SHS
SHS
21st Century Literature from
the Philippines and the World
Target
Module 1
This Learning Material enables you to understand and appreciate the elements and
contexts of 21st Century Philippine literature from the regions.
After going through this learning material, you are expected to do the following:
1. Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing
adaptation of these require from the learner the ability to identify:
a. the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary
history from pre-colonial to the contemporary
b. representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral
history research with focus on key personalities from the student’s
region/province/town)
2. Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones
from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and
traditions. (EN12Lit-Id-25)
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21st Century from the Philippines and the World
Module 1
First Edition, 2020
Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I
All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.
Development Team of the Module
Author: Imelda Lachica-Butardo, MT-II
Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II
Management Team:
ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.
Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Belen C. Aquino, EPS in Charge of English
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
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21st Century Literature
from the Philippines
and the World
Module 1
3
Jumpstart
This lesson allows you to travel back in time and trace the beginnings of
Philippine literature, get acquainted with prominent Filipino authors and their
works from different regions, know the similarities and differences of various
21st century literary genres from those of the earlier genres or periods. You have
to learn all these to help you produce a creative representation of a literary text.
Brace yourself and enjoy the ride as we traverse the past.
So let’s go down memory lane!
Read and understand the text below, then do the activity that follows.
Philippine literature was tremendously influenced by the colorful history of our
country. As the Philippines went through different periods in history, so is its
literature as it is reflected in various literary pieces written by notable Filipino
writers. Their literary works mirror the thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, practices,
rich traditions and diverse cultures of Filipinos from all over the various regions in
different periods. These literary works were passed, developed and evolved, each
with its own characteristic and features which reflected the era by which they were
written.
Early stages of Philippine literature consists of the Precolonial Period, Spanish
Colonial Period, American Occupation, Japanese Occupation, Postwar and
Contemporary Period.
The precolonial period includes all literature produced before the Spanish
colonization. It includes chants, proverbs, songs, spells, and different folk
narratives like folk tales, fables, legends, myths, and epics that were all passed
down from generation to generation through the word of mouth. This was the time
when printing was not yet invented. The way our ancestors lived during the early
days is evident in the contents of these literary forms. Work and activity songs
described how people earn their livelihood like farming, fishing, pottery and a lot
more. An example is the popular song by the Tagalogs-―Magtanim ay di Biro
(Planting Rice is Never Fun).
Philippine Literature during the Spanish Colonization was mostly influenced by
Christianity as well as the European ideals of liberty and freedom through trade.
During this era, writers slowly changed the subject of their writings from nature
and natural phenomena to the lives of the saints, hymns, miracles and invocations
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based on the teachings of the Catholic faith. Filipino writers either wrote in
Spanish or in their own tongue or both.
Literature during the American period was like an imitation of those of the
Americans. Filipino writers follow the forms and style of the American writers thus
spurred the writing of Filipinos in English. On the other hand, Japanese
occupation censored literary works yet contributed to the maturity of the Tagalog
short story because English language was not allowed to use. Tagalog was declared
an official language (together with Nihonggo).
During the postwar period, Filipino writers got their inspiration from American
teachers and were able to learn their techniques, which also helped in mastering
the English language. Writers wrote fiction that focused on courageous deeds as
well as the sacrifices and suffering in the lives of Filipinos. It was also common for
writers to write about the experiences of the Filipino people under the Spanish and
American rule and the Japanese Occupation.
Philippine literature flourished even more during the postwar and contemporary
period. Writers were able to produce short stories, novels, essays, and poems that
continue to be read by Filipinos today.
Activity 1: Brisk Walk Down Memory Lane
Instructions: Trace the timeline of Philippine literature. Copy this graphic
organizer in a clean sheet of long bond paper and provide the needed
information based from the text you just read. Be guided by the legend below
the graphic organizer.
