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REXRESEARCH
P O B O X1 9 2 5 0
JEAN
NV 89019
USA
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Making rain while the sunshines
'Flrr.Efense
'S
soh a letl
b"tq'iorllouaoi
d.! ald
ard ^ntAar Dan
.g!!ryth
,I lDe 3ld
gr€elhqrs€
svathor loot,Wry co..
Beoedld!!n, -Ite ha}
gudan 8und8td" gtme h co6d
ad h Feun|lary dr.ldt it bofr Ub
t lsr slinold€d grldf h,roybern l
aaorteri
'Tbh bio.rgulatd
Eutreeearctec-sy
apt€lls ta havt sldo b Ecdodb cofrD th
poteotirl
the
e Fteo$al lc blochnied
blochenlcd maaipnaDiDo- '.,.Se
$aylte |€artbiriliddteI
l8d6 of
hd6
o{ plaotgrmil rld
bsvet
profaud
ofouadlmorc't
lnprc't or
lacre
or.ln
ol0ty rld
tld g![ty of crld
$ar6ty
ge roalot[ef rcae ttcrt
Lrv! iot|ld thet DCPTA
BloregulatoF give u tle pokothl
E€m lcdvity i! the phot, speediDt!p
tb€ productiGol €dym€stbat lD br!
tor madpulatrng
for
maniDulatinrtle
tI€ ge
c@ re$ilatiod
reflilationo{
planl B€ocdictsara
spe€ddp tie plaltl n€tabolbm.
e
r DIaDL'
sa!r€."ald
co| d
"and conld
Tbey first dir(lY€'ed lhrt DC?TA havea prolourdimpactooagricultural
darbledthe rutber productiood gua. cropproducuvityald gualiry."
EVERYDAY
Some schntists have maintainedthat cloud seedinc_ the
practiceol disp€rsingchemicalsinto cumuluccloudsin 6rder to
ma*e rain-is about a! effectivea.spalng someoneto do a rain
dance.ibr midwestemlarmersand water manAgers,however,
cloud seeding ha.soften seemed to olfer hope in times ol
drought. North Dalota larmer!. lor instance.hive had enouch
confidencein the procedureto target 6.6 mi ion acres lor
the "store-bought" rain at the cost ol 5c an acre, a state
meteo.ologist
estimates.
Skepticshave neverdoubtedthat whensilver iodide seedinc
agentscome into contactwitha cloud'sverycold moisturedrogi
Iets,ice crystals-$fhichbecomeraindropsin warmweather_
are lormed;in laboratorycloud chambersthis is known to happen. But could the processwo.k in the field_or, perhapsmoie
aptly in this case,in the sky-where the real cloudsroam?The
skepticsdoubted that seedingagentsdisp€rsedat the baseol a
tall cumulus cloud could wend their way5,000to 12,000leet up,
to the part of the cloud that containsmoisturedroDlets.
Last month. in a collaborativeeftort.scientistsfrom the North
Dakota WeatherModilication Eoard in Bismarckand the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOM) in
Boulder,Colo..took to the cloudsin orderto settlethinqsonce
and lor all.The researchers
released
a tracergas-sullu"rhexafluoride - simultaneouslywith the silver iodide,and then followed in a secondplaneequippedwith detectionequipmentto
monitor the tracer'sdispersal.
'The
stuff had a bit of a climb to make,"saysJohn Flueck,a
NOM researchscientist,"but our preliminaryguessesare that
in at least one instance the seedingagent was successtulin
reachingthe levelwherethe cold wateris."Theiesearchersalso
testedsilver iodide with sodiumchloride.This combination.
sa)6 Flueck,"works much more quickly-because the water in
the cloud doesn'thaveto be as cold for it to work..
8,{5
S C I E N C E A N D M E C E A N I C S f o r O C T O B E R '1 9 3 5
Sky-Seraping
a RAIN is caused, as everYone knows'
by the upper eir's becoming too cold
to hold any longer the water it contarns.
the idea that rain can be
Consequently,
made by firing bombs into the skl" to
shak€loosethe water, is impractical.
A French meteorologisl Bernard
Dubos, proposes to produce lain bY
l€nding Nature a hand; in othe! words'
helping her to carry out her ro!trne
processof drawing h€eted,v/ater'laden
;ir from the surface of the earth, and
cooling it (by expansion into thinn€!
atmosphere) until the rtatel codes
donrr again.
His project, illustlated lere, i6 to
Dut uD stupendoustowers of concret€,
i o l t o w w i t h r n ,q h i c h q i l l c r e a t ed r a f t s
in the same manner as a factory chimney. The ascending air column will
cairy sater uP \*ith it, as vapor; and'
*.hiilins vanes s'ill distribute it in all
directio;s. By this means, M. Dubos
believes, the natulal moisture ot the
ai! can be readily increased. Such a
tower, steel reenforced, and two_thirds
hlshe! than the Empire State Building'
would cost about $10,000,000,it is estimated, and be of gr€at scientioc as weII
as climstic value.
Torvers to f,Iake ltain
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The Electrificationof Seeds?;_1i:=,:iz=+ii
.
A Revolurion
iu Ag.iculture
l$,.By Cl-rarles
A. Mrrcicr,N.D., F.R.C.P.,
F.R.C.S.
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It $ill talc mrrry ).crrs heforc all thc behc6t that cnD hc obtoiled frunr thc process
is finall-v :rrrivcd :..1. At present;it h;
bcen vorked out onlj,for.rvhc:rt, oits. aDd
l).rlc1; Lut cxperirDcntshave shorvn lhat
it.s $dv.ntagcs extcnd to maDl, othcr
kiDds of sccds. Trrrnips and olher rooLs,
rnrizc, ricc. cabbhgc, aod ntany otlrci
Irl1rr,fs gro,yn from sccd arc kno*,n to
lrrullit; irut for thc;c rc prorcs: is loi
lct rccorn,ucrrdtd,lrccrrrsetbe .r_.:.,
cl cc,rr{iiiio,rl },lrr(, nc,l. l_,crDrLoroir,:llr r::L.r.rl i . r r r < , 1 t L r . r r , r , . Lr c r i . : r 1 1 : r l , l e
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].et sum.icntl) unilorr,r to jujtjfl
its
apl)!icalion on:r lergc sr...let!r I,otetocs.
I _ L , r r i f i c r t i o n o f s n , . , l sr r i l t b c : , , 1 u r . , ^ J
on 11\'erli largc scalc in Ilrrgland for Dext
year's Larvcst. Dvcry larrno nho leg
^ ^ -,. ^-:-i -. tried it oncc upon o srnlll acreagcNill usc 7 - ? . * - - <
it frecly; and though it has scaicclr.b,.,cn : ! ] z l i l
a<lrnrlised at all, fnrmcrs talk to one another, tl,cv
sr,. the articlcs \r ril,ten by orpcrts \rlo hsvc inslrcctci 6 : = a = = a
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+ - > r t : : .
+ . 7
thc crops; &Dd the ,lmoudt of secd that will be 7 " . * 4 " " A 1 a . . 2 4 - ; :
*1? Y": -l - - :.rj :5
elcctrificd for next yeer's hqrvest $ill bc oracticc
r
:
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ally Iimitcd only l-ry the pacity of tbc l,lr;t ltrid t' 1
a r a = a ^ 3 i : - :
don-n- for the purposc, In Great Britsin the proccss is
= -+o 3 i:\
g ^ - _
eslablisbcrl.
i '_ So cmphnlically
j ; 9 l ; !
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truc is this tLrt Dr. \\'ra1,,the I'nited
Stet.,s- Insyrcctor-in Chrrgc in Crcat Britain, aftcr an
extendcd tour of inspcctior, of farrnq he5 adviscd his
Gorerusrent to havc imrncdirrte trills uadc:'n everv 3 ': : : :-3 0
c - 6 a
- ; - i - ; ? ' * : q ; ; " ,
Statq of the UDio,i. 1o my mind, the tlne for i,rialsis I : 9 :
past. l'urther trials are but s'astc of vlluaLle tirnc.
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Z1\'e must flrce thc fact thr.t thcrc is a ehortoge of food
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= 5 - Y =
ell over tl:,' rsorld, aud that this shortege uil-i bc nrost - 4 Y 6 j : r r t : - i
- j t : + ! c i: -3a j=< ..3, s cj "g A " ; = a " - ? 2
{rcrtely felt ncrt Jr3r. It is ncxt year th.rt th(. jncreascd ; ' l a 2 - : " a 7
=.= = l, -'?
; :
2 r a : F
1 ' ; i '
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lrro.lu.tio[ will Le rrr;uired; and furtLer trials. rhicb
:*oi:1:6.
could tcll rrgDom,rrc lhrrr rvckno$ alreadt. r"ouid onlv I Y i : - ! - :
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JrcslDor: lhe edop{i"n of lh- tro"oss for-another tca:.
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It is lfaDl.cd !oN, and badly \!anted.
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J. Csrmen Garcia holds sn ov€rsizod
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roFebruary,
u,iii;f;;,Jiiiil#t,i";1,?lifl;,u
ST,*r:il,l
paDerr $ere
Elcctrlclty a! a Tre€ Pelt Cur..-ltteDt
recently grantcd to Isodore l(ltsee, tr Pbllodelphlo hreotor, caverlng rt proc$s for the dertructlon of lnEect
ond germ llte bnrmful to pl:rnts oDd tre€s, tbe €lectrlcol
nrethod tnklng tle plocc, to n greot extent, o! tlre usull
lprnJ'a |rud otller.nnpllcotloDs, Thc procers c$uslsts ol
Drnklng {ln nDpllmtloD ol o loltrtlon such trr stlllDe
r$ter \rilrcre the grouhd ls to be trefltcd, lrud tbeo cltusIng d,current ol electrlcltl to be D{ssed throuSh tbe soll,
n'hereupon the gns generatcd $ lll rld the soll of gerrhs,
hrrne oDrl lnsects wltlroot the l€lrst lDjnrf'to the rege,
lvherc n Inrgcr nrcn ls to bc trc^ted, lt ho!
tltlon.
lFen found desllnble to dlg 8hollow trelcLes nt opt]oslte
aldes of the flrclr to l)e treflted, Itod tie electalc ternrlnnla nre nlnced ln these. An oJ|lllclrtloo of e 8otDe.
$.hnt rnore porverlol culretrt rvlll rtd the eDtlre areo
ol lesta. Wlren the l)l{nt ltselt lB to be trqrted, tbe
aol[tlon cnrrJlng ihe elenrent ls lldde the electrollte
ln on rppnrntus, nrd the Jrlflnt sprirled vlth n solll oD
lftcr deconlposl orr has tokcn place througb the dcflon
ol tlle electrlc cuneDL
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rl|. soil s ill\ r.,,rrrp.rit'l .irr\inA in (nrirl'1nrlion. !.rrnl
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:Ni,, .lrnr' nt tb. rl'str[, ii.h rl olirro\l'u\ jri!'\ ls.
2. Th. rri thorl ,if ,1.\tr.r'iri;t .l no\ious ln'erts lhclf
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th. tlnrc lliil ihf \.trr. ll
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:,
Otrr in Califomia, foolish 6sh who b-.vto
s\\'im into irigation ditches are going to
cet the shocli of their lires. A marine verlion of the electric cattle fence keeps ffsh
out-$ithout hurting them-u hile iassing
Nilter or debris-Shoqn at right. it consists
of a free-srvinging rou of electrodes.connected to a Senerrtor. The electrodesslightl r < l r a r g ct h c r r . r t e ra r o u n dt b e n r .
lnrented br licnrr T. Burler. of Hcrllr'smd. C.dif.. tl,' fisli screen u\es a qenerirlor he derel,,ped iointlv sith \\-estinghouse. \ettings in Califomia hle shosn
th.rt nt times as mrn| as 5.(D0 sLLlmon
have
been krst in a single irrigation ditch in a
2,1-hourperiod. Hvdrclectric plants and industrialpumps are other hazands.
9{ rorur^rsc'tnct
r \ , r
Ut1 '{7
I
t'
+w
oVERrlnEs
ENERCY
cttLoRoPHYL
Dr' T' G' lltcronvtua
About 1930, I dcctdcd to trt rn GrP'rlo€nt of
I hed bcan
conducttnt Chlorophyl Dnct3yovcr vlrcl.
conduetlnS EloPttc lnct35r ovcr lont dlrt.nc' vl'
vlra.
A vood Plrtfon u.. tnrt;llcd on thr touth tld€
of th. houac .bout alr frct rbovc Sround. L'tcr
that th. ?htforr lutt bc rt
.rp.rlr.nt.
ft$lcetc
6' rbovc around tn otdcr to let tha declrcd
lcirt
potcntl.l of rncr3y ntlch tncrorrca Ylth dlatrnc'
abov. lround.
I cut
nivtni rooc modcn ctjrr boxc. .v'll'bler
th't
boxrl
.ttht
boxar eprri and cut glcccr lnd rdc
rork'
rlll
borcr
.lt.
rcr. 2"i2'.r4" rl thou;h rny
Alualnr.! foll vrr plrccd on th. bottoo of lcvcn
to b. tn cont.ct rtth thc 'o11'
boxcr lnrldc ro..
o
f
f
o
ll rcrc alrccd on thc und'r 'ld"
Slltlrr
Pl"cca
of thc lid of crch box. Ilrca vrr. conncctcd to
crch plcce of foll, thr ylt.a ftoE thc llda rcra
cxtandcd to thc run plrtca, thc rlrcr fron thc botton
fotlr vcrc connectcd to thc ert.r plpc rnd thur
groundcd. Scc flgur: "2" lor dctrllr ol the box
c o n at r u c t l o n .
lGf"r to flgurc rrll ytlch ahou! e rrrldc" vlcv
o f thG lnrtrllrtlon.
lltur. "3'r rhovr thc ryltco
o f c o n n e c tl o n r .
rcrc plrccd on th€ pl.tfortD ro rE
Seven pl!tc!
p
l
c
k
to
up energy froo thr lun rnd a gtrc r.!! connected to each plste rnd extend€d dovn tnto the brret|lent, cach box, hlvlnt the top foll plltc connectcd
vlr slr€ to ! plrtr out on th€ plltfori!
ln th€ aun
ItBht.
Ttc cl3hth box hed rp connrctlon to th. out!ide, lt bclnt thc "controlrr.
Th. plrtcr on the platforE ecrc rll dlfflrcnt
r
l
z
e
.
The rrnellert urr 2"r4", thG n.rt 4"16"'
tn
thr' lrrgcrt
vo! .bou! E"r[0", rnd ona glrta val coPper acrecn ulr".
S o t t t rd l r t e t a r c r ? . n c d r n d | r ' o f d l r t p l r c c d
ln cach box. Ort lardt Yala ralactad, rll of unlfon
rlrc rnd plantcd ln tuo roea of 5 acada rprccd ln cech
roe, thrn l" of dfrt uar pleccd on toP ln th. box,
The rlhe rnount of l,!t?r uer addld to cach box al
needed froo day to daY.
All of tbe t€cdB sproutcd rbout the srrtle tk c.
u
Then r notlc?d thet thrte uet no chlorophyl ln the
l0 plantr ln the control box, All of the boxes
connected to outrlde Pl!t€r hrd Pllnta rrlth nuch
chloroghyl.
lh J3r? qutt. Irrgrlrad
to rDt. ahat tht plantr
l n b o x c r v l t h l o r l c o u t a l d r . p l e t r r , r c c r n e dt o l o o k
rt lf th"y b.d btcn aubjcct.d to h.rt.
