sexual assault and saw the older man as a fatherly friend in whom he could confide nearly everything. Creative Illness - From December of 1913 until 1917, he underwent the most profound and dangerous experience of his life—a trip through the underground of his own unconscious psyche. - Marvin Goldwert (1992) referred to this time in Jung’s life as a period of “creative illness,” a term Henri Ellenberger (1970) had used to describe Freud in the years immediately following his father’s death. - Jung’s period of “creative illness” was similar to Freud’s self-analysis. Individuation - a kind of psychological rebirth Jung achieved near the end of his journey. - He heard his anima speak to him in a clear feminine voice; he discovered his shadow, the evil side of his personality; he spoke with the wise old man and the great mother archetypes. Ego - - ● ● ● ● Jung had five children, four girls and a boy. In 1944, he became professor of medical psychology at the University of Basel, but poor health forced him to resign his position the following year. After his wife died in 1955, he was mostly alone, the “wise old man of Küsnacht.” He died June 6, 1961, in Zürich, a few weeks short of his 86th birthday Levels of the Psyche Jung strongly asserted that the most important portion of the unconscious springs not from personal experiences of the individual but from the distant past of human existence, a concept Jung called the collective unconscious. Of lesser importance to Jungian theory are the conscious and the personal unconscious. Conscious - According to Jung, conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas the unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego. Jung saw the ego as the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality. Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious. In a psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a secondary position to the unconscious self Personal Unconscious - embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. - It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness. - Our personal unconscious is formed by our individual experiences and is therefore unique to each of us. - Some images in the personal unconscious can be recalled easily, some remembered with difficulty, and still others are beyond the reach of consciousness. Complexes - Contents of the personal unconscious. - It is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas. - Complexes are largely personal, but they may also be partly derived from humanity’s collective experience. Mother complexes - May be partly conscious and may stem from both the personal and the collective unconscious. Collective Unconscious - In contrast to the personal unconscious, which results from individual experiences, the collective unconscious has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. - It represents Jung’s most controversial, and perhaps his most distinctive, concept. - The contents of the collective unconscious do not lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions - The collective unconscious is responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs. - It also produces “big dreams,” that is, dreams with meaning beyond the individual dreamer and that are filled with significance for people of every time and place - The collective unconscious does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency Archetypes - are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. - They are similar to complexes in that they are emotionally tone collections of associated images. Archetypes should also be distinguished from instincts. Instinct - an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct. In summary, both archetypes and instincts are unconsciously determined, and both can help shape personality. Although a great number of archetypes exist as vague images, only a few have evolved to the point where they can be conceptualized. The most notable of these include the persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old man, hero, and self. Persona - The side of personality that people show to the world - It refers to the mask worn by actors in the early theater. - Jung’s concept of the persona may have originated from experiences with his No. 1 personality, which had to make accommodations to the outside world. Shadow - The archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. - The shadow consists of morally objectionable tendencies as well as a number of constructive and - creative qualities that we, nevertheless, are reluctant to face Anima - Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side. - To master the projections of the anima, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their personality. - Jung believed that the anima originated from early men’s experiences with women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that combined to form a generalized picture of women. Animus - The masculine archetype in women - Whereas the anima represents irrational moods and feelings, the animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. Two Other Archetypes, derivatives of the anima and animus: Great Mother - Everyone, man or woman, possesses a great mother archetype. - This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings. - Fertility and power combine to form the concept of rebirth, which may be a separate archetype, but its relation to the great mother is obvious. Rebirth is represented by such processes as reincarnation, baptism, resurrection, and individuation or self-realization. Wise Old Man - archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. - This archetypal meaning, however, is unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual. - The wise old man archetype is personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest. Hero - The hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons. In the end, however, the hero often is undone by some seemingly insignificant person or event Self - - Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self. The most comprehensive of all archetypes, the self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of selfrealization. Mandala - An ultimate symbol which is depicted as a circle within a square, a square within a circle, or any other concentric figure. - It represents the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity, balance, and wholeness. for the future that direct a person’s destiny Progression - Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy Regression - adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy Psychological Types Attitudes - Jung (1921/1971) defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. - He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude Although the self is almost never perfectly balanced, each person has in the collective unconscious a concept of the perfect, unified self. The mandala represents the perfect self, the archetype of order, unity, and totality. Dynamics of Personality Causality - holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences. Teleology - holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations Introversion - is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. - Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions Extraversion - is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. - Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world. - They tend to focus on the objective attitude while suppressing the subjective. Functions - Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. 1. Thinking - Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas - The thinking type can be either extraverted or introverted, depending on a person’s basic attitude. Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been transmitted to them from without, Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves. 2. Feeling - Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. - Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting. Extraverted feeling people use objective data to make evaluations. Introverted feeling people base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts. 3. Sensing - The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness Extraverted sensing people perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist in reality Introverted sensing people are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth. 4. Intuiting - involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. - Like sensing, it is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts, ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling. Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or subtracting elements from conscious sensation. Extraverted intuitive people are oriented toward facts in the external world. Introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality. 2. The Monarchic - is characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. 3. The Dualistic - when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective. Youth - The period from puberty until middle life - According to Jung (1931/1960a), youth is, or should be, a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problemfree era of childhood is gone forever. Development of Personality Conservative Principle - desire to live in the past Stages of Development Jung grouped the stages of life into four general periods—childhood, youth, middle life, and old age. Middle Life - begins at approximately age 35 or 40, by which time the sun has passed its zenith and begins its downward descent Childhood ➢ Three Substages 1. The Anarchic - is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness. “Islands of consciousness” may exist, but there is little or no connection among these islands. - Experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized. Old Age - If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later ones. Self-Realization - Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or individuation, is the process of becoming an individual or whole person - Self-realization is extremely rare and is achieved only by people who are able to assimilate their unconscious into their total personality.