Legend:

Philippine
literary period
Important events related
literature/features of this era
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to
the
development
Discover
Philippine Literature during the Precolonial Period
The precolonial literature includes all literature produced before the Spanish
colonization like chants, Bari-bari Apo, makidalan ti tao(Iloko chant) proverbs,
salawikain,
bugtong
(burburtia/burburcha
in
Iloko),
songs
such
as
the Oyayi or Hele, in Iloko are “Manang Biday”, “Pamulinawen”, and “Naraniag a
Bulan” and folk narratives. These were all passed down from generation to
generation by word of mouth.
Philippine folk narratives are varied and distinct. They depict the people’s livelihood,
customs, and traditions.
1. Folktale – This is a characteristically anonymous, timeless, and placeless
tale circulated orally among people.
 Folktales about Juan are very popular. Some emphasize certain
virtues, and some serve as warning about behavior. Also, some are for
the reader’s amusement.
Example: Juan Gathers Guavas (Tagalog)
Juan Pusong and His Father’s Cows (Visayan)
2. Fable – This features animal characters or inanimate objects that behave like
people.
 The monkey is a common animal character in Philippine fables. It is
often depicted as a cunning animal
Example: The Monkey and the Crocodile (Tagalog)
3. Legend – This is presented as history but is unlikely to be true.
 There are different Filipino legends of the great flood. The story of
Bukidnon, for instance, tells that a huge crab caused the water to rise
by going into the sea. On the other hand, the Igorot story tells that the
sons of Lumawig the Great Spirit caused the flood.
Example: The Flood Story (A Legend of Bukidnon)
The Flood Story (A Legend of the Igorot)
4. Myth – This is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural phenomenon.
 There are Philippine versions of the creation myth. The Igorot’s story
tells that Lumawig the Great Spirit created people. On the other hand,
the Tagalog story tells that the first man and woman came from a
bamboo.
Example: The Creation (An Igorot Myth)
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The Creation (A Tagalog Myth)
5. Epic – This narrative poem celebrates the adventures and achievements of a
hero.
 The Philippine epics are sung or chanted in episodes. They feature
supernatural characters and reflect the society where they originated.
Also, there are different versions of a story.
Example: Biag ni Lam-ang (Iloco)
Hinilawod (Panay)
Darangan
Philippine Literature during the Spanish Colonial Period
Notes on the Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)
 Expeditions to the Philippines were sent by Spain in the 16th century. In
their conquest, the Spaniards brought Christianity with them. The clergy
made a great impact on faith, education, and government.
 Through the Manila-Acapulco trade (1565–1815), liberal ideas entered the
country. Also, the trade gave rise to a wealthier middle class. Children in
middle class families could then be sent to Europe to get an education. Upon
their return, they brought European ideals of liberty and freedom with them.
Such ideals would then give rise to Filipino nationalism.
The works during this time are imitative of the Spanish theme, forms, and
traditions. The corrido, awit, dalit, cenaculo, moro-moro, duplo and karagatan, and
zarzuela are reflective of the said characteristics. Religious matters were in prose as
novenas and prayer books, biographies of the saints, tales and novels. The Filipinos
were able to retain their native traditions and poems in the field of poetry reflected
as lyrical folksongs and riddles. Some examples of songs are Bahay Kubo,
kundiman, and tapat. Francisco Baltazar also was popular during this time
because of his “Florante at Laura”.
The Spanish missionaries taught the gospel through the native language, so they
hired natives to translate Spanish religious instructional materials. Eventually, the
natives became fluent in Spanish and became known as ladinos.
Ladinos mainly wrote devotional poetry. Two of them were Fernando Bagongbanta
and Gaspar Aquino de Belen. Bagongbanta wrote “Salamat nang walang
hanga/gracias de sin sempiternas,” which appeared in Memorial de la vida cristiana
en lengua tagala (1605), a book containing basic Catholic doctrines. On the other
hand, de Belen wrote “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na
tola” (1704), the earliest version of pasyon.