Apgrrcntly
th. l.r!.
outrld? plrtrr rcrc brtngln3 ln rn .rc.ar of
.ntr3y coGprrad rltb th. aft.ct of 3h. .n ll alta
outrld. plrt.!.
Y.ry aoon, th. Dl.ntr !r.v too t.ll
fo" thc
ar.ll aDunt of rhetd rooer 1n tha borat to arch bor
vrr cqulpped rlth a aprc.t to r.la. th. top of .rch
lld up rbout 3/4".
llrc borcr urrc pleccd on r rh:lf tn th. a
of
th. b.t.ant
slr.rc th.r. Irt ltttl.
ll3ht, rlth |F
vlndorr .t th.t .r{.
Alro, th. .htlf rrr l.pr d.st
bo.rd phcad ts !roa3 ar|d .noth.r on coP to
bt.
.rclude .ll lltht.
lh. phntr r.r. d.rt .ll of !h.
tl...rc.pt
dt.n th.tf rert trlatrd
by flerhlljht.
A frt.nd trl..d to dupllcrt.
thc .rprrt!.nt
bu!
dld t$t tolloe all lnrtructlonr.
lhclr brr6.nt
vrr only rbout I t.Gt froo brecrcnt floor to 3round
l"v?l outrldc.
lnat.rd of ptrclnt th. out.t.d. pl.t.r
rbov. lround 6 loet, thrt leld the r.trl
coll.ctor
plrt.. on e borrd thrt l.ld
dn th. $ound, thu. th.y
dld not hrvc thc potrntl.l
dlffcrcncc bctuc.n outrld"
coll*tor
and tnalda borcr rnd thc crp"rlDlnt trt I
fellurc.
Al!o, th.re 9rr I rlndos nc.r thlt l.t
inuch ltght lnto r.filr" tht box.. vcrc Alrccd.
Anyon" vio exp?ctr to dupllcetc rn Gxpcrlncnt
rhould be rura th.y knor rll the f^ctorr rnd thrt
thcy follor. th. lnltructlonr axrctly vlthout rny
subrtltutlon or chrnge. And rr to chenges, lf you
.re trylnt to R?t r rpcclrl rcrult and are trylng
out lcveral ncthodt or ldcet, one of thc cordlnel
p o l n t s t o d o l n t B o o dy o r k l s t o r l r k € J u l i i O N Ec h r n g c
rt a tth€. Th€n you knor Jurt rArt th! rctultr rr€.
lf you nrkc tvo chlntcr and thc rcault lt ldlurc,
you do mt knor but thrt on" of thc chrngaa rey hrvc
(rcr Dlgurar tlr2ril,
bccn rll rljht.
n.rt 2 p.!..).
ly:
r
Dl. l.
t
t
GALIN HlElO[IxllS
a
a
C"r?frfc r
,
v
Bortll 7
lr,tetti
7.
Uoalsxlr
A?prrr ?,
tf.',.YtOr+yt
fl,m
Floe 4
!
:itir.6"
l!lr ll na.. fiAd
rf
'lls{..&,
f ! trtt'rrt |-rterr
t'331!rct
fua<
, Ulll
FrfyXg-1r
:
Il
-l
.
t
I
I
AfrairorrFathn
os t/oc,l lcr \
tal\
r{rrr {o
.fq Plrt
r lic
t,/
lilrvr2
CrrrrrG9t's
F,.cgil
I
Alurrlgrr
FoiI
trisrdc.rlcl bor
h
I \V,re lr un{u?,7r
'
Al,,ledtt'
fraa
11\///sr"r nav'
s"qda{e
lR
F:1..tt')'
fasvlofc0 U)itr
r
I
I
I
C',oya)f.b;
[
-
i;";;1
Kl\xtft
F
I
I
€Le C-(<oUc
F (R-€ - ANff
K \LLER
a6Beruon Eledronics\
Route l, Uox 143 .
Nlxotr. TX 78140
V S P# + L 6 I + 3 1
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
For your convenience. the coil wire has already been
connected to the negative and positi-ve posts of the transformer
At the other end of the coil wire, a
by the wing nuts.
cut away to
i
n
s
u
lation has been partially
o
f
smal-I amount
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
t
o
c
u
t
a
w
a
y
the insulation
i
n
s
i
d
e
.
expose the wire
w
i
r
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
i
s
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
t
o
reach around
u
n
t
i
.
l
in this manner
p
i
p
e
o
r
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
r
e
f
e
a
s
t
a
t
twice.
This
your post, tree,
You may want to use
forms a coil- which no ant can cross.
some tape to hol-d down the loose end of the coiL wire.
For
There are many more uses for the control
box.
Just connect
instance, it can be used as an el-ectric fence.
one post to a good ground, (either post - it doesn't matter),
rnd
f ho
^i-hor
a fence wire
crs
cr
other
ninc
LcrLLre
n.\cf -
f- (^J
ty .L^ r! ur ,r
from three
to five
^.nna.f
P!!ru
L
v. rrn. Lo
'r'h i -
..'i -^
wrrc
€
. L^ E- ^l i^L E
miles
n^c I
IJVJ
f .\
'..i 1l
wr._Lr
To be used
distance.
:
. ' v. 'u\ u
^.1
u
^1^^!-i
t,,
E_LELL!rry
nr^rrnri
9!
:n.l
tha
to a wire running through a piece of' one-ha.l-f inch PVC
n€
rrh: f p\/pr
'lonof
h
r-onvenienf
is
r'^,,
for
Tho
o.r't
^F
that
wire must be exposed and attached at the end of the pipe which
wi]l
make contact with the ani-mal.
This wi,l,1 not harm the
This uni t puts out approximatel-y t/100 of an Amp.
animal.
A I W a y S m aK e s u r hnnk-trnq-
or
S h o r r ' ld
anv aDDlication
fh--a
f ho
ln
it
ho:nw
thereof,
ic
rrnnl
rrnnod
rytlpcf i/\nq
pfease feel
free
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:
BENSON ELECTRONICS
Route I Box 143
Nixon, Texas 78140
(5t21
424-3373
- --,
hafnro
.on.trrninr'
.m.: .l -z ,i . ,n.n. " -r r. 1 y
thic
to write.
rr-it
*:i:i',
xit;
-
; 'nr
.
^'': t
i.''.+Y;
yaard'vart, which usesan eleclrical cha'Ee to de'lroy znls'
lim Eensondemonsl'?tet the
Ben",ng.;
€ ^"f.-e PelS€
C TK )
e,JC,. zto t1V{
Yaard-Varkinvention
Benson's
ridsfarmersof annoyingants
ai leasl
b o r d € r i n g r h e G u l f o f M e x ' c o T h e r € s n o t a n , ! _h e r e .
and in Central Amenca ano norbing I can'! reach wth mY
Mexrco. aU areas \r'Llh a treAbour !q'o J-ears mendous ant -proitems' The
Bv Suzanne Htlliburton
si.s$ u'riter
BRYAN
Lm
R-n..,
Plar_Pd'osl
r(r'YUc
"^
rn.re no oue:rrontrs
i,?!,"ffi;.-a-'-c
'. sPl R'beri BPnson
- i
Fr;iffi:i;'lt-.i'-;
b'rn rnundated
*"'" ;rr ""''8
q
:,"
";*
^tner
r"-"'iiffi.
";L'.."
- ri rP, "e" "a"c" n
g"n
.nFna
I ou, soF.res of fire ants h'
.t
on
.no! If.T rli
orsmls\Fo tn-.l
aiong
mrnd. tb€ Yaard Va.n
rass larners ln rhrt arpa sllng
cloggrng
and
rng l'leslock
rrches. resulrei praws and rracrors rhe area ts
i'i'r!"
barr,.,rarrysu-sceplibrerunre
i"iiii
; ; ; ; ' ; : ; ; ; i ; ""i'
q rnlers
T h e Y a a : d \ a r { r : n o : d n o n l s b e c a u s Fo l r l ( m r l d
of The rvprcal anr colonv averases
-^gi.-"ratron
t'i
"
".i'ilt.
eiectrical betseen 100,000 and 500 000
,-i"',,i"ii.-'-"i"t'i"a
an[s.
A meral Prone
l
r
G
n
l
'
]
Re!edrCierS (urtO|J\
Lr. antn.l, an.i.c:r, oe
wirile Benson deals with hrs
'i 'e "i tEi "."{ - t ;t;n. 'e! gna' """"nt ,a- . ". osourn . & .
e'PaIcl
m:"Fsnrn rlen:ron
-:rl
.hc l S DpDartrPn: of
La-s-n. lhe ants lo Iu-r
n
E irr^'
A
F
'
c
u
l
t
J
r
e
t
r
^
$
'
'i.' ri="',e,
"F n._r
"""L,rn;ir'e
r'::!:o r!.:h.
e:li
ants
Destrovi
hou.s. the
l,rrhin
se!e.al
anrhill becomes rls o*n ceme
terv
arre anis had so rnundaled
bpn.or s I-,n, rn C"ntra: 1'x
d. ne sats Inar n, .ventuallv
earln
i,o":o noi aro,o rn".nt.
en homes.
q
a
l
:rc
l
s- xrn! a D'tle
hrs acreaie ol ',ne anls - lher*
p
<
'
lr
r
'
r
n
m
u
n
r
l
:
oe\-.op an
BEn.or. I-memoLt('d
lne €prode a'i. i:l€ *aler *ell
and beEan ." rnvEsl!6ate'.ie
Hrdden amona co.nmeal pel'
lets developed b) sclenlrsis at
Departmeni
Agricullure
lhe
that
are .luvenrle hormones
r€lard the development of the
a n l s o f T s p r r n gt h ' l a r v a e
SooRaman Srpte BerbPr'cn
saro tne hutronp slurs doqn
all actvitl rn lhe colon) - killtng
l)'. emarnrnsants
sard research tn
Berbenci
thF R'lirnF of Ins"ct:- l\'oLgh
Ji- o: hormones rs lr!e lr lu
H€ toid son Rob€rt tsenson,
o\Iner ofTrmebase lnc rnBrv_
an of h.< frndrnes and Yaard
\!r^rr,..e-'-L;-.
thal
"Scren"rsLs ar€ findrng
hormones in ins€cls are rn som€
sev'n.l
u!l'iP inosr rn man
Tnar. d'
h":a.d
mlr:
veioPing chemicals lhat can
drs'JDl tne(t srgnals
8P-oe'rch s. C !h" screatrsls
hope ants q'ill nol d€veiop a
torerance to hormones. as rne)'
r'a\-ulLl- pcsr:.lce5uPnsol' rs
Jln
MFdi*n'iP
exrensror'
s'.relchrng
srln!,it
cords across llis )afd !o frd t1 01
the Pesls
l: : a lre
n- 'a o
I'l rlo' :
tna ' l .
.r.1. ;, r-o a 'n of ants
;ii;";;;.;"-;'4.'';;;;^,.
Pos\ible
Datent
R,r,.i g-nsc- !.rc lh" I S
Paren: Office $,ll decide ibe
s lului-e Because !h€
)nleii)oi
n(: v€i oI.(i.a,.]
rpf(re.po url.l lrP l-rce hoo.
eti eerrso" bai caurroned hts
father not to €lab.rale o. ite
}aar(l Vark s \vorkrnes
i: rnr Ber-:on Li r :i!r: r a
:
.n:
R. b, rr hpr,s n L,-.
ir
ra-/e(
rne -r:-rrr-
]'earsold
rtsed hor"ones
;.I:irrj.
ie.
;-:' .:':'-.t!l.x'=i
"
!
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td
te
o
xtD
t-t
6 ,
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u)
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=.r
e: * 6'3
? 33 A E! F
-i=e
;i€
iE l*i +*=A
F € ; E i * = = F ' - , . 1rF; *; ? F i a
inE
t t
f s E g g2 . = = * e 7i?E E x
1 i eg 1 E
d27,2^*a
i * ! ; i t 3 1 Ii
+a
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Ea*q;F*
6 ' E = F a C e 9 ! . 8 tri; Ii* ;E=
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i[tc e e l : E E '
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=.i
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"
*
F-=5
i-:. 1=1
* 5 P , E ' r F ,dJ ;
i+ltgFi?;a'rlaie
r;ae
3
z-t
z
t'+
*i€a;
*;
iiliie;i;iiin-iFa
o
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CC€CTCO. CVCTL,RE
BlbllograPht-
Booka
Tk"-c.! L.
t{AA6qLgr^/
Bakcr, Jcrryr TaIk to lour Plante- Put e Ll8htlnlng
four Gardcn, Fgs. 6lt&5,Nash Publ ., 9 9 7 3 .
Callahan, f4flfp S.r l\rnlng lnto Nature- [t
PSe. 195-205, Devln-Adalr, t975,
Bodt tn
Fllcntl,thc Ncttlc,
Lenetton,Sellnr Electrlclty
l n A g r l c u l t u r e and Eortlcu1ture,
- Van Noetrantt , 1904.
L u n d , E . J . r B l o e l e c t r l c F l e l d s a n d G r o r t h t Unll'ersltt of Teras, 194?.
EflIerr
E.C.r Plant Phystology- Effects of Electrlclty
c r o p P r o d u c t l o n , p g s , 1 0 8 3 - 8 5 , l l c G r a w8 1 1 1 , 1 9 3 8 .
on
Ferengl, Eleanorr Green Thoughts- Conpost, p8. 4J, Vlntage
Books. 1981.
P9yel]r Bettyr ltl e Avant Gardener- Current Experlnentsrpg.
174, Houghton H1[t1!n, 19?5.
Sheppard, Asher R., and Elsenbud, t'lerrllr Blologloal Effecte
of Electrlc and Magnetlc Fle1ds of E'xtrenelt Lor FrequencyElectr1c Fleld Effects on Plant Llfe, pgs, 8-6&8-?, llex york
Unlv. Press, l9??.
Smyser, Stevet Ttre Encyclopedla of Organlc Gardenlng-El_ectroculture, pgs. )42&,43. Rodale press, 1pl8.
G . E . r C y c l o p e d l a o f A m e D l c a nA g r l c u l t u r e V o 1 . 2 , L . E .
!tgl",
Balley- Effects of Electrlclty
on Plantsr pgs. JO-J, ltacnlllan, 1910.
Stone, C.H.r Standard Cyclopedla of Hortlcultureculture, pg. 1109, l,lacnlIlan, 194?.
Electro-
Tonpklns, Peter, and. Blrd, Chrlstopher3 The Secret Llfe of
Plants- Plants and ELectromagnetlsm, pge, t63-?? and Force
Flelds. Eunans, and Plants, pgs. 1?8-99, Harper&Boa, t9ij,
Unen, Iilartln A. r Understandlng LlghtlnlngEas LlAhtlnlnl
Any Prectlcal Use?, pgs. f45-49, Bek Technlcal Fubl ., t9il.
I
\
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i ::t=.-'
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it!;1:,Ez"ii:22 =t1;
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7'=:
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i.
i
iiliiirilli
rliiliilirr
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r t ' = = = 1 l - i a i ? ?=*P F
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i"zr\1:zt;'::
i qt
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EVERYDAY
SCTENCE AND
Sky-5srapin$
IIECIIANICS
N*
E45
f or OCTOBER'1935
Torvers
to 'Sfake Ilain
O RAIN is caused, as everYone knows,
bl'the upper air's becomrng too coro
to hold an]'ionger the \r'ater l! contarns'
'ar' I'c
Con"-Juenl,l, th, rdcathal rarn
10
maoe Ly nring Lomn' ir'r' th( :"1
shak€ loose the \tater, is inlpractlcal
-^ French m€t€orologis", B€rnard
Dubos. Droposes to produce rarn o!'
l € n d i n g N a t u r € a h a n d ; i n o - t h € r\ r ' o r d s '
helpjng her to catry ou! her routrne
Drocec" of drasing heal€d $at(r-Lau'n
'l
a r r f r o n . t h e s u r J a c €o f t h e e a r l h . a r
coo)ing it (bl €xpansion into thrnner
atmosphere) until the water conres
doNn again,
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!roehani sn of
Nature_Z01(4926):13o5-6 (Mar. 28, f964)
Plant-Cell
Damaee in
an Electeostatlc
Field
El eetrleal
stlrnulation
of plant growth proiluces increased
,
r'1nor etements (Fe, Zn, Al) ln active
concent,rat{ons of
Comparedto eontrols,
are of
such inereases
I oef tips.
tho order of several hundred per cent. This ls due to an
tnel"ease ln metabol ictrenzvmes in the etctricallv-activatecl
oliqoplants,
whlch apPcar greener because ozone generatecl by electrl n d e e p - g r e e n , o p en - f{ ol6 nricllzes porphyrins, resultlns
icel
' . Jn c e d n o l e c u l e s o f t h e s e o r s i n i l a r
Under
netallo-enzymes.
the act lvity
fleld,
t h a l n f l u e n c e o f a n e x ec s s i v e e l e t r l c a l
to such an extent that oe thpse srrbstances is accclerated
cleterioratcell
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Fruit TreesFed From Bottle
a NITRATIS
ii" i;;;il;;"
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are tonics to a tree; it absorbsthem geedily lrom
around its roots' But nitrates are so soluble-that
nrl..l.
they wash leadily out of tbe
soil. A method of applyrng
them. developed in France
hv Dr. Moklzecki, gets 10074
results; the solution, onder
pressure from the boftle' ls
fed into the sensitlve layer
of the tre€ betweel vrood ano
bark, just as a Physrc)ad
makes a hYPodermic rnjec_
(Conlinuzd on Page 880)
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STATIS
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FIRE ANT KILLER
}LECTRONIC
ZAPS ANTSDDAD
r Electronics
1 , B o x1 4 3
TX 78140
i24-3373
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Lor
K n - ni g , l t . t , . ,
w' o' schrnEnn developed tlreoretical prcdicLions
of elertrcnngrretic rcsonance
phc-rxxrenain tle cavity rrtrich is -*io
e.rrLh
and the ioncsphere. pEasurencnt-s ha!"e been carried out for several t-"*
in tlrc frequerrry rclllge n€d.r f0 c?g.
rt was possj-ble, for exanple, to rec)rd v!_1
Il*ft
.,"o.ofy in the,U. s]-uno in Cernrany
erectrcnragneti-c oscirrations
riqhtning.
ry
signar"-,n er" observed in
-caused
) the- frequencv lange qgb*"I 0.5 cps. ;; "Grq
20'.p". wtrich are due to field variaLions
of local character. T?resigrnrs Lr.;ir.i"L"d
arxt their effects obsenred. posr-tive resul- ts r+rereobtaiied- by reas'rerenG
arproyi-ng garvanic skin response
records ' The noultirrg of tte- Aptr-id *na
ulter the influene of artificial
electric fields.
rt was pssibl.
t"
grcFrth rate of lactic.-acid bacteria
and of yeast cultures.
"riJ'&
the yeast *rt".""
utri". t'|re effect of these fierds reach€d
the sar= qrrchrth stase. after nine aays as -nt
or cultures, rnt subjectecl to fi.elds,
afLer 15 days. A list ':st ,*. -"G..*a
'*iirr ti= investigaLian of trE gtrurth
- of gerrninatinq
wheat s€€ds.
.tt , ore rneel of de\r€rcFEnt the
_rt "pp.rtJ-dtii
seeds subjected to electric tierai'greL',
oriir=
.,r,or"g., to a rength 23 per€rt
grreater ttran tnat of seeds rihictr r.reie rrct
sr:bjected t6 efectriclie-fAs.
S"IIJDIES CN TI{E BIoICIAL
TxTEIs
oF GAsEcUs IoNs.
A RE\[EI^T
Krueger, A. p., lbtaka, S. and Ardriese, p. C.
Speci-al l"brtrograph Series, 1966. I, eicneterorological
Centre, Leiden
The cx_rpri nent-al grrr-qram on bioloqical
effects of gaseous ions onducted at tlre
university
of california
during tlre p""i-t
years is reviewed ard rerated to
sirni lar r'ork done in other laboratories.
"
Acc.eptable
evidence exi.sts tltat: 0.) (+)
and (-) ions ac-c'elerate tie death rate of r"iciococ.i,
a. coir, s. lrancncnrs
and fungi.
(2) (+) ions raise the blood level of 5_hydroxytryptanine
(5fIT) in
ard produc-ed generally injrnicar effects on tlre respir.to.y
(-) ions
t act.
Trce
Icrner t].e blod 1eve1 of 5fn ancl reverse the changes .uot"a
(3) (+)
ty'(+i
ions.
- ard (-) ions accelerate the grqvrth rate of higher plants.
niy aiso hasten the
on set of iron chlorosis in plants grcrn il an Fe-iree nrediun. lrrhen pe
rs present,
. they speed the'ptake
of .,€gerDris Fe, i'crease the 02 0nsurption
of seedlings,
i-ncrease the @ntent of cytoch::ore"
otrrui i*;#r"r;;;;.,
decrease tl*
agLive Fe fraction,
and increase the ".ra
residr': t Fe traccion ,ir tfrli ptant tissue.
ltds operirrental
evidene has been utilized
i-n developing an nfrtnesis
or air
-j4)
.9.
on
plant
the
sites
responsible
for
Fe distribution,
.a"bgl
when larvae
'or
of the sil)<rrcrm are e4osed to hi;h @nc€ntrations
(+)
(_) ions the
of either
rate of qc*rti
is accelerated,
tlrere is a nrarked incease
p.oat,"tion
* tt
of
qt"F.
peroxidase, anl to a lesser degree, catalase, ard tl* spiming rytoof silk "Irdi"",
begins earlier.
(5) The effects
proarlcea ry .i; i;*-""4,
w-ith the bio_
logical
substrate
arrl i-n scne cases with tire ara"g
ina a.ni..r
ilture
or ue
.rte phygiorogicar c*nnges can at rines r,=o# i',to p"tr'"r"gi""r
]on'
states. (6)
Daeri'Ents
witr air iol" -*g difficulr
to perfoim arrr ti b"
dc,Erdclose atten{on to precrr.& intelference hy factors srrh as uii'poirutants
"ifriii"-,t,
ana
stray electrical fields.
*##'tiii}'r:,tl
#ll*:p+''tr'ilig".1itr{;ifi
r'zo,,thoa.
s"s;.:!"i.1;t
k;:r"t"',-',#:t?1, :-Noui'M'iid*
lj$j;,;lT.illi";1,1".",,"":,".""1f;;'.T,oo'f
rheembrvo
j;in
iirl'tiiil';'rr'J'TBli
i "ff;jl?'il
Lu.K"i"hun rrnsr.Fruir.Trees,
FujianAgric-Acad.per-rp.
Rep
**l*,.o
"r'lii t iil
n"i,"ili-",i;:'iiloig
*ii::"ili:,;,j.;"fj:,":i""frj1,,i"":,:d
I fl#i;ilt"?,i:it'#"Jl"l'"1;l,l;ll;1,;[l:"1'":
. uphle .nd the'K and
i;;#t-"^,T
l:?:,plenthishlyi';;;:
s.!
:Y,]:1,
!-*q.
which lhe rae of Ho
ffii':ri":i;"1ffT;:"ll""lT,i
,*
i
io.s ot 5 Ar resufkd in a" iiti*tion
of eoil P'a-nd K.
thpbioavalabirilv
reeurt.
of P andK ws' incressed.
Ar a
8eherdly hrgneet wrren rbe embrvo *rr
*:riixt';*t
H'r#jftT!
ff ,FItrTJt5ffi!;
j
-ffi ?:.*tffiir'H:i'f'."H#'i!L?:[fi
z
K,
1c(, fttne
Thc l'heory of Electro Culturc
By llobcrt D. I! cCreery
rvn hc)icvo in thc ionic thctrrv ot
fl.
I Electrol\lic Djssncirtion" on
n " " n , , - $(}
vinced c'f thc fact that rvhen cn" rekrt,ic
c r r r r o r r (i . l r i r e r l l r r o u g h r D . l c c t r u l \ t , , t h ^ r c i r l , r o , l u c , d s . m " v c r l e r , tr f t l , c , , i o r i r . l '
th:rt c^rr)' chargcs of ctcctricit5.
>
l r r t l r r . u . e o f , l i l r ' l r . r r r r e r rt h
t , n,S^tir, a
i o r r sm o v e t o t h , t ' o i t i v n e l o c l r o J e : r r lrll . , f i
positiYclJ (l,xrg.,l i,rrrsmov( ln thc Dt.rJh;
tivc elcr:lroric. \\'hcn altcrnating curr!:,t is uscd tlis is not the c^sc; the ioDsrnolt
1 3 n i d t . \i' ; . : t i n o n c d i r ' , c t i o I rt o $ a r d s . r
clectrode, then in the opposite dircclior,
J
t o \ \ a r ( 1 .i l r c o l l . c L T L . . r s r e s i i t t ( e r cr u 1 - -*v ^
o
f
lr' oscill:,rirt
Ftrl'" of ir'l, ns. r il n,ti.rn
nr.trllc, crlsod by, and in unisou \,iith, tlu. +
u ar t s of iii' :.ltcrrtatiof curl{}lt.
\ \ ' h , t t l r . r t l l t l ' 1 r ' r r ri f r r c r l i s c h e r qhcr 6 : . I
-tJ
frrqucn') o!,,lr',:1 lhroulh 3n a"r",l
\oil t.' n-,ctrllicrlly coa1"d sced, froD:
r ' l o c l r , r l c s / t ' : ' r r 1 ll l o c j l c I o t h e r ) , . r . : . h " d c l e r ti n i l i " , r r t l l
' f h e c : r r t h i . i r , t l , j s t a s q t h e e l e c t r o l j t e ," ; $ ,
i o r v h i c L ,h ! t l , , r . l i o n o f \ \ ' a t c r t, h e r , L s r r \ S /
l)een glicous ions set, ftcc. lVhcn t|r
clcctfi(it] is :r14,licd'tlcsc iols sct up I.:.
. e 1 i \ _ eL ( " n l l r r r ( l r ,r(r t o n t l r c s c c d sr r n , lt i : r
r o o t s o f l l : - J t . - i l e t a n d s i r r c ct h c s , r r ' 1 ,
and roots arc porous it rnust be oldtr,t
frorn a rnccl,rricll stlrrtlpoint tllxt sorr:c
ubrorplior, b] thc plxDt, of the gaseolrr
iors t:rkc-qplrr..r. Altcr bcing rbsorbcdlr;
tlre plrni roats thesc ions crc still subjrrl
lo lhc iDlluc)1cc oI the high fr.qutn"i
clc(tr'cilr rvlrich, during applicnlion, till
set up librLrtiotrs within thc cclls of tho
ptr.rt, Such :ru :rction n-ill meclr:nicall.r'
cnl:rlr'. the cclls in rhe tissrresof tho pbnt
arrd allorl it to gro\' morc frccly.
'l hc di"clrxrgc of high frequcrcy elcctricit\- through sc'il is rlso cquilalcnt to
rorrti.,rl sin(1'it crrrsosrir to l)e dmNn into
lhc s4il \ ith it. This is in a grcrt nl.a.'ure
tlre principal bcncfit rlcrivcd from cultit:rtion ltnd is, thercforc, &n importrnl' fuclni
in .gricultrnc hcr:ausccf its stinlulitiolt cf
beclcli:rl acliorr'
Ntorco.r'er the discirLrge r.rf higL frc{'rrnlrv etrrlri, itl ll'ru:rsh tlr. rrir c"rr
t i ; " c . ' r r i r l ' r l ' " n r o i - t r r r ,i:n t h r ' " ' i l t ^
c nitric :rcid,lYhi.h coDteillsritrogfn
Dro,lr.rt
in a fornr rerdily xvail^blc as Pllrlt foodOn thc olhei hrnd t[e t'lectronic collisions of thc io:rs rvith rrlkrlics in thc ennh
I)rodrr.c nitrilos. Thc cnrth in n scltsc
it"".,t,t"" * stor.rxr of Dill ogcn il.!t m\Lstl'c
ch:r,lccd lrv thc soil bri:tcrir bcfore it
l,ecoircs avlil:,1'lc as plant food' Thi;
rrrrkcs rrolk f{,r thc soil:buildinc l,rctcr;r'
I n l , ) { 1 1 rI ',r ^ f . C . l i . S r " r , cu f t l r c \ l : l s j : ! - ]
' L , r s . l t j s ! : ' r c . \ ; r i r r r l lr r r l ( ' o l l , ; c .; ' r n t r - l I
i ' , ; r s ,r i , . o l I , . ! 1 L : r l , . r ' r l i s r l , n r ; i r : e r ' l 1
l
, 1' ' . : r f " s s 1 , . ' r l : so f s l x l i c c l . ' i r r r t l
tl,iorrgL soil toltrinilg bnrttrir, {hcs' I
o r : r , , r ' i . r r r 'li7r rd r r r i r r ' r c s s c r l t j 0 U f 'cr " r ' l
'
'l'hcrc
i s n r ' n t l , " r i n { l u c r , , oo f c l c ' t r i : l - , ' ':
{errncd
be
rrhich might
o"-ifto-fr""i,"i,t
trsclclii.l slinrulrrli(rD J',r(ici1 ore -'luq^'-,,.*,,,'i'rns arrd tL. g'lv.r '
", ,i ri ,' r i , r"r' ori ' . t l r c
lIrji Lo'lic' rq" r r l r ' ,r . r r , r r
c" r ' , : r - rs t l , . : i l l l t i r i l r ' .
i i : l r r t ' , i ' , ' r r u , . " ' 1 , . n u " nl e c t si n t . i n ' l '
i s i l : l l : r : l " , r r r , r i ' i l r cj l r t c r , o r l n n rrr:r1 -
i l , : , 1; , i, , . , , i ' . ' j r , l ' irr,',,",'"'.,''' " " ' ' t
..ri:,.'i1,.ii'
1,".i,"..i,."n"'1"
i,i,,1.,:
",o,'t;"a
t'cbruarl'14,1920
El. rdt dArttftidn
A! cdtrr!
A xd
i
I
;
t
l
'
6rrla
.,
hfor
Electricity
lttlalild
6luhu
in Ar
Itr/ E brv. hrd d.i.n
r t r. rJ'
nbkdlv
b .rDdib..L
ud
orh-r
otr hr ai. oUw
lada!
.'{.J
ot !|.
d CoFicily
d lh. l.6udd
oa
xr.
tnilio
old!
aDnh oa pl..r.
.l
R.public.
AiE,
AItinltm
B6d
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i. 6. U.lt d 8t t4
Fn!
Lir .lrdto.
io lb6
t-a
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ra
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d.vCoFldl
oa r Ftd
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!o DrlF tr- oa .le
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nmto'
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ire
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hth
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0,5 .nl.F
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r.ll
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pol.: !h. nq.tih
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qE
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-n&6
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blo plrd in !h. xtbr'
rh.nriql rurlo..
'iib D.oduc.i.n
Md lbii
rt tho sod..
hrdF{€n p.turid.
e
b.ne
l.meil
of tn. rFxtu.k
cli'n
turlher
l|lr ol*''
&in to th. tl.ntr
ol th.
lhrl
rhil .ler.in6tion
.lFri
rould kod to purity it .nd nnde?