Also, the native drama called the komedya or moro-moro was popular. It depicted
the war between Christians and Muslims, wherein the former always wins. The
poet Jose de la Cruz (1746–1829) was a master of such art form.
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Native literature continued. Though the Spaniards destroyed the written literature
in their effort to replace it with their own, the oral tradition survived and flourished
in areas beyond the reach of the Spaniards.
Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862), the master of traditional Tagalog poetry, became
well-known for his work Florante at Laura (1838–1861), the most famous metrical
romance of the country.
Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) wrote Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880), the first
poetry collection in Spanish by a Filipino; and the novel in Spanish Ninay (1885),
considered to be the first Filipino novel.
Jose Rizal (1861–1896), a prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero, is
famous for the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray
the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897), the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.” This poem appeared in the Kalayaan, the official
newspaper of the Katipunan, in March 1896.
Leona Florentino (1849–1884), known as the “mother of Philippine women’s
literature,” was a poet in both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were
preserved and exhibited in Europe. The poems were included in the Encyclopedia
International des Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.
Philippine Literature during the American Period (1898–1940)
The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public education was
introduced. Also, English was the medium of instruction. In 1934, President
Roosevelt signed a bill making the Philippines a commonwealth. On May 14, 1935
Manuel L. Quezon was elected president.
Literary Works Produced
The production of literary works in English is the direct result of the American
colonization of the Philippines. The first collection of poetry in English is Filipino
Poetry (1924), edited by Rodolfo Dato.
The short story “Dead Stars” (1925) by Paz Marquez Benitez is considered as the
first Filipino modern short story in English.
A Child of Sorrow (1921) by Zoilo M. Galang is the first Filipino novel in English.
The novel His Native Soil (1940) by Juan C. Laya won first prize in the First
Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940.
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Filipino writers in English during the apprenticeship period (1900–1930) imitated
American writing.
The poet Fernando Maramag writes in the Romantic tradition in his sonnet
“Moonlight on Manila Bay” (1912).
Filipino fictionists copied Sherwood Anderson, William Saroyan, and Ernest
Hemingway.
Jose Garcia Villa used the Anderson pattern.
Manuel Arguilla and N. V. M. Gonzalez were influenced by Anderson and
Hemingway. In his writings, Arguilla used local color, a literary technique that
features the unique regional traditions of people and emphasizes the ordinary
events in their lives.
Francisco Arcellana was influenced by Saroyan.
Philippine Literature during the Japanese Period (1941-1945)
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



On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila.
On January 2, 1942, Japanese occupied Manila. They set up a Council of
State in the country and started propaganda to remold the Filipinos.
In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines “independent.” On
September 20, Jose P. Laurel was elected president.
MacArthur and his Allied forces returned to the country in 1944. They
landed on Leyte on October 20, and the biggest naval battle in history
ensued.
The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945.
Literary Works Produced
During the occupation, publications were censored by the military.
Also, Tagalog was declared an official language (together with Nihonggo). In effect,
Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Some Filipino writers then turned to
writing in Filipino.
The Tagalog short story reached its maturity during the period. The best works
were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling
Kathang Pilipino ng 1943, which came out in 1944. It is a collection of stories that
won a contest sponsored by the Japanese.
The top four stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang
Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo, “Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V. M.
Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
Philippine Literature in the Postwar and Contemporary Period
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Postwar and contemporary literature include all literary works written and
published in the Philippines from 1946.
After World War II, the Philippines had to deal with the economy and the need for
rehabilitation and reconstruction of infrastructures. There was political, economic,
and social confusion, as well as great poverty, and these issues found their way
into the short stories and novels during that time.