-a!
rdrptsd
lo. d.itrktns
Pu.r6
ir b..6
hr irt lled bi! .PPEiu
Mi OIdn
Aid
sd
Bu€nd
I
ir . Dl.rr'lioi
lb.l hy r}. uF ol .ir ry.intling
sd
tbor6
.l r b€ithi o( 5 b.Ln
rcl6
ol 3bu.d
FUnd sD. d hlndr.d r,N
qtb '€rY
'd
lsrd
lidcr cultje.iio'
nr dF
dli.
TL€ .PFni
L!.6.trt
or
ih.
muli6iP.IiY
tr
ldr
.dopt€d
in
-dd&iior
r.d
it
Ais
!u.nc
livinS
dlv.
sd a.td€n. in ili
d. ptrblio Fdd
tha
rt id lhd dun{
Mr. Oltn
!rhict' tb€ Epublid dlbdt dreulhr lm
in 1010, !. rg
l&!d td ov6 ir nonlb!
p.laud
verr
i..
NP oa lltrll.
.
rbl. lo
fi. ond
ed ro updy
ud lrsiLbld
BY
'it[
tdh
toddd
f,ot'
d e
ifi!.rion
elnci.l
oa
r ryli.D
ir!.llng
6l tlxir
@P, lhd
oE Fb6
Fl!
.€!..i
t!.n-lvd
d.dd t .bl. |. bNE
doushr, ldlinf t .t !p.n .nin.i.l
"rink'
rin l.il.
suFl
I& in 4
tt3idtotr
irtdtjts
t!.
llcid.lrdly
Electrification
of Seeds.-'l'h.crc ap!cers to l)(, rnLrcll
tDter{'st lu tLe cl(trili(irliou
r)f srqls urrrl thc :tDI,li,.|
tlon of cl(<tl.ir.ltI lo gr{)rrirrg l)lunts. ,\ ri.ccllt ;t.(,, rrj
of \-olk llloDg th(.st, liIlos tells of !r ntrv mc )oil ()f
aldjo;l lllant Aro$'th. 'fhc sceds, l0 or 20 slrcks, rrrt,
{}hc.d i|l t lllis I'l.u\:ldN] \rith lron eloctrodcs ot l{, r
e D d s ; t h e e l e ( . 1 r o t )t e i s t t - c o l u o D o f s o d i u n ) D i l r , r t , ,
ptrtlcularll.
o! sorno othor fr.rtillzer.
r$lth c0rr,als
$ht.llt, barley rl)d oatri-the I,ldds of both gr:1i unrt
stnl$ aro
to lJe ilrcrersc(|. Sonrc afn frl.tD.rs lrr\-(,
"-nid
trlicn ul) tLe tr|'.rt'licDt of the secils, (hjch is firll,,sf,l
l , I ' a y e r . j ( t i r e f u l d r t - . i r r g i t l a k i l r ) . , 1 . t r ct r , r l r t n r o D t j \
oplticrl lirout :r ntonth or t\i.o bcforc ao\rtDg.
ColorcdGlassfor ScedGcrminatio:r
(rltl.t sur.t,rr-t,r.l
(
) , . s L r t l st l . r \ , , L ! j r r ,
i'rfr.,l b\.;jrr,\r. ,; .,.,.d\ r,l,l,.r -j,..L.tj
U
of (lrlolt,rl gltiss. l.h, J)liur is (!rc \r)rjclr
i s o s i l . \ ' f , , l l o \ \ C . l l r l . 1 t r r . ; - . a ) . . h t r f ,f o r i t
srlri'lt (oll{isls of l)r.oi,!1ilr3 j},r,
s,r,.1j
$i l slr.ols of (1t.,r.{l flrs. (luril( {(.j"
lljljrrlioll, nnll f,,r lr f(,,\. dir).i lliif, tl,i,
l i L i l , , l . l i l l r i s l t j t , , , j . , r j r 0 r e s , . u r,
(,111i.
Ilxr'l- !t:rsj slli)rr(l r\jilt tlLf r,rrilj,..,.yrf
n i ! l r e . , s , , l r l i l l r l t r t l . r s , i r _ \ \ . r j . :t l r , . r , i | .
l)o!{r Icr'.r \\1,t1 ir,(l1r.r1. .j.1|lri lh.h j: r],,
ltc!{l 1o gu 1o th{, (.\Do,,rr (): g,rrlirr:: r.{,;Ll
ti')t,'il;llus,i.
Strclrs of gl;rss ir
rc dr,.jrc..l color rrrc
I
t,l,rrctt o\or. ttrc srr(l bi,d or. tirr,tro\, ., :rrr,t
J
'
r o o i l t c r r t ) . ( i i t l t l o l l t l | r , . l r ti s r ( ! l u j r . , r l . l r
Nas fout)(i iD nn olitbor.lltc sor'il,s r)f (]\
lx.r') cDts thxt tl). scc(ls gel.lnitrlrtfrl l)ctit.r lrjrl gt,,\r; , ' r t , { l r \ ' r , J r , , ,r , 1. ' : - s , , , . t , o rs t , , , t , t l r . l \ ! 1 . , , t , : . r
b l u c g h s s . l ' l i c l i t r l e ] ) ) l l r t ! s L . l r ' r r i n l } l 1 ,l . l r o i , , j - r . I i . l r
1\'cIe girnli CriicllJ' l1)C slt)lc trorlrjtcll
il(l jlt.t itrl,
sr re nunrLr'r of str\ls \rr.r(, allo c(l il] cJ.:h c)t:e._
S . / . , , , , . , r , , 1t i d Dt ; ' n .
?
IlrlFttd
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+i6h
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rt.lltlta.d
d *:ftir.
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I M.. OIE!.
ud rh. I
or Fi.!b.
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Dl
h! .born bucb Fr*vdc
irr.nh
'orbor
out ll. d.t nr o. hi. mrh.d
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1
l - a
COPYRICHTO
1983 by r-o.um pres, Inc. Alt Righlr Res€Red.
Electroculture of Tomato plants in a Commercial
Hydroponics
Greenhouse
FRANK M. YAMAGUCHI (deceased),Uice.president.
Research& Deuelopnlent,Generut Agriponics,Inc.,
1272a7Saratoga Crceh Drirle, Sarotogo,Catifornia g5070
ALBERT P. KRUEGER, t,herit us professor,Department
of Biomedtcol &-E-noironmental Hedlrh Sciences.
School of public Heolth,
Emeritus Lecturer in Medictne & ReseorchBiom'eteorot"ril,
u",r";iir'
carifornia. Be&eley, carfornia grz20
"r
ABSTR,ACT
,' has
gold
h lne
brupt
)f ihe
at the
which
rd the
.An
experiment was conducted io
evatuare rh€ effecrs ot air
Recently, Winton er d/. (unpublished data)
at Oklahoma
Slate Unrvcrslly expertmenLedby expostnggreen
a relatively constant DC cunent of tZ lV
"r.;;;;;r'i;
a"ff"r.,aA0-"i
above the plant t ps and providing a relatively
ni
cunent density of Zl0 picoamperes/piant,
"orrrani
and obseruea
a
6i,Z
rncrease in crop weight. A similar application
of AC current
produced an 8b% increase in cr
ii
,H"51f;1iiii;11-:j}t:''d;;ilq;{:$ilhs*f
i*;rui:im*:"r":iTi:lt";,"."x,'I::'|"I{:.:ir:1"Tili
p;:*,*;*Fn, lhl'r:r,""'rl
firiil viewedpast
"[r,..,;,";;i:'
*".r i,
X"''5":;,lin',1llLt:,1',i:
"rc"r.*"r't',1"
j:"lil",,lif
;,i,ii,jiilff;!'ff;ilf::i
:,'*'iii**
t- :;;:ff :i::"*
i!11i1{d:.,N:qi:',":$i
inffS##":
#it*ir#i;i;r;ili'l:i1.#'"{ii,1#*-lt,l*,,tI
+,:.,Til'!;,lT,ix"Tfl
s"x"fl.,xljl;',xllT;.?
,
Pl.nls responded rigouousty ro ar ,on srhutarron,
whrch equared lo
::^fl::rr*
,l:,.::_p_*lT
Fohaeeand. rru,r $m pres* pre bj;i";
1"",
""
i ; i:;;;;.";ij
:ri;::"*:il:}fl
i:i.jf*T;:.,::T#
ili'i!::,Ll{:'il"ft;,f
planrs, has potential to rnu.t"aty
in".*."-"roo
ditions,They found that a miid c
rs capableof stimulatingo"* l*"nt
of airions('1pA/cm2i
brossoming^and
i"*"*"Jg.",i,'r,l?ir$J:[fl.",:1",f
infn*""". nilrririi u::ij:f:T:i:gjj.:i:ii*'"lx'j l":il'".
the period of gro$.rh*q""J;.;;;;;;;;.;,;
,Si::",
h.s more aeorbrc
louncll
ludenL
r.rst for
and cii.ic acid than rh
r**,ffi
,,ru''"*"T*Ht*'liil:ihiiif
:t"::":.rfi
"j",';ru;ruju
:Jil?:".i:*::
#';lih{i'fi:":"f;
INTRODUCTION
en, ed )
32.
^p-r,,
i|'";
THE OBSERVATION THAT atmospheric
electriciry
occurs not only during stormy weather, but in
fine *"utt
*ell (Lemmonier, I752) very quickly led nut,rra pf,lo.,ro'i"r.
"i-o"
to speculate that this constantly preva rng
,"".;. ;i-;;;;
might influence plant growth. Father Glambatlsta g""a".r"."f
lhe University of Turin (1??5) statea uat, ..tt appears
mlniiest
'ei;;r;;";';.
that nature makes extensrve use of atmosphenc
promoting vegetation". This putative refurio".f,ip
*.", i"J"J"rra_
entty^conceived and exptored by Berthoton
ifZ83i,
Cfiir,
( 1 7 8 2 ) ,a n d I n g e n h o u s z( 1 ? 8 8 ) .
The discovery of air ions by Elster and Ceitel (1899)
-Ihomson
and
bt
{ 1898 | made expenments on the biological effects
etectricity more comprehensibte and uttimarety
::".,:.:1pl:":
reoto tne development of suitable methods
for their production
and quartitation. In 190,1 Lemstrijm reported
that an electricat
dLs{harge from mel,3llic polnls placed
abo!e seedline,p.odr""d
e measurableslimular,ron of growth.
ancl thrs oUseivarronwa"
three years tater by cassner ttSOZ) g1u"[ilul
.n]
::1":*^
a lonssenes
orexp"".;",;';;.;;l;
. o. rrn fff
p'4,6.{19211^":13:"1-"0
In rne taboratorv on planLs
pot
rn
culture, ard orr
fl"ld"top" exposed to ron-prooucmg
high-voltage, low-amperage
-i;
erectncat drscharges. They
obrajned sgnific"arri rn";";;
,,1 pho- sor^1h,.anddry weighr at harvesr.Sidaway t19751 has revrewed
.... ruu ntstory
of what came t,o be ca_lted..electroculture...
-"i"-"iro.
{37-{.r: rrrso\/r'lwork has been concerned wrrh rf,",nnu"n""
of
E
!
,
r
it,4t.4f
r r e r o so n s e ( d g e r m l n a t i o n
{ 1 9 6 ? r a n d l h e I n f l u e n c eo f
'reclostatic fields
on plant respiration (196g).
1.253-25
sza, zsr
11,t96 at mol ol Biological phyiics Volume 11, 19g3
application.
Nlurr (196,1, 196ba, 196Sb, 1966a,
1966b, tg66c) has
s.t u d, i c d ^l n t e n \ r v e l yl h c b t o p h y \ r c 5
o f p l a n t g r o l ^ . t h, " . f , . , , r " statlc ficlds under condlttons pr(
":,';':i
n#liy.*i*:l
iq!:$.:;'ll:"".t#'
fi
wrthapphedelectrrcfretdsberow60 k\.
m ancl
fl;"1.1,.:,r"",,
rvw Kv/m. respectlvely.
Above these levels growlh rarts\rvar(.
_;;
decreased. \!lhen orchard grass seedlings
;"r"
relatively high electric fietd strengh,
".;;;;J
the planrs a"piry"J ,ii,
damage and brochehical analyses indicared
t'r,"t' ,ii-,i"Lri.j
enzyme content of the tissuewas alcereo_
In the course of studies of small air
..
ion action on net
**:t
:j::l
prants 9l
exposed
barley,Elkieytt at (\e71Jnot"a *,ut r,J,.i
to positive lons exhibited signlficanr
rnc.eas",.
rn height. and. dly weighr. Ea-rlier, lUaw
fr"J
ffgbZl
growth stimulation oi garden cress
treated with positive
"lr"*",i oi
negativeions.
Bachman et at (l97ll experimented with
-^
electirc field
30 varreries
of ptants.\{rth ri"ta,r,e.,g,i,
oi
viltj::"il,:.."
v \ r vw 'r v /m, a slzzlrng
noisp developFd and the odor ot ozur,.
t,ra\beanprovedro be
,*n,1,,',,
.1i,9i-ll"Td; .The
"*ouilr"tu
;;J;''ili['",ff
::i'"":'.:l',::'il'".T"',
iil1#"l.iy""S,1,
seq,uently, extensive experiments wele
conduct€d with bariev
,
moniroring
of arrron producrron.
lli]'11
ano
rne ilih
presenceof03. Elecrnc fipld strenFhs "".o";;;;,..
of
200 kV m
growlh. ln a range of eiecrnc fields
thar rnctudp;
:j.,]:lTd
r,'use oc(untng tn nature, rhpy found
thar sufficrenl corona
;il;,;'"J:"d'T,:'.,ii,",*':;:"iliJ"ff
;rTS,T:"1i:
and concluded that growth is retarded by €lectric fields ) 200
kV/m, while below this level it is enhanced.Gro.wth stimulation
is greater at 50 kv/m than at 150 kv/m. Further. the air surrounding the stimulat€d plants when vented inlo another
chamber enhanced the growth of plantl contained therein. They
deduced that the growth-enhancing factor is a byproduct of
corona and that it develops at relatively low field strength.
Growth retardation occuring at higher field sftengih is associaled with cuFent flow ftom apex to base of the plant-a
phenomenon .reported earlie! by Cholodny and Sankewitsch
(193?) and by Lund er ol. (1917). The mechalrismsof electrostatic field actions suggested by Bachman and Reichmanis
support the hypotheses espoused by the 18th century philosophers that atmospheric electdclty, even in fine weather, acts
to promote the growth ol plants.
Zhurbitskii (1958) and Zhurbitskii and Shidlovskaya
(196?) studied the influence of electrica.lconditions on the uptake of ions in solution by plants and iound that potential
gladients equivalent to those prevailing in nature can affect the
absorption and incorporation of hea!ry metal ions. Exposule
to artificia.lly increased densities of small air ions enhanced
these leactions. Similar results have been reported'by Murr
(1963, 1964, 1966), by Kotaka ef al (1965a) and by Krueger
et dl. (1964)- It is significant that an environment in which
plants are protected from atmosphe c eiectricity inhibits some
of their essential physiological processes and interferes with
glowth and development (Zhurbitskii 1969; Kruege! ef dl.
1 9 6 5) .
Our own experience in this field began in 1960 at the
University of Califomia, wh€re we developed facilities permitting exposure of plants to sma.ll air ions Ln a controlled
rnicroenvironment (Krueger er dl.. 1962). For the most pa.rt,
our subjects were seediingsof oals (Aueno sdtrrd) and barley
(Hordeum uulgoris) grovtr, in chemically defined media. we
iound that seedlingstreated with unipolar ronized atmospheres
of either charge produced stalislically significanl stimulation of
growth as measured by mean slem length. integal elongation,
and dry weight. The extent of growth increasewas roughly
proportional to the atmospheric ion density and this in tum
determined the magnitude of current flow to ground. The
minirnal current measured in a ground circuit and capable of
producing a measurabledifference in $owth was,l.3-4.6 x 10-13
,{/plant (Krueger ef. al., 19621. Reductron in the air ion content
of the air resulted in retardation of growth and loss of turgor
(Krueger et al., 1965). The majoi biochemical changesaccompanying the action of alr ions on plants were found to be: (1)
increase in rate of growth and dry weight: {2) incieasein production of cytochrome C and other Fe-containjngenzymes;(3)
increase in Fe uptakei (4) shift in the distribution of Fe be-
----7 z5 r'i'4-;5';
aij ruos
CrossSecfionVrewot Growrng
Beds
Longiludinal rnd cros-section views of the greenhous€.The ai.-ion
Fig. l
emitter in.tallalion and th€ location of lhe air-ion.lreated and confol
planl! are sho*n.
tween chloroplastsand the rest of the cell: (S) shift in the rar€
of darklight shrinking and swelling of isolaletl chloroolasts:
{ 6 , s t r m u l a h o n o f A T P t n e r a b o l r s mo f r s o l a t e dc h l o r o o l a : r s :
(?) increase in oxygen consumption: (8) inciease in RNAase
activity of leaves (Krueger et al., 1963; Kotaka el ol.. l96b:
Krueger et dl. 196.1; Kotaka et o/., 1968, Kotaka et ot. 196i.
Kotaka and Krueger. 19?2).
With this background,we undertook to determine whether
the growth stimulatlon observed under laboratory conditions
could be duplicated with a market crop gtown in a hydloDonics
(soilless culture) greenhouse.This experiment was conducted
during the period December 19?4July 19?5.
MATERIALS TND i\,IETHODS
SeedlingHouse(SH)
This structure, 9.6m by 3..1 m and 2.2m high, consisted
of ribs and purlins covered with corrugated plastic panels.
Exhaust fans at one end plovided air iirculation, and an automatic heating and cooling unit kept the maximum daytime
temperature at ca 27"C and the minimum nighttime temp.
erature above ca 21'C- The air ionization system utilized a
hrgh-voltagepower supply connecied to four emitters (needles)
spaced 61 cm apa-rt in a square pattern and suspended 56 cm
above the trays which were to be exposed to air ions. It was
operational 2,1 hr. a day. These tmys and the emitters above
them were located 2 m downstream from the trays holding
control seedsand seedlings.
Experimental Plants
Seedsof the indeferminate variety of Lomalo( Lycopersicon
escuLentumP }liller). cv tropLc VFST, were seeded in moistened pellets and set in shallow plastic trays to germinate.
Sixty percenl of the pellets were placed beneath lhe air ion
emitters in lhe seedlinghouse and {97, in the control secllon.
Ali irrigation, feedings, and environmental control procedures
were performed according'to the growe!'s normal operational
standalds. Treated and control seeds germinated 5 to 6 days
after seeding. All the seedlingswere left in the seedlinghouse
for 16 days before iransplanting into the greenhouse,where
they were divided randomly into two groups: 864 plants in
beds 3, '1 and 5, and 576 in beds I and 2. Ion flux density was
greatest in the area of beds 3,.1 and 5 (treated plants) and least
in that of beds 1 and 2 (control piantsj. This point is considered
in "Discussion .
Structulal Design of the Greenhouse
The GH in which the stimulated and control tomato seedlings were transpianted is shown in Fig. 1. Essentially,the CH
configuration shown is commonly described as a quonset
(kamaboko) house. The p mary structure consistsof a seriesof
ribs (bulkheads made from assembledplastic pipes with metal
pipes as intercostaisIpurlinsl) and roof truss merhbers. The
entire structure is covered with iiberglass-reinforced plastic
panels. Cutouts are provided at the gable ends fo! exhaust
cooling fans, doors, and cooling pad panels. Secondary structures of steel pipes are installed internally to support the natural
gas heater/fan unit and the overhead air distribution duct and
also for the necessary wile cables to support the tomato vine/
fruit loads. The GH is ,10.23m long and 7.92 m wide, and provides a total productive a.rea of 125 mZ. A covered belowground level reservoir to contain the nutrient solution and
pump/valve assembly is located just inside the entrance door
,
Journol of Biological Physics Volume 11, 1983
of the GH. lts capacity is 4160 litels. The remaining floor area
consists of concrete perimeter walkways, worklng alsleways,
and five double-row planting beds, which accommodate a total
of 14,10 tomato plants. The beds are sunk beiow the aisleways
and are proLected from Lhe eanh wrth plastlr hners or barners.
Ined gravel is used to fill the beds and functions as plant root
support medium. The beds are periodically flooded and drained
during the day with nutnent solution to provide tbe plant food
needs and plant root aoratlon, The minimal night.trme remperature dunng the experiment was ls.C and the maximal
daytime tempcrature was 25"C.
Air lon Generators
Negative air ions in this experiment were produced by a
Klykon model 130/E109 generator lvith emitt€N positioned
as indicated in Figure 1. The line of 28 emitters was located
directly above aisle 5 between beds ,1 and 5. Since tle piants
in tle aft section were 30 cm closer to the emitters than those
in t}le front section, they received a somewhat higher dosage
of ions. It should be noted that t}!e placement of emitters
relative to the growing beds did not provide an ideal test of air
ion effects. As is evident in Figule 1, the control beds 1 and 2
were not completely protected against ion drift from the
emitters locat€d above berls 4 and 5. The longitudinal flow of
air minimized latei-aldispersion, but did not entirely prevent lt.
At eithe! end of the greenhouse the longitudinal flou averaged
1?5 ft/min. In the central area the flow frorn inlet to exhaust
was ca. 90 ft/min.
Air ion flux density at various levelsof the greenhousewas
measured with a target probe and a Keithley electlometer.
model 6108. The air ion flux density 20 cm above the growing
beds langed from 8-20 x 103 negativeions cm-2 in the aft ionl
treated area and 6.9 x 103 negativeions cm-2 in the forward iontreated area- Corresponding values in both the aft and forward
control zones were 5 - ? x 102 negativeion cm'2.
The ion genelating system went into operation 24 hrs a
day three days after the seedlings were transplanted. Thirty
days after transplant, operation was limited to dayiight hours.
As noted later, there was a bnef period of deactivation 100 days
aJter tlansplanting.
Since as little as .10 ppHtrl of 03 is harmful to tomato
plants (ReLnert et al., 1972) and corona dischatge type ion
generators ale liable to produce 03, we wanted to be sure that
ihe injury threshold was not exceeded. The cenified, exceedingly sma.ll output of 03 by the genemtor-emitter system
employed and the enormous dilution factor imposed by the air
€xbaust system combined to exclude 0l as an element in lhe
present expenment_
Plant Culture and Maintenalce
The grower's standard operational and environmental
conttol procedures wete followed except for nutient adjustttlent and changes in leaf pruning and pollination necessitated
by air-ion-induced effects to be described under ,'Results.',
For this wint€r/spring crop during the plant matunng phase and
through the imrnature green phase of the iirst fruit cluster,
the nutrient folmulation shown in Table I was followed.
Trblc 1.
ulion r't
The elemental cont€nt of rhe basic nulrient
formula. This sol
monitor€d
every two days with a conductivity
merer ard a pH
El.n.n!
ppdr 124 99 266
M c s
64
tI
87
Fe
t.32 0.64 0.3 038 008
_.
Dunng the course of fruit maturation from tmmature gre(,n
through mature green and color blush. nutrient concentration
imbalance became a frequent occurrence. Accordingly. excel)t
for trace elements. a two-step lncrease(20t; per step) in ma]or
elemenls was effected at each nutiient changepenod. i.e. every
three weeks. Visual observalion of possihle advcrse effccts
stemmlng from nutrient inlbalance was made three trmes per
week- No other serious deficiency or toxlc signs wer{i noted
except for phosphorusdeficiency seen in plants located nea-lthe
r:ooling pads. This, coupled with chill, caused somo 50 plants
to be discolored and stunted at the growing portion. Appropriate changes in temperature and nutient formula brought
about normai ncw growth withjn a few weeks. Fnrit.and petiolc
samples for analysis were obtained shorlly after the eirly
nutrient changes.
location and Weather
The bydroponics installarion used in this experiment
is located a few miles northeast of Grlroy, Califomia_ The
weather pattern for the period involved is summanzedin'lable
2.
Table 2. Summary of weath.r dala tor penod oi experiment-
T e m p a r a r u r e{ C )
Monrh High Low Max Min
Rainfall
No. of Torat
Day'
tcmJ
Overcast Da\'s
8C% Cover
dunng dayll!r'rhr. R.maras
Jan
16.3
1.0 2l.r_ -5.0
Feb
16I
4.7 23.9 |.7
Mar
17.2
5.4 25.0 O0
Ap.
18.9 46
1.1
May
26.5 17 8 3?.8 3.3
Jun
28.0 195 36 I
Note:
1) Barometflc presur€ ranged fiom a h,gh of ??:il.:lmm HE lo,
low of ?50.1 mm
2) Dala sourcer Na!,onal Cl,matic Cente., U S Dep1. oi Commerce
3) No unusualstorms
4) Cusly w,nds: 25 knors during latrer pa.r of monlh. occuirin{
berween 1000 and 1,100 hours P.S T.
26 I
6.r'
2
0.86
10 13.31
9
9
15
1510
7i
5
{.50
10
0
0.0
2
0
o0
1
Nore 3
No1. ll
R E S UL T S
After 18 days in the seedling house the air,ion stimulated
tomato seedlings were 5O-757otalier than the controls and had
1.2 more sets of true leaves.
During the first 30 days after transplantinginto lhe green,
house, the seedlingsin the treated area were stlDulated 2.1 hr
per day. No height or growth differences were noted between
the stimulated and control plants. except that rnicrobuds
formed on the 20th day in the stimulated plants and on the
28th day in the controls. Blossomsappearedon the 29th dal,in
the ion-treated plants. On the 30th day in the greenhouse wc
decided to stimulate only dunng the daylight hours l0?0()
1900) to allow io! a rest period dunng the night. Several
days lat€r a marked elongation of the stems was noted in
both treated and control plants. However, the srrmuiated
planls exhibited a stem growth rate substantially greater tharr
that of the controls by tle end of the 41st day (Fig. 2). This
was equivalent to "plant eatiiness" growth of 20 days over thar
of contlols. Fody-one days after transplant the gro{th rates
for the stimulated and control plants levelled off and remained
constant with tespect to each other. However, the residual
"earliness" difference in growth rate temained about the same
until 120 days aftet transplanting. Since t}Ie tomato plants were
grown as single-vine plants, lntegr:a.l elongation measuremenl
Yrnrguchi and Kru eger Electroculture of Tomdto plants in a Commercial Hyd.roponics Creenhouse
cv Troprc,V_FST
_
S e e dO o l e :! 8 J o n 1 9 7 5
T r o n s p l o n l e d4, F e b 1 9 7 5
220
mutot
2AO
hrs/
tioylrghI
S lr m u l uLt o n
C o n l d- >
StrmL.rlolron
Doylrghh
t rs only
F[sl HorveslWeek-1
tompteleo
:
7 cluslerssel ond sizrng
E
; t6o
=
-E 120
E
.-:
a
/,Slimuloted
T
o4l
\ , Conlrol
I
iopped
rrPs)
,,1(growrnq
o')
I
"rc
Fruii
Formolron
680
Blossoms
'-,'
o
o 2 0
I
Tronsplont
to
6
Horvesl Weeks
t2
Fig. 3. Tomato planl yi.ld for airion keated and conkol planls plotted as
yreld rale against harvesl weeks.
I
d
o6l-
No Fruil Formolton
40
60
too
80
Doysofler tronsploni
ing
120
3.5
140
Doy
Fig. 2. Plant g.owlh rate of cont.ol and an.ion.treated tomato planls.
Th€ ordinate indicates a!era8e msin stem length in cenlimeters. The ab'
scisa lisrs rh€ days .fter t.ansplantinS. Iltajor events characle.izing !he
air-ion-trealed planls !nd controls a.e entered.
was not possible. Consequently, in Fig. 2 only the main stem
average rat€ of growth is shown as a function of days lrom
transplanting. Notes have been entered in Fig. 2 to key certain
growt}l events.
Visual inspection was on a continuing basis tor plant res'
ponses and physical appearance. The stimulated pLants in
general had thinner stems, smalier leaves, less dense overall
foliage cover and had two or three more flower fruit clusters
than the controls for equal stem height. The labor requled for
plant leaf pruning was much lessfor the ion_treatedplants than
for the controls becauseoi the denser foliage in the latter. On
the other hand. less effort was expended on pollination of the
contlols because the ion_stimulated plants had more flower
ciusters per plant. These differences balanced one anolhe!.
Harvesting, sizing, grading, and packaging of mature fruit took
place three times per week.
Ninety.seven days alter transplanting the growth rate
decreased for the stimulated plants and was only slightly
'fhis phase
coincided approxlmately
reduced for the controls.
p,eriod
when
air-ion treatment was lnteEupted!
with the brief
as noted below, and produced no ill effect on flowers, fruit
growth, or on matumtion of tomatoes. Virus desease was
detected in control and stimulated plants during the sixth week
ol harvest and caused a leduction of fruit yield. Diseased
plants wele removed at a rate of 37o pe! week of the total plant
population, producing a total loss of 257o tn the treated €Foup
and 10% in the controls. The collecting of data for plant performance in terms of fruit yield and quality was terminated
152 days after hansplanting because of the excessive plant
det€rioration and Iossesto virus infection.
Harvest of fruit from air-ion treated plants began 104 days
after seeding (86 days after transplanting) and proceeded more
rapidly than did harvest among the controls. Figure 3 depicts
the yield rate pe! plant as a function of harvest weeks for
stirDulated and control plants. Figure 4 displays the cumulative
fruit yield per unit of greenhouse area. Because of the higher
incidence of virus inlection in the ion-treated group the yield
curves begin to converge at the ninth week. Figure 5 is a plot
C
ocll
30
25
)<
? 2.4
E
d l on t s
S tr m u l o t eP
Avercgesof
Rad< a 4 6
1 5
l
;
o
)
\
/ / C o n t r o lPl o n t s
A v e r o g e so f B e d s
AJ
lo
E
f
o.5
o -o
Fig r
4
6
H o r v e s tW e e k s
.J
F r u i t y i e l d a s a f u n c ! r o n o f g r e c n h o u s eu n i t a r e a
St i m ul ot e d
Horvesl Weeks
F i s . 5 . C u m u l a t i v e f r u i t y i e l d p e r p l . n t f o r c o n l r o l s a n d i o n - t r o a t e dp l a n i s
p l o l l e d a E a i n s rh a r u e s rw € € k s .
Journal of Biological Physics Volume 11, 1983
eili:r: cornpos,r,on
rh. riu,,comp,,s,1,on
da,a.eprcsenr.
averascs
or anarvses
con(ruc,ed
by ,heun,v.rs,,]5 111
r n c i n e p e r r o l ec o m p o s , r r o nr r * u r $ r c r { ' r r o d r y
w e i s h r b a s r sd r e p o . r e d b y b A R D C ( o h i o s i a r e u . , " " ^ , t v j .