During the postwar period, Filipino writers got their inspiration from American
teachers and were able to learn their techniques, which also helped in mastering
the English language. Writers wrote fiction that focused on courageous deeds as
well as the sacrifices and suffering in the lives of Filipinos. It was also common for
writers to write about the experiences of the Filipino people under the Spanish and
American rule and the Japanese Occupation. Other subjects and themes include:
 religious faith
 superstitions
 fantasy
 social problems
 poverty
 politics
 nationalism
 morality
Literary Works
Philippine literature flourished even more during the postwar and contemporary
period. Writers were able to produce short stories, novels, essays, and poems that
continue to be read by Filipinos today.
Examples:
Nick Joaquin, a National Artist for Literature awardee, wrote articles under the
name of Quijano de Manila. His short story "May Day Eve," published in 1947, is
about love in a patriarchal society. It also made use of magic realism.
F. Sionil Jose, one of the most widely read Filipino writers in English, wrote the
short story "Waywaya," which is about pre-Hispanic society and the people’s
struggle for moral order. Francisco Sionil Jose was born on December 3, 1924 in
Rosales, Pangasinan.
Alejandro Roces, a Filipino author, essayist, and dramatist, wrote the short story
"We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers." This story focuses on the drinking habits and
culture of Filipinos and Americans.
Edith L. Tiempo's poem "The Return" is a sentimental piece that talks about life in
old age.
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Horacio de la Costa wrote the essay "History and Philippine Culture," which
emphasizes the importance of understanding and presenting a nation’s culture.
Stevan Javellana wrote the first postwar Filipino novel in English, Without Seeing
the Dawn. This novel narrates what people experienced during World War II under
the Japanese rule in the Philippines.
In addition Ilocano literature was also popular even during the precolonial period
up to the present. Ilocano literature, next to the Tagalog, is believed by scholars to
be the richest and most highly developed in the Philippines. Ilocano literature can
be traced back at least to the early 17th century. There are a large number of
religious documents, poems, riddles (burburcha), proverbs, epic stories, folksongs,
and other literary works that belong to this tradition. There is a sizable body of
Ilocano literature, including newspapers and periodicals like the Bannawag.
Some of the most notable Ilocano fictionists include Manuel Arguilla of La Union
(author of “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife” and “Morning in
Nagrebcan”); Carlos Bulosan of Pangasinan (author of “America is in the Heart”,
“My Father’s Tragedy”, and “Father Goes to Court”); Amador T. Daguio of Ilocos
Norte (author of “A Wedding Dance”); Francisco Sionil José of Pangasinan (author
of “The God Stealer” and “My Brother, My Executioner”); and Pedro Bukaneg of
Bantay, Ilocos Sur (Father of Ilocano Literature and the acknowledged author of the
“Epic of Biag ni Lam-ang”).
Literary Genre
This refers to a type or category of literature. It has a specific form, content, and
style. The four main genres of literature are poetry, fiction, nonfiction, and drama.
Under each of those genres are different genres. For example, fiction includes
speculative fiction, fantasy, and science fiction
Poetry
Elements
Rhythm – a pattern created with sound
Meter – the systematic regularity in rhythm
Stanza – a part of a poem with similar rhythm and rhyme that will usually
repeat later in the poem
Rhyme – the repetition of similar sounds in the lines of a poem
Rhyme scheme – a pattern of rhyme. Either the last words of the first and
second lines rhyme with each other, or the first and the third line, or the second
and the fourth, and so on. It is denoted by alphabets like aabb (1st line rhyme with
2nd line and 3rd line rhyme with 4th line); abab (1st line rhyme with 3rd line and 2nd
line rhyme with 4th line); abba (1st line rhyme with 4th line and 2nd line rhyme with
3rd line); and so on.
Theme – the central idea of the poem, the poet wants to convey to the reader.
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Symbolism – an object, idea or word that is used to represent another idea,
thought or feelings that will create such a strong effect
Imagery – the mental pictures the poet creates through language
- words used by the poet to create an image in the mind of the readers.
Imagery appeals to the five senses
Allusion – using this literary device, the writer refers to a significant person,
place, thing, or idea in culture, history, literature, or politics briefly
and indirectly.