Il8i3i"'iHll[';:%11.:Ijfi:[:
w o o s r e r ,o h r o .
A n a l y * s . F . u r r C o m f b s i rj o n
(Ave.ages)
Ripe Fruit pH
from
EC Bnx
(ppm) (')
ac'd
Ftavor
P
Good
conrrcl
(%) (ms/t0os)
1.4? 2300
5 OU 0.31
S r i m u l r t e d4 . 4 O r ? 2 5
5.rS 0.36
Conirol
acrd
Analyses . Pet'ole Compoel'on
(drr wt bas's)
I t.t
Bett€r
€
r
i
o
t
e
N
p
K
c
E"
a
M
g
Na
Si
Mn Fe
I ? 5 0 . 9 3 6 . 3 6 t . 3 0 0 . 3E 0 . 1 1 0 . l o 6 9
99
S t i m u l a t e dr . 8 0 l . t I 6 . 0 2 r . 58 0 . 5 5 0 . t l 0 . 1 0 8 6 l l 0
of the average cumulali!p yreld,plant for controls
and treated
planIs agalns! harvest weeks.
lndependent analyses of fruit and plant (petiole)
wete
conducted on samples talcen during the fourth
hu_"at ,u""t
and t}le results are displayed in TaLle 3. fr,"""
J"t"-.ai""i"
the arr-ion tteatmedt imploved
Cu B
Zn Mo
6 2 6 2 6
lt
27
36
Sr
Ba Al
I lt 61 2l 59
2 . 97 6 5 2 6 5 3
trecome a dynamic and viable industry in the United States.
Although the United States lagged behind Europe in terms
of gteenhouse acteage, the steady gror,tth of the industrv is
begrnnlng to close !hrs gap. prrmarily bpcause of lncreasing
demands for high-quality fresh vegetables and flowers at reasonable cost. In general, the greatest concentration of greenhouses
in the U.S. is located in the Eastem zone, notably in the state of
ulated and control plants are summarized in Table
4
Ohio. However, other states in the South and mid-Southwest
are expanding theu facilities. Dunng the last few years the
industry in the Pacific states has begun.to show rernarkable
DISCUSSION
growth, especially in the production of greenhousetomatoes
and European-typecucumbers.
During the past three decades through the impact of t€ch_
Although tbe industry has been on an up-trend, the impact
of recent crises in avaiiability of energy, escalating piices for
_nological and horticultural bleeding advances, the greerrt ous.
ploduction of vcgetables, flowers, and bedding ptan*
fuel, material and supplies, and for labor have imposed a sereve
tras
constmint upon plant expansion and facilities. These factors
bave moved commercial gtowers in the United States to look
olsed.rrcns compadnsrne r.sur(sor nesarrve ion
JlllE
rr€ar.
--'
for the implementation of technological and horticultural
m.nt or -1
lhe sp nt rornaropjrnr .rop with a c".,,"t r r.i*r..a1air*p
advances that would provide them with increasedproduction
and profits within the existing facilities. One potential element
I PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
TIEMARKS
in the area of technological advances may well be the
a S l e m h € i g h Lg r o w t h
E a r l i e rb y t * o * e € k s
application
of air-jon lreatmenLb . S t € m d i a m e r e r ,d e a s e s ( h a r u r €
s_"rr_,i.e
pranrsj
Desplte the fact that as long as 200 years ago atmospheric
"-,i).r"-ro.
controt
( a r e a ) ,d e r a s € s ( m a r u . e S m a l t € rb y 6 0 %
c.
electricity was suspected of influencing plant gro\rth, the
ro 7s7.
!€af.size
requirementJ for critical investigation could not be met until
d . C l u s t e ri n t e r n o d ea v e r a g e s
C t o s € r il a c r n v 6 2 5 c m f o r
1899 when air ions were discovered.Since then, wide-ranging
e Number or flowers pe. crusrer.
*j""[tj?/"-,
o,rr***"
int€rest has developed in a whole spectrum oi air-ion effects
on livlng forms. The literature contains many accounts of
f . P e t ' o l ea n a l y s i s
See Table 3
experiments in which ai!-ion enriched environments have been
2 B U D , B L O S S O M& F R U I T
used to treat diseases,e.g. asthma and weather-induced svnFORMATION
dromes such as the sharav tllnessof Isreaj Ths phaspof au.-ion
e . B u d sa n d b l o s o m i n g
Earlie! by abour two weks
research has not been implemented in conventional medical
Earlier by abour rwo weeks
practice, largely because of failure to meet the requtrements
c. Fruit ripening
Earlier by abour l0 davs
d. Fruit confo.mation and qualiry
of satisfactory experimental design and neglect of thc Dlacebo
Betler by 10% b rS% ior
Crade I
effecr. Str-,rdiesof general brorogrcal effe"rs uslne bac!€ria.
More of la.se. sjzes(.{x5s &
protozoa, higher plants. insecls. and higher anrmajshave
bepn
r. Fruit compositronand flavor
a.u""til," ,
more productive, to the point where it.now is possible to state
that arr ions are biologtcally acLive. As noted ln t_he int!oJ. FRUTTYIELD RATE PER PLANT
duction
of this pap€r, there even exists a fair amount of inforr. Yield rat€ per we€k
Createi by 50% in fir6t 3 we€k6
matron regaJding the mechanism of air-ion stimulation ol plant
b. Cuhulativeyield rate
G . . a t e . b y 2 ? 7 oa r e n d o f 6 w e k s
c. Sp.ios.rop yield
growth.
E q u a i l e dt h e p r e v i o u sg o o d
s ' r m l n e rc r o p ( u n l r e a r e d )
Our goal in the present study was to determine whether
the air-ion enhancement of piant gowth, so teadilv demoni. NUTRTENTS
strable in the laborarory. occuls on a large scale unj", ..p.u,._
tical" conditions, The €xperiments were conducted with tomato
plants in a Ca.lifomia hydroponic greenhouse facilitv where
5, UNCERTAINTIES
tomaLoes and cucumbers are the primary vegetable crops.
.
ai'.rondosaeetevetrcqurremenr
ror othercujrrvars
9ft,."'
(soilless culture) was chosen as a first-choice
or
Hydroponics
ar
srages
of ptanrmalunty
, dirfer€nr
t€st bed program because of it flexibitity in the control of such
variables as nutrient formulation and concentlation. extent
t'ruler and funsi andon ftyingor.rawtrnS
in;ccLs.
of irrigation, and environmental fac6rs-r
poss'b,v
duero b'o
Out experimental design included observations for air-ion
fli;f#.r,::ti:I.,;:1"il:li:"jj",*T's
induction of (a) growth stimulation, (b) accelelation of fruit
-o
fruit.. Generarob."*u,ion. f i il|"",""1'"1''il",i,j*t1
",.T.:lH:
.'
ilff,"""';:*Tj,l$fiil[:..,1,1
* j;ff ,]3.1;,:'ff
#,*:::d"*
"";i,l#Ti:;:"t""J:":;."i.,'::1"",::l?i':".";Ii:315:'rH:,.
Y8eaguchi and Krueger Erectroculture
of romdto prd ts in (t commercior Hydroponics Grcenhouse
i
maturation/ripening, (c) increasedcrop yield and (d) improiement of fmit composition, We recognized that in such a pre'
liminary exp€riment it would not b€ feasible to conduct a
definitive test employing the control conditions one would
impose in the laboratory. Ideally, an experiment of this sort
should utrllze two spcllons of the same greenhous€.one hous_
ing the treated plants, and the other the controls, completely
isolated from the artificially ion-enhanced atmosphere. For
plactical reasons. we were not able to install a Faladay cage to
pervpnt rons from reachlng conlrols. .{s a compromtse.we madP
us. oi th" fact that air'ion density falls off rapidly with distance
from the ion source- The emttters were so positioned along the
length of the greenhousethat beds 3,'4 and 5 were closest to
them and could be considered io present an lon_ireate<l area
(Fig. I). Beds I and 2 were far enough away l"o sPrveas controls
although they undoubtedly recerved a low dosage of ions.
Consequently, in the absenceof a completely untreated set oi
controls, any diflerences in biological effects observed during
this experiment could be ascribed to differences in air'ron
dosage. C)n the basis of the aveEges oi the ion flux densities
(number of ionsTcm2/sec)at plant level in the three different
areas of the experiment. ion-ueated plants in the ait section
received ca l7 times the dosage of planls in the control areas'
while ion-treated plants in the forward section were exposed to
ca 13 times as many ion as the conirol plants.
It can be argued that the plant responses obseYvedon our
experiments depend on differences in the imposed electrical
fields. Clearly, the control plants lvere exposed to lower electro_
static fields than the two groups on ion-treated plants. Howevel,
the work of Bachman and Reichmanis (1971) and our own
expedments (Krueger ef cl., 1.9?8) demonstrate that ai! lons
are the primary element in conveying the small electrical currents to plants that result in increased €te of growth. In our
exp€riments, conducted in very low electrostatic fields, no
growth enhancement occurrd until air ions were added to the
ambient arr. Bachman and Reichmanis found that increases
in plant growth, in the absenceof added air ions, depended
upon the intensification of relatively low electlical fields at the
pointed ends and fine hairs of plants to such a degree that
corona developed and air ions rvere produced. The electrical
currents requiled to stimulate grolvth are quite small: 6-10
pAi/plant in our early studies (I&ueger. et. dl.. 1962), l0 pAi
plant in more recent ones. and 10 p-\ in Biackman and Legg's
(192,1) series- Pohl and Todd (1981) reported a cufien! of ;l
pA/cm2 at piant level to be effective in erpeditrng Lhe growth
and btossoming of geranilrmsand Pemianviolets.
The goal of the expedment iecorded here was to evaluate
the application of electrocultule in the production of tomatoes
in a hydroponics gleenhous€- The genelally favorable effects
obsewed lead to the conclusion that the air ion ennched
environment was responsiblefor:
1. Earlier appearance ol buds and fruit by two weeks.
2. Earlier fruit ripening by 10 days.
3. Cumulative fruit yield rate per plant geater by 2'l7o at
the end of six weeks.
4. Supenor fruit confoldation and quality by 7OV-1,5Vo
for Grade 1.
5.lmproved fruit size.
6. Improved fruit flavo! and compostion.
Since the costs of insta.lling air ion generators are modest,
their energy requirements are minimal, and no detrimental
effects of negative air ions on the personnel have been observed,
this procedure appears to be a useful addition to greenbouse
technology.
ACKNOWLEDCMENT
wc pxpres6our sincprpthanks to Mr. Rlchald Finger and
Thomas Michel of Klykon lnc. of Flonda for their interest and
help in making it possibleto carry out this study.
REFERENCES
Bachman. C.H.r Hademonos, B.G.i Under*ood, L.rl'l. J AImosPhel
Tetresi Phys JJ. 197 505.
B a . h m a n . C H i R e i c h m a n r " . M, t * 1 1 9 7 3 .h l J . B i o m e t e o r 1 7 ,
253 262.
B e c c a . i a .C . B . L 7 ' 1 5 .D e l L E l e t t t r c n oT e n e s t t e A t m o s f e t i c oo C i e l o S e r e n o
B e r t h o l o n d e S a i n t L a z ^ t e : l ' 1 8 3 . D . I e l e . t t t . t t e d e su . g i l d u r . P a r i s .
B l a c k m a n ,V . H . i L e g g , A . " 1 . 1 9 2 1 .J . A g a c S . r l l , 2 6 8 .
C h o l o d n y , N . G . I S a n k € w i r s h , E . C h . 1 9 3 ' 1. P l o n t P h y s i o l .r 2 , 3 8 5 ' . 1 0 8
E l k i e y , T . M . i P e l l e t i e r ,R . L . i B h a r t e n d u ; B a r l h a k u r . N . l 9 ? 7 . l a l
B i o m e t e o t2. 1 , 1 6 .
J
Elsi€r, J.; Geirel, H. la99. Tettest. Mosdzin. 4. 213.34
Cardani, C. De infiuru electicitati'
1 78 4 . i D i s e r t a t i o n ) .
otmosphencae in Degetantio,Tlurin,
Gasner, G. 190? A€f. Bot Ces.25,26.
IDgenhous, J 1?88 1'nfluence de l
l e su e g i t o u x J p h ! s . 3 2 .
e t e c t t i c t t io t m o s p h e t i q u es u l
K o t a k a , S . ; K . u e s € r ,A P I N i s h i z a w aK
. . r O b u c h i .T . ; K o s u r e . Y i
'Iakenobu.
M . 1 9 6 5 .P r o c . A o t S o c , J p n . C 2 | , 4 3
K o r a k a . S . , K r u e g e r , A . P . t N i s h i z a w a ,K . i O b u c h i , T . ; T a k e n o b u , M . i
K o $ r e . Y i A n d r i e s eP, . C .1 9 6 5 .N a t u . e2 0 8 . 1 1 1 2 ' 1 1 1 3 .
Krueger, A.P.i Kotaka, S.i And.iese, P.C. 1962. J. Gen Phrsiol. 15.
879-895
K . u e g e r ,A . P . i K o t a k a . S . i A n d . i e s e ,P . C 1 9 6 3 N d a u r p2 o o . 7 0 7 . 7 0 6
Krueger, A.P.; Kotaka, S.i Andriese,P.C. 1964. Int. J. Btodteteor 8.
5.16.
Kruege., A.P.; Kotaka, S.i Andriese,P.C 1965. 1nl. J Biometeot L
201-209
K r u e g e . , A P .i S t r o b b e . A . E ; Y o s l , M - G . i R e € d , E . J 1 9 ' 7 4 .I l t . J . B i o
m e t e o r 2 2 , 2 O 22 1 2 .
L e m s t r o m . S . 1 9 0 1 . E l e c t r r c L t rn A g n c u L t w . d n d H o . t i . u L t ! r e . L o n d o n .
Lund. 8.J.. et al 19.1? Bioelectnc Fields dnd Crcbth. Unive.sity ol
A u s ! r nP r e s sA, u s t i n ,T e r a s . 3 9 1p p .
Maw. G.M r96?. Con J Plonl Sci ./7. .199.i0.1.
Mu.r. L E. 1963 \ol!r? 900. 190
M u . r , L . E . 1 9 6 1N o l l r e 2 0 1 . 1 3 0 5 1 3 0 6 .
M u r r ,L . E . 1 9 6 5 aN
. a l u r e2 0 6 , 1 6 t 'a 7 O .
M u c , L . E . 1 9 6 5 b .N o r u R 2 0 7 . \ 1 7 7 . 1 7 7 6 .
M u r r , L . E . 1 9 6 6 a .l n 1 . . . / .B i o m e t e o t . 1 0 , 1 { 7 1 5 3 .
M u r r , L E . 1 9 6 6 b . . 4 d uF . o n t ' e r sP l o n tS c i . 1 6 , 9 7 - r 2 O .
M u r , L . E . 1 9 6 6 c .l n t J B i o m e t e o r .1 0 , 1 3 5 1 { 6 .
P o h l .H . A . I 9 ? ; . I A , o / .P h y s r . I : J .
Pohl, H.A.; Todd. G.W. 138r. /n/ J Biometeot.25, 309-321.
Reinert. R.A.i Tinsly, D.T.i Carler, HB
97, 1{9-151
1972. J. An
Soc. tlo't. Sci
S i d a v a y , G . H . 1 9 6 7 . S p e c l f u m ,2 l i , 3 0 3 .
S i d a w a y ,G . H . 1 9 7 3 .J . E l e c t r c s t o t i c s0 0 , 3 8 9 ' 3 9 3 S i d a w a y .G . H . i A s p r a y ,G . H . 1 9 6 8 . 1 n t . J . B i o m e t e o t , 1 2 , 3 2 1 - 3 2 9 .
T h o m s n , J . J . 1 8 9 8 .P h i l M d g . 1 6 . 5 2 8 - 5 , 1 5 .
W i n t o n . R . . e l d l . U n p u b l i s h e dd a t a .
Zburbitskii, Z.l. 1969. P.c
100-l12.
U S S R A c a d . S c i . . B i o l , S e r i e s# 1 , J a n . - F e b . ,
Z h u r b i l s k i i , Z . I i S h i d t o v s k a y a ,L L . 1 9 6 7 . E I e h t r c n . O b t d d . M o t e t 6 .
? 0 -1 3 .
died on Deceibber 8,
Editor's
Note:
Dr. Albert P. Itueger
1982. Please !efe! leprint requests or correspondance in cat'e of
of Biomedical
and En'
Department
the Air lon Laboratory,
of Califomia, Berkeley,
vironmental
Health Sciences, UniveEity
Califomia94720.
10
Jouraot of Biological Pfiyslca Volume I l. 1983
j
t :
FRUIT TREES
e.".'1
I
)
I
When water ing
also firl piie
irh wacer.
conical I
coit
J
8" ro to'
, rUoR, H g, oE
Groun d
teveL p
-, r 1
D et a i 1 , o f t r e e
An tenna .
Alwavs be careful
E h e a n E e n n aw i r e s
o t ou ch th e l eave s of the planEs or bu_rning could
-_rE
rac"I
n o ! to allow
t
FENCES
Chain Link
Barbbed Wire
Ground
Leve 1
FENCESBECOYEANTENNA
-2t-
t-rl
POTTEDPLANTSOR PLANTERBOXES
leve1
Ground
leveI
flanter box may be any size convienent for area
a v a i l a b 1 e , T r e l l i s e s can be attached for climbing
They rnay also
p l a n t s - P e a s, b e a n s , t o m a t o e s , e t c .
be used indoors wi th Grow Lights,
Coils should be cleaned
twice yearly.
To do this
imerse in a oail of hot
waEer in whi;h L box of
soda has been di solved.
9 turns
of wire
to form
a conical
coil.
-22-
N o r t h o f t h e Equator the
c o i l s s h o ul d be COUNTER
CLOCKWISE.
South of the Equator
CLOCKWISE.
JuLY 16, l 966
N AT U R E
BIOLOGY
s P Pd{ r p! o i J r h i b rpt l s r r , l o v . l o p m a . tb, u r f r o r rr r u . l , r , . 6 r , r , r
tnflucnce
or Erectrostati;_Fictd:
on sced
;!ii.il",l"'X[[,lu"T;I*r"l[1,.1T,$H.*.:il,;ili:i:
Germinetion
and not, moroly by_lho pnrorrco of ch{r ,iold pr ,.. "llrr3
'E' ESr rrtr.strgstiors lrave stimrrlg!.d urdr.r irru-rut in
possrblo illfluoncoof lighCin rcducing rho magDrr uJo of t hrs
lriologic*l sigrriticarrco of nstura|y o"c"rrtng
Pglf i{ offoct ms,-y-bs siShificanr tTiblo 2). "A comparison
f"*,.b|,:
".
' . r i r . l i , l , l s o r r d r ' l r r t , r i p h r . n , , r n n r r nY. u r r r i h o s s h o w i r
r i t h t h € w o r k o f K r u e S € r d d . l i s n o t p , , € e i b l e ' i nt h e
'urLlrrgh I|'t' ryrty,l,r'trrc ticlls uppoor g,o
rrrlrr[:itdnvelop- lLrrcnco of- ion.donuicy ind currorrt mrdu|..tni.nts, t)rrt,
Ed\rsrddr found thar a posirivo 6eld slouerl dorvri Lhtr
rr.t irr grues r{'{rJlrrrg"; hu porrrts out. honevcr, th;r
ol dcv"lopmenr-of i'erytir pupsr/ol.be slso suSSestLd
rrir, r \ork,'rs, noebl] .lorgor,scr, and prrrxtl"J... and
ilb
thoc conloct-induced ol,.ctroiratic ihergoe rnight iriiiuence
l:rl'rrs'rrirt )rnd Shrl,ata', obserr,rl rncreus.s in plant
J orvoht tndcr elrrctricfield conditioDs,a lthou gh tho frcouent ltlsect b€baviou!r0 r
,l rrrr. rcp of ' onrrodrcror.y r"srrlte irr muc-h of th. ;arly
Tho prosent Fxpcrlmpnts *cr.,. initiatorl In an a!&empt
tl qryvid.€ a Possibla ba€is for corrolation rrr-rrra{'t,n
ork
this subjoct lrts boorr ornphasizcd by Lund:.
goo'h, _oD
pL)'sroiogicaleffoctsofair ionizstion lra\.Fbc{;r jtrtdrcd electrjc phcnomens sDd tho msniffststion of psychia'tric
t ' trttmt,tr
dtsturbance. Rymptoros, d^qsuming sucl, a rllariorrshrp
Kru.gFr pl ,/.! rcp',n li,st
"f sork"rq:.
\lr,'lrI, lo I,oriuv"ly or negstiv.lJ' iorrrzo,larr produced to r,c nlFdiacc(l throllgh. !'sriatior€ in n, rrro-Lormorre
rr,'r'rnJrid gcrrnination ii Atena aali'o sAdds qirh suh. activity resulting from
induced chdnges
'l,r,rt ir,' ro,r.sFbirr grourh arrd dr). qeiglrtr slight rt] lr8sue r€sprrarion _elecJroststically
l"r'cls. Preliminary gas.lr'al).,rs
r. r' a\, s rr gro\-th sFr,. Rlso not,,d srtL r,...lhngs pla;.d
appear Io rnrlx.si€ s possiblo polairtj-depcnd"nt
ftudr,.s
' Porrlr\. or negati\'€.lo.tric fields of 95i V over i0
irrflucnc^ on tlro rat€ ofp;duction oi
/"loctrGtaiic
"m:
"arbo,,
:r !hl's{ €\l)erimonts, hou'evt-'r,tho seed r:ontainers qere
seeds. Further work sloDg
Serminat,ing
thr'se
ldioxr,Je.irt
iroulded to p.event tho accumulstion of surfacc chsrqe. 'lrnoa is in progtess.
I ' l n 'p r . s . rrt ' . o n r r n u| l i c s li o n d i r . c t s s t t € n r i o n ! o R n a p p ; r .
I.!hankD.U.H(.stlrcoterbrcarr;irrgourr1,,.slatistical
'r t d^pendcrrcc on polarrty oftho response
anallsis: I rlso rttan|r Prof. U. F. lrpre1.. Dr. J. R.
ofcerminliing '''r,ls l,o llrd,rc^il clc.lro.r.Rric.harg.r6.
!-rlr.rrrreton urr.l Ih. A. C. Lr',,rr for rleir ad|ic" ar,Ll
I-otrr I's,1,he'j-r'f t0ri *+.ls of lJttuce llactuca satiL\1), encorragement.
.'Clrtso€d
Boro glr \t-orr(lor', v,ere sown on filtnr
G. I{. SrDA\r..\y
I ufroty
r-lild
or cdqh of fo'rr r) crn sq,rero s.{rions of alumi. -Depcnmerrr,of Bor,arr5..
I "'lt
lr, . ,rrnr
r . D r frorl,aDtaclrad
o i l a t t a r l r n d bOJ'a
) - s r thrn
h i n f ltilm
m o f .of
V aVa.seline'to
. s e l i r . . t o t h the
o u pupp€r
p€"
U
n i r . c r s i t yCollege,
Unlvolarty
collog.,
-,rrtuceof a €hcot of gldss {J crn x ?.5
Cardifr.
3o;1
ll
,' ft srnrrlarly att,Ache,lro t,he rrndcr-surface
"-.
of a"u"6';ir1"
second ,}Iur., t. X.,,va1u,.,200,
190(t,Jriu).
I
gloss r"sllng on iPuc'.rs so arrangcd as tO s^parot€ | Yur, L. E., Prtr. Pa,, Acad...a 3? tor (lgOjr.
I l!'r oI
'
}
l
u
r
r
l - E - v a l r ' 2 o l .l 3 0 i ' t J , i r , .
I t " ' ' t , " s c l s o f 6 . 1 , 1p l a t c e ' b \ ' " v e r t , i c a ld i s t a n c oo f
-iilbl'iljji;H:lir;.i,:iji::iii,#.iiirjililr
| 41;*1.ry;":"ri.litf."_j,":."""T,:rJt:,,R":l.X
I
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L
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l d ,l ,8,t'':}i {l r: .,o, '' 'r,o. o \ . r p o \ r c r v e r
r,h. romnrnins pair- u"r" 1.i
,r r,AIg,rr ns.n,,rrolr'
0t', r.]dll:. posirions of.,hare.d
,r,'i 'ni L*'g'.,i pl,rr-. w"1,
"hnr,8,,1 ufr,.r,.acl, r, t,'ic,rrron.
on, lr I'rr, lr nf :roods w|rlr moisti'n..i \tith
\lf"f \o\ll'H'
' oiriin,.r t., ^^o
r . - o t u " r , .r r , r , , r , - . . i . ' 3 - ^ . ! . 1 n o ! . n : e o ! r : ) .
'f,run8{ A p.. ri6t!t., c.
L i j . \ n d r r , - ^p. . C . . . / .t ; . r t , \ - - , . 1 . 1 6 - - . . 1 _
,r0.",r. n.ri .\,,,,.
L o r . , : , j ( r e , :, .
,.;;;,.,r" r, t..a^d,t |
2"r.rE..11 rrr,r.
, Ed\rnrt r x.,r.d,orr.r
z - , t t i - ,i , : , , t r , , i . : . , i . "
I
I
4'.']-;,'t.",.1'r,tlrtup1,rlratusbe.ingthent.ncl.'sr,tlin
. . , . \r r , . r , , , o j r i s r t . . r d n d p i , r . . " d i n n n r , n s r . r n t
l,.nrrr,.rdture
r.,rrr l;rr i,{ lr. }[oqt of tlr, ,.xp,,rinr,.nrrrrr r,. rorrJrrnuerl
':li
""r(' rond.cted
:.-,ii .l'.?:*:'il: ;i,:r.''in)ents
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gil
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j-
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,
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:
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a. 1 . , = =1) = ' r i : i ' r i ; 7 - =f - i . . i l r 1, l
-?,1==
i
".ri
- 2? :_:
?
- t ?i 7
' ' - = '.,, . 2 .: j = ?j , ? 1 : l : i z V =
: - =- 7 ,
z i
7:,1_
f
3
7
s
Z
=
'
;
.
7
.
i'
'
:
Z . ' - c - .2 = - ' ' : , 7 i
-
2 ' t
! ' E ' L
7
7 ?r -t 1- i c_a
i = 7 . ; j i " =
' 7 ^
v
,.-:'
. c
a a u
.\
Y
'
ii. i : d
?
;
e
7
1
i
t
= i - - i . _ . . : : - Li
-- i
.-;
I tf,
'
'
t l E l i\i -
c F i i i ; EE
: El E
t?
i - l 3 : L
? 1 q 7 i , 71: :_; ?
ai 7
:
?I : : i - i l : .= ; i ? - i
l
1
I
i -
li
a
li
t
t
, 7 \ -= j ' i - 1 = l r . ' ' - . = '
3 . = i 'i . : a l Z i . ,= 7
-''s--r';,
-n 3
r-- a.
; 2 : i = 2" - i i z ? , 77 . = - ,
2a
- '9.
i2z'zz:za=
,- '':
? . 4 i t 7 - = ,=: t E : ;
i - . - : =i , v " i . = . ?
?
:.
^ :
2
?.zi
4 7? ?_;Z
z
'r7
: 2 ?-i z = - ; ?
t ? i'=z aZ iL
2 = z r : ?t i ; . . 2 i
:' ;
',
r
i
- - =
a
z I
i
1
- 2
;i ;:
- '
2'=
a
.:-
4 7
i e"7.? =-i 2r-
l z i- - ; i' i ; 77 ? ^ ?
= n"
+
.
+
: ' '
1
-
|I d^t t 'i4 ,. cl,.rt' x. vq'&t, I' c.t
rrrlll, 9m o9?2),
t!- S, M. P'*Eh.l,
Entho^
H.dth
P.rtPc.t
l,
L H.t*
}|. S.ptrlrlor.nd
It (l9a): t
n, a, QYn.
D,. t. t,A Y.d
t''rE. B Clrtron' P. J. Grr'
la. t O. L.aldotn,
H. T. Dclvt+ W. C.
,. St Ps-4
L.!t,
rft+m.
J3t alYtlri ?, t
f!,
t. I-.n..
R W. Bdoh
R. H. wlittonh'
bndrit.t,
W.
l{tb.l,
A. F. no!.&
F.
N. W. $xhUta,
ol
d al rb Coal4oc!
blu , Fpq
F!*i|t
PoLonlta co'orrol P.oi.ct'
lrrd
Ctll&ood
MrY
Ailuu'
Cclt . to. Dtt t Cdrol,
lna.
l.*rtct
Nrltoad
tt. s.r9Dorrcd bv C|!.r|llr
Aa6a/i. W. th.!t $.
CouDc{t rc..rch
t'l'!
Pubuc
Hc.nl'
lorrd
ot
ra.t ot tb Totolto
lor $ct
6. l{o?hd
ft dah Dcaddq
.
t
l|bftY
of &
ChU(t.|L |nd fu htlo
Cdn*
aoo"..alr6.
ld ibl
Eavlroodat
ort|r!.d
bv
t.'ri
nlty Fr!.nl!t
DtolErm.
aroCrtlocri Dr^ l. A iltt
locd ..tatat-a
.!d S. M. M.ct od colL.r.d blood ard hdt
t<.
.!tts6
out
tlt
..mrL..
N.lrmlodc.l
by I)'. O. Mur!f,y. Tt Al"A |!.l coFoFr_
cttrLd
out
bY
Da.
I.
ntt
r
l'|rrhyrlr
Y. OEYrr A. V.ul&
w. tl&t
lt6D!.t lt'
to. L.lalcrl
tad F. fiulr
WlllhE,
l.|w
Envloat|Ent.l
.n ., rn<l ttr c|n.dLr
Atloclatlo! la rdvlc..
oa t ra!y. UntPraraa rddraar: D6p.tidar
Eodrd.
E.riry of Lirc'pool Uv.rFol
n...s.s
Tr...
Ad.lydt
Pr.aa
d&.||:
Hrlif|r,
NoYr
Ccntc., D.lhousic UnllGrdty.
Scoalr.
t Autila
l9?a
Virbility of Storcd Soed:Ertension by Crthodic Protcction
Abstra* Plrclng secds on o n gotivelt charged conductor cxtended thcir vbbilIty dudng artificial aging. Such cathodic Prorcction may t.duc. lr.c rodicol anach
by providing a tourcc ol electrons. Th. resuhs support th. hypolhesh ol lrec
rdicaf datnaCc to cellular componen s snd orc cotlsiEtent wlth such damagc
bcing l\tportanl ln d.tcriorotive tcncscencc changct.