Apostrophe – with this literary device, the writer addresses someone or
something that is not present in his work.
Fiction
Literary elements – These devices are inherent in a literary text. Some
examples are the characters, setting, conflict, plot, and theme of a short story.
Literary techniques – These devices are used deliberately by a writer in his or
her work to convey a particular meaning. Dialogue is an example.
The literary meaning of a work is conveyed through its elements and the literary
techniques that the writer used. In a short story, for instance, the writer weaves a
story, putting elements and techniques together in a specific arrangement to
convey its meaning.
Example:
"The Mats" by Francisco Arcellana
“How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife” by Manuel Arguilla
Drama
Drama is a literary work that tells a story through actions and dialogues. It
is usually performed on stage.
Elements:
Characters – These actors set the scene and flow of the story.
Dialogues – These are conversations between the characters.
Plot – This is the series of events that take place.
Stage directions – These statements tell the actors how they should
look, move, and speak. They also give the director a picture of how the
setting looks like, and what music and other sounds would set the mood of
the play.
"The World Is an Apple" by Alberto S. Florentino is a one-act play. As the term
suggests, a one-act play is composed of only one act or part. Its story has a few
characters; it is condensed and has a single effect.
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Florentino’s play only has three characters, namely, Gloria, Mario, and Pablo. The
story takes place one evening in an improvised home in Intramuros. Gloria and
Mario are a poor couple. Their poverty forces Mario’s hand both literally and
figuratively. So, he returns to his old life of stealing and joins his old friend Pablo
for a heist.
Three of the notable Filipino dramatists in English of the Postwar Years are
Severino Montano, Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, and Alberto Florentino. They produced
relevant dramas during the period. However, because their works were written in
English, they could only reach out to the educated class.
Creative Nonfiction
Creative nonfiction refers to narratives of real events told using a literary style of
writing. Some of its forms are the memoir, the biography, the autobiography,
the diary, and the essay. It is a major genre of literature. It refers to narratives
of real events told in a literary style. In Philippine Literature, the essay is the
most common form of creative nonfiction.
Kinds of Creative Nonfiction
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Memoir - This account is narrowly focused on a single event in a person’s life.
Biography - This is a detailed account of a person’s life written by another
person.
Autobiography - This is a written account of the life of a person written by
the subject himself or herself.
Diary - This is a collection of discrete accounts of a person’s experiences and
thoughts each day.
Essay - This writing features any subject that the writer personally
comments about or describes.
Philippine Creative Nonfiction
The American Occupation (1898–1940)
The essay in English proved to be an influential medium. The first volume of
essays was Life and Success (1921) by Zoilo Galang. The earliest travel writing was
Notas de Viaje (1930) by Maria Paz Mendoza-Guazon. The essay “Literature and
Society” by Salvador Lopez sparked a debate on socially relevant literature versus
aesthetic value. It won in the first Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940.
The Japanese Occupation (1941–1945)
Because of censorship, only a few essays in English were published.
Horizons from My Nipa Hut, published in 1941, is a collection of humorous essays
by Francisco B. Icasiano. I Am a Filipino, the most famous essay of Carlos P.
Romulo (born in Intramuros, Manila and grew up in Camiling, Tarlac), was
published the same year.
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1960s and 1970s
Literary journalism came into its own. It appeared in some publications like
the Philippines Free Press and the Philippine Graphic. It attracted some of the best
Filipino writers. Nick Joaquin, who sometimes used the pen name Quijano de
Manila, was the most prolific among those writers.
1990s
A few autobiographies and memoirs were published like Memory’s Fictions: A
Personal History (1993) and Postscript to a Saintly Life (1994) by Bienvenido Santos.
Also, there were works on wars like Living With the Enemy: A Diary of the Japanese
Occupation (1999) by Pacita Pestaño-Jacinto, and Breaking the Silence (1996) by
Lourdes Reyes Montinola.
Also, published in this period were travel writings by Filipino women like
Sylvia Mayuga’s Earth, Fire & Air (1992) and Kerima Polotan’s Adventures in a
Forgotten Country (1999).
Early 21st Century
This period saw the publication of collections of short essays and narratives
of young writers. Their works were Wala Lang (2004) by Bud Tomas; Love, Desire,
Children, Etc.: Reflections of a Young Wife (2005) by Rica Bolipata-Santos; The King
of Nothing To Do (2006) by Luis Katigbak; and Stressed in the City (2007) by April T.
Yap.
Other creative nonfiction in the Philippines are:
1.
“The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the Martyr’s Testimony, and Other
Affirmations” by Gregorio C. Brillantes
2.
“Manananggal Terrorizes Manila and Other Stories” by Jessica Zafra
3.
“Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz
Philippine Literature in the 21st Century (2001 up to the present)
This body of literature includes digital writings, graphic novels, textula, hypertext,
and other emerging literary genres at present.
•
•
•
•
•
New literary works created within the last decade.
Written by contemporary authors.
Deals with current themes/ issues and reflects a technological culture.
Often breaks traditional writing rules.
Emerging genres like IM and blog format books, digi-fiction and doodle.
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Popular Fiction
Popular fiction, also called genre fiction, refers to works of literature that are
intended for the masses or large audience. Its main purpose is to appeal to the
general public.
Features of popular fiction:
 Its story is plot-driven.
 Its characters are mostly stock figures.
 Its setting is either familiar or exotic.
 Its language is closer to everyday spoken language.
 It contains a lot of dialogues.
Science fiction, also called sci-fi, at its core, deals with science and
technology. It is often lumped with the fantasy and horror genres under the
broader term “speculative fiction.” As this term suggests, sci-fi writers are often
preoccupied by the question “what if.”
Pocholo Goitia’s short story “An Introduction to the Luminescent” is an
example of science fiction. It was published in Philippine Speculative Fiction
volume 1 in 2005. The story is set in the year 2105 in a mall described as
an “ultrasaur,” a massive structure that towers at two kilometers and
stretches at half kilometer. Magenta, one of the characters, is a member of
La Luminosa, a group of biogenetically engineered people that live in the
mall. This mall is protected by “clone warriors” that hover in the air using
devices called gravity disruptors.
Chick literature, or chick lit, is written by women who write for women.
The usual target readers are young and single women, especially in their
20s or 30s. The stories deal with real life, usually love and relationships,
and they are written in a light-hearted tone.
Tara Sering’s Getting Better is an example of chick literature. The novella
was published in the October 2002 issue of Cosmopolitan Philippines, a
magazine that targets contemporary women and that mostly features
topics regarding relationships, beauty, fashion, and health. Told in the
second person point of view, the story tackles the life of a single woman
named Karen—how she was as a girlfriend, how she dealt with cheating,
and how she moved on.
Ghost stories are part of Filipino pop culture. They are a specific kind of
stories in the horror fiction genre. As the name suggests, a ghost story
features a ghost as one of its characters. Like any story in the horror
fiction genre, a ghost story is meant to scare its reader.
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Joel P. Salud’s “The Haunting at Concha Cruz Drive” is an example of a
ghost story. It was published in True Philippine Ghost Stories Book 1 in
2002. It tells the story of three friends driving along a road named Concha
Cruz Drive which is known to be haunted by ghosts of a young couple who
were victims of drag racing accident.
New and Emerging Literary Forms in the 21st Century
Many works of literature produced at present are characterized by the writers’ use
of unconventional techniques. For instance, the illustrated novel, the graphic novel,
and doodle-fiction present narratives using pictures or images.
Illustrated novel – presents images that tell some parts of the story, while the other
parts are told in words.
Example: Zsazsa Zaturnah sa Kalakhang Maynila
Graphic novel – tells a story in comic book format.
-
a narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using
comic form. The term is employed in a broad manner, encompassing
non-fiction works and thematically linked short stories as well as
fictional stories across a number of genres.
Doodle fiction – contains doodles and hand-written graphics.
-
a literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle drawings
and hand written graphics in place of traditional font. Drawing
enhances the story, often adding humorous elements that would be
missing if the illustrations were omitted.
Digi-fiction - a literary experience that combines three media: book, movie/video,
and internet website. In order to get the full story, students must engage in
navigation, reading, viewing, in all three formats. Digital fictions are different from
e-books because they do not just exist as a digital version of a print novel, rather,
they are known as “born digital” – that is, they would lose something of their
aesthetic and/or structural form and meaning if they were removed from the digital
medium.
- they may contain hyperlinks, moving images, mini-games or sound
effects.
- Unlike e-books in which the reader moves from one page to another in
a linear fashion, in many digital fictions, the reader has a role in
constructing the narrative, either by selecting hyperlinks or by
controlling a character’s journey through the storyworld.
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Manga – the Japanese word for comics
-
it is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic
books and graphic novels originally published in Japan.
considered an artistic and storytelling style.
the term “Ameri-Manga” is sometimes used to refer to comics created
by American artists in manga style.
Besides the illustrated novel, the graphic novel, and doodle-fiction, there are other
literary forms or genres emerging at present, such as the flash fiction, slipstream,
metafiction, and magic realism.
1. Flash Fiction is known for its extreme brevity. A typical work of flash fiction is
only a few hundred words long. Examples are the stories in Fast Food Fiction:
Short Short Stories To Go (2003), edited by Noelle Q. de Jesus. The collection
features stories written by well-known Filipino writers like Gemino H. Abad,
Gregorio Brillantes, Jose Dalisay, Jr., Jessica Zafra, and Lakambini Sitoy.
Example: For sale baby socks, never worn.
2. Slipstream or the “fiction of strangeness,” features elements of fantasy, science
fiction, and serious fiction. For many, works of slipstream are difficult to
categorize because of their similarities with speculative fiction. The collection
Philippine Speculative Fiction, edited by Dean Francis Alfar and Nikki Alfar,
contains stories that are slipstream fiction.
3. Metafiction is about fiction itself. A work of metafiction can be a story about a
writer who writes a story or a story about another work of fiction. Some works of
metafiction by Filipinos are the novel Ilustrado (2010) by Miguel Syjuco and Hari
Manawari (2011) by German Gervacio.
4. Magic Realism is a fiction genre in which magical elements are blended with
reality. It is characteristic of the stories by Latin American writers like Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, Jorge Luis Borges, and Isabel Allende. The short story “The
Death of Fray Salvador Montano, Conquistador of Negros” by the Filipino writer
Rosario Cruz Lucero has elements of magic realism.
3
Electronic literature refers to works commonly published and shared on the Web.
Unlike traditional printed literature, it has features that could only be presented
through multimedia.
Kinds of Electronic Literature
1. Hyperpoetry – This is a kind of graphic poetry, which combines words with
images. It has no standard lines or verses, but its words are arranged in a
way that it creates meaning and visual effect.
17
2. Hyperfiction – This contains hyperlinks. When readers click on a hyperlink,
they go to another Web page that contains the next part of a story.
3. Photo poem – This uses real-life images or electronically generated images as
representation of the textual poem.
4. Silent comics – These have no verbal dialogues. The dialogues are presented
through symbols.
5. Textula – it is a mobile phone poetry using traditional formal verses like.
This poem is intended to be shared through the SMS. It is poetry written and
read on a mobile phone. It is popularized by the playwright Frank Rivera,
who came to be known as the “makata sa cell phone.” His works of textula
and other poems are performed in different occasions, such as rallies, school
programs, and contests; published in newspapers; heard on radio; and
shared on social media or through text messaging.
Example: Textula ni Frank G. Rivera
Bayang mahilig sa ganda
Inuuna ang postura
Walang laman ang bituka
Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.
Si MEGAN YOUNG nang Manalo
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino
May dala sanang asenso
Makakapag-asa tayo.
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw
Sa Bagyo’y daming pumanaw
MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.
•
Frank Rivera, a playwright, received recognition for a number of his plays
like Ambon, Ulan, Baha: Sarsuwelang Pinoy (2003) and Oyayi, Ang Zarzuela
(2004). Also he received awards of the Makata sa Cellphone (2005), a
collection of poetry which include his populay textula. For his work of
textula, he was dubbed as the "makata sa cellphone."
6. Blog – This Web site is where a person writes about his or her personal
opinions, activities, and experiences. A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an
online journal or informational website displaying information in the reverse
chronological order, with latest posts appearing first. It is a platform where a
writer or even a group of writers share their views on an individual subject.
18
Explore
The following activities are designed to help you retain and master the concepts you
just learned in this lesson. Answer each of them as instructed. Enjoy and have fun.
Activity 1. Testing your Understanding
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a clean sheet of
long bond paper. Use CAPITAL LETTER
______ 1. During the Spanish colonial period, children from the middle class were
sent to Europe to get education. The following are effects of getting such education
except one, which is not?
A. Children brought home with them European ideals of liberty and freedom
B. their ideals gave rise to Filipino nationalism
C. their families became poor and were jailed
D. they began to search for freedom
_____ 2. How did the Spanish missionaries teach the gospel?
A. They used native language and hired translators
B. They forced Filipinos to memorize the gospel
C. They trained the heads of each family
D. They taught Spanish in classes
_____ 3. They are the natives who became fluent in Spanish
A. Ladinos
B. Latinas
C. Lenguas
D. moros
_____ 4. It is a native drama that depicted the war between Christians and Muslims.
A. daniw
B. moro-moro
C. talumpati
D. sarzuela
_____ 5. The poet who was a master of komedya
A. Fernando Bagongbanta
C. Jose Dela ruz
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
D. Pedro Paterno
_____ 6. Leona Florentino is known as mother of _____
A. classic literature
C. Philippine proverbs
B. literature
D. Philippine women’s literature
_____ 7. Which among the following is written by Andres Bonifacio which was
published in Kalayaan, the official newspaper of the Katipunan?
A. Ninay
B. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
C. Sampaguitas
D. Walang Sugat
_____ 8. He is the master of traditional Tagalog poetry.
A. Francisco Baltazar
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
C. Jose Rizal
D. Pedro Paterno
19
_____ 9. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and
the clergy.
A. Florante at Laura
B. Memorial dela Vida Cristiana
C. Noli Me Tangere/El Filibusterismo
D. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa/Sampaguita
_____ 10. It was considered as the first Filipino novel.
A. Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin
B. Memorial de la vida Christiana en lengua tagala
C. Ninay
D. Sampaguitas y poesias varias
_____ 11. The first postwar Filipino novel in English which narrates the people’s
experiences during the world war under the Japanese rule.
A. Dead Stars
C. Wayawaya
B. The Return
D. Without Seeing the Dawn
_____ 12. It was during this period when literary works were censored yet
contributed to the maturity of Tagalog short story
A. American
B. Japanese
C. Pre-colonial
D. Spanish
_____ 13. It is a literary technique that features the unique regional traditions of
people and emphasizes the ordinary events in their lives.
A. hyperbole
B. humor
C. local color
D. sarcasm
_____ 14. The following are example of local color except one, which is NOT?
A. kaingin
B. liwanag
C. hilot
D. waig
_____ 15. In what era was free public education introduced?
A. American Period
C. Japanese Period
B. Contemporary Period
D. Spanish Colonization Period
Activity 2: Checking your Memory of the Past
Copy the graphic organizer in a clean sheet of long bond paper and give the needed
information as indicated