It is welt Lnown that frcc radicals
ioitiate peroxidativc degradation of ulsaturated tissuc lipids, and it har bccn
suggestedthat this could give risc to
drmage to cellular membranes(1). Lipid
peroxidatiotr il mooomolecular-an{ bimolecular ilms leads initially to au in-prease in membranc permeability and
then to s decreas€in mcmbranc stability (2). Damage to biological membranes associated with lipid peroxidatioo has bee! shown in mitochondria
(.r), microsomes (4), and lysosomes
(J). Lipofuscin granules accumulate
with chronological age in some animal
lissues and these graDules app€ar to
cootain protein and peroxidized lipid
(6), iodicating that lipid peroxidation
occurs throughout the lifc span of an
organism. It has been suggcsted that
this free radical tEroxidstiotr of uosaturated lipids is r basic deterioralive
mechanismia cellularagiog (Z). There
is as yet little direct €videocc for the
accumulation of membraDe damag€
during senesceace.However, extremely
swollen mitochondria, witb disorientated
and fragmented cristae, indicative of
menrbranedamage,havc beeo observed
in the ffight muscle of old (25 to 30
days) male houseflies(E).
Attempts have betn made to prolooS
the life span of organisms,aod promising results havc beeo obtained by supplying membrane-stabilizinS drugs to
firosophila (9) and by including various antioxidants in the diet of micc (7,
,10). Howcver. thcsc results are far
from unequivocal: not all reatmetrts
.re effective (7, 9), difierent resultsare
obtaincd with th€ same rntioxidatrt on
diffcrcnt strains of mic€ (7), and in
I'"
'0 DECEMEET,
some exp€rimeDtslipid pcroxidationappearcd to bc teduccd without rDy cfiect
on lifc spao (Ir).
Moln6r (12) sttcmPtcdto rcducr frcc
radical attack, Dot by supplyilg .!tioxi'
dants itr the diet, but by maintairing
rnice in a cagc with rn Epplicd ncgativc
ttotentid it a maoDei ssaloSous fo tbe
techniqoe of crthodic protcctiotr of
metals agai$l corrosion. The average
and maximum lifc apans of mice exposed to a negatiYc chargc were, rcspectivcly, 25 s'',d 32 pcrceot greater
than those of micc cxposed to 8 positive charge.
9
€
a
0 a y 3 o l a S L n gt r c a t m . n t
Fig. l, viability of storcd lccds a'f z€a
,ralj a5 a functiotr of thc duration of
thc aging t.ratmclL Scc& with a Doistutc
contcnt of 13.6 pcrctnt wcrc placcd,
embryo sidc do*n, o!| lluoirum foil ir
a small cnclosed chambcr (to erintritr
thc moisturc €ootcot) rDd tcltt !t /()'C
to accel.rrte thcir rfi!8 (.c&cs thcir
storagc lifG), Thc cntirp cotrtcdr of l
singlc chambcrwcr! trtcn fc crh ranplc. Thc 6.cdr wcrc lootld ir trp rrtlr
ovcrniSht and lhco plAcodo! Doid FrFr
towcling. Germinatioo wrr r@rded t l
boun rftcr th! ltrrt of !o*h& (r) Sccdt
providcd vith cltbodic protlctioo by rF
plyin! a n trtiw potctrtlsl ol 300 teltt
to thc rlumitrum noil; (b) control !ccd&
Air{ry
rccdr c.! b. rrftdly rrrd
rrtifci.lly
by mriotriDitl
tba
r
rclrtivcly hith mobtur! contctt (13 !o
15 Frc€ot) rnd rtr clcvtLd t6pctrturo (4OoC) (rr). Airldrt rccdr probrbly do not brc srficbrt D.&tura to
pcrmit rqucoulphrac cozyrDo ltrctl)or
to occur, aDd rcprb Gb|nL.or
ur urlikely to b3 opcntivc ir !|rh a ryrtco.
Thw, drmrt
itrduc€d by ftG. rrdbr,lr
would rccumul.tc io dry rGcdt, ?hd!'r
in hydntcd liorx er6,t"-.lc
canld bo
rcpaircd (/a). Scodr of Zcr nry (ltdien com) thrt brvc boco artiicidty
rgcd rbow rbcrrraioor of mitocboodrirl
mcmbrrna s! ra arly dfp of rfiq.
b€forc tb. viability ol thc tocds docliDca( It),
Scc& of Zeo n.lt Ytra [bhclod to
snifcid rtint tFrtmat by m8ir|irilf
th€m in r rmdl cocloNcd chrltlboa |l
/tooc- Tbc recdr wcro pmvidod vitl
cathodic protcctioq by plrcint tbm,
crnbryo ridc down, or tluminum foil
-7
within tb chembcr ard rpptyiq
r
Dctativc potcotid of 300 volt! to tbc
I
foil. Control !.€dr r.rc mdtrtritad ur")
dcr similar cooditioo. ritlout tbc rI>
plicd cbrrgc. Tt cficcr of rtorflr timc
on thc virbility of tbc rccds ir 3how! ir
Fi& 1.
Conridcrabl€ dccrclcr
ir virbi.lity
loss werc achicvcd wit! c.abodic ptotectioo. In rddition, tbe cooductivity of
the wrtcr in whicb tbc lccdr rwrc
soakcd bcforc grrminrtion wrt coosistcotly grcatcr for thc cootrol rccds
than for tbc sccds which had bccn cxpos€d to thc ocgativc cbatgc. Tbir i!dicates that more matcrial was leachcd
from the control rccds during soati4,
which suggeststhat greater mcmbnoc
damage had occurred in th€m th!! ir
the seedsprovided with catbodic prot ction. Chromosome abcrrrtioor uc
known to accumulatc in nondivkling
c€lls of se€ds under cooditioor of EccleraGd agiot (rJ). Frcc rsdicd p.3oxidation may rfcct macromolocr cr
other thao lipids; thu!, our obccnrtion
that after l0 days of th agilg fratmeqt the perccotagc of chfomosomc
ab€rrations wrs 12.6 in tbc contr,ol
secds rDd 4.3 in tb€ protcct d i€cdr
may bc of signifsaacc. Tbc rtductior|
in mortality rEtc for dry rccdr, wbich
arc relativcly nonhydrrtrd
rtrtm,
werc far trcrtcr thrn ray rcbbrrcd for
animalr, rvhich rrc hydfrtcd rf&D"
Crthgdic protoc-rbtr 6ould rodrn
frec radicrl $bck or binlqicrl nrcm.
molcculs Uy pmviOq
r rourco d
clectroB tO rrrct ?ith lbc frc ndk:llr
(r2). Thuq tbd. re h, provids rtrola
evi&G
for frcc ndlrl
durla
5
ltt
r i ;.
i,,l
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!, !
llrl
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it
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rl
ti 1
ii ll
ll :
I[
- CULTUR€
€L€CTRO
This device employs natural electric and magnetic principles
and
costs nothing to op€rate. It will stimulate growtl over
sn acre of
ground.
't.rorcro..
8rd.
*'LLLLLLLL[!!f,!!!L|!||||
top vlar of oroaa oo top ot atat
Dotr irr
varttcrl
Plp.a aaa lr
coupll[3
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t Id plpa crorr otr top ot coupltr
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8.5
ELEC1RIC FIELD EFFECTSON PLANT LIFE
SeveraL Et.udies iLlustlate
the use of relatively
st!-..> __
efectric
fields
to affect
the viability
of seeds during storage
and seed gernination,
or to influerrce lhe growth of plints.
- Panunenteret
(1974) reported that stored seeds subjected
4,
to an artificial
aging process progressively
lose the ability
to germj.nate, so thaL after
30 days of treaiment
only lOs
of the seeds are viable.
However, by placinq
the seeds on
an electrode
at 300 volts
Lhe germin;tlon
,.te
aiter
the 3o-dav
aglng treatment
lras inploved to about 7Ot.
I'he data demonstra'Ce
that a substantial
impro!€ment in seed viability
occurs for all
degrees of aging and that the protected
seeds a-l.so show a lower
Percentage of ChromosOmal abnolnaLities.
TheSe effectS
are
attlibuted
to a form of "cathodic
protection',
in that the elei_
trode piovides
electrons
to react wj.th the free radical.s and
thus inhibit
the normal course of lipid
peroxidation
by which,
i r
i c
har
ior'-.1
rho
^al
1 menrDrane
ls degtroyed in both arti_
fici.al
and naLural aging processeg.
sidaway (196g) examined the germination
of seeals in an electrostatic
fleld
of 36 kv/h and cane to Lhe conclusion
that a
pole above the seeds inhibits
field
wi.th ehe positive
gerrnination and,to a lesser
extent,
the negative pole above iiproves
the rate of germination.
I'lurr (1954; 1955) studled the destluctive
effects
r{h1ch
grown in fields
occur in plants
of 20 - 80 kv/n (DC) createil
abgve the groLrnd in h,hich Che planrs were
by a plaee located
The Leafy tips
rooted.
of grass planr6 were iniuied
or killed
stlong
electrostatic
field,
which was i;tensified
to
- by-this
field
values at the leaf tip.
prom his
r n r J c hh l g h e r s u ! f a c e
Mulr finds a surface field
studies,
of fIo - 13b kv/n ia about
the threshol.d fo! destructive
effects
in these plants.
!lu!r
(1954) speculates
that the mechanlsm by which tie planca are
involves
injured
an acceleration
of enzyme activity
leading
to
inpaired
cefl
lesplration
and further
destruccive
ivenr.s.
lteehani srn of
Natrrre_2Ol (4926):1305-6
Plant-Cel l
l:J0 l)\'( ( S. ,\. \l . 'r l
\l.l( lr
Slll't.1 2.
.li.rrr1,r. . 1 .
.\rirtnrr Stlt( [ |irer,ir1,
.\ surtr! ,,i lt,.
(,r sr.d gcrIlrllali{nr
clTccts ,ri rraxfl(lic trvirornrcr['
gro*rrr.p{a..t pl"6:"1g,1
andearry
11:4
Seed of t\crrtl (lifffrf'rl :l,eritr r,i Ilarrts cdrnnrorrtr
rrr lal r:rt,,rr
u$l
,rr,,rrI ir. rrr.rr.,,.r:
t r r i r o r r r r r r r r r sr : r r r g i r g i r o r l a n u l l ( ( t r . H , r , l ( r r r - r c t i \ .
irur.I u[ 0 to 2i nLilligauss ri] :r t)lrrr iir(,rr rrirsrjtl (,i
-l'hc
ootD gauss strrrgth.
rnajorirl-,,i tlrr rfed gfrnri
rratcd fastrr an(l t,r(!locc(l largcr r,,1r, i r(1 r(!)1. ailtr
i\1' Beeks i,r tlrt rrasrrrticquiet rrgi,rr.-tlrr cu!l]lnb(r,
anrl ratlish plants nrairrtaincil rhi\ incrrasetl ratc ()i
pru$tlr i,,r th( duratio'r uf llrr trl'qrrrrr, r
S , , r n c s c ( d s l r , N r r l a I a s t c r g e r r l l i r r a r i , r rr : r r r i , r 1 l r (
gfoD Ls1leli( lielrl arrd rrr.Lirrrainulrtrc acc(lcral.(l r:11(
tlrr,,ughout thc extrri lc l. T,,ro rrerks airr.r ctrrllir:rtr) . (()rr, l,;rflrt ll|(l ver,lr, rrlrrlr' ,r;,fli A \t,,$rr
r r l l r c { { r ) l l r : r a r r r i ( r l c l , l . . 1 r, r r r l : ' r j r ; , r k . , l j | . r ( 1 \ ( , i
r r t c ! , i s r u $ l h , 1 s c ( r r l , r r ( ( l t , , l , l a n t s i r ) l l r r r j L r t l c ,tli ( t ( l
-Sccrts placc,l ;I tllc \tror! llrrl.lr).rr. trrt(lj !e (.rirll\
$ere slower to Fljnllinatc ar){l di(l nl)l r :rir)raiu tlrr r]tr
o i g r o \ t h s h o $ r t t ) y t h c I ' l a | r t r i r r t l r t g t r ) t 1 u r g n c r i ca t l
r r u l l r d l i e k l s . C c r n r i n a t i , ' r r i r t l r e s r r o r s r r r a g n r : r i cl i e I l s
was inRuenced by the lr,ririon ,ri rht axis oi the ,re(l
rclativt t,) thc lirrt. oi n,rcc (,i rtrr: hcl,l. \\'htn rhe lllrts
a - \ N o l s . r D t o t r l r c s r r ( l \ a . l r l a c t r li r r r r r h t a r r A l r : 1 o
t l r t l i r r < s , , i i o r c e t h e r a t t o i g r o r r d r r a s n r u c r ls r o \ ! c :
than th., rate ior thc srcrl plactd \ith lhc loll$ a\i.
t , r r a l l . l t , r t h ( l i r r r s o i r , ; r c r . I l , j $ ! v ( r , C , , t c u sc u r t i r j r . r s
. l r , $ ( d : r , r l : r r k L , 1i n t r u r . t i r r r ( r , r L l r , , \ r r r n r r : r ! n c u .
r , . l 1 l o i l ( [ ) 0 8 : l | r s si t r c A l ] r . l l r r : r r l l I l r i r c r i r o o r . a r r r l
tl)r lrrjjlh oi thc rr,ots \err hrth gfrar(r i ll). rr:r!: frir
r(ld thilr on i rilar cutti g! ilr rhl] r)1,Ic(l 6elLl ,,r rhe
'lherc
rronraHtlctic ticlil.
\.as () :rt)trar(nt e,Trcr (nr rhc
rutJsro\th oi the Colrus cutr; g\.
7
J
(19?4) exposed the roots of the mung
. w. MilleE
bean plant
(Vicia
faba) Co electrj-c
o! magnetic fields
at 75 Hz wlcn no
indfEa-ti6i*ot
an effecC on eitier
glowth or.itoti.-i.,a.*.
No chtomosonal anomalies were seen.
The electri.c
f i.e1d exposure
was made in a plastic
tank frlled
with a plant nutrient
solution
in which there was a current
of 0.I A/m2 and an el-ectric
field
^F
1n
lrlh
fha
^^^+/^1
^l
F
-ants were in a similar
tank for which
the electrodes
\rere not ene!9ized.
The magnetic field
experiments wele conducted at 0.5, 5, and L7 G in plastic
cvlind;rs
in a liquid
containing
the plants
nutrient
meaiurn ani Hlapped
with electricat
wire.
The authors cite other "wel l-documin ted.
(Beischer,
research
.1955; Audus and i{hish, l96dr Dunlop and
SchmidC, 1969; Merrcle et al.,
L964) at higher fiel.d srrengths
(fron
several hundred t6 sEveraL thousand qauss) r,hlch did find
effects
on plant glowth and the mitotic
index, buE jn viev of the
I t l r R F , I . , .E . :
RE
€ L € C T R O.C U LTU
(I'far. 28,
I964)
Damaae i n an Electeostatlc
Field
Dlectrj.cal
of plant arovtth proaluces lncreased
st.inulation
c^n.enl.rations of
n'lnor elenents (Fe, Zn, \l ) in active
leaf tips.
Cnmpared to controls,
such increases
are of
t,he order of several hundred per cent. This is due to an
i n me t a b o 1 I c l e n z I ' r ne s i n t h e e t c t r i c a l l l ' - a c t i v a t e d
.lncrerse
ol i go 'pl
rnts,
whlch appear greener beeause ozone generated by electrI cal fle{d
nridizes porphyr in s, re sul t ing in deep-green, open-r l n s e d m o ' le c u l e s o f t h e s e o r s i m l . l a r m e t a l l o - e n z . t ' m e s . U n d e r
tho l-nfl uence of an excessive ele trical
field,
the actlvlty
nf these substances is accelerated to such an extent that ccllular
re spiration
ls irFpedeal, wlth resul taql cel l deterlorat{ on
t
l
s
s
u
e
and
destructlon
I
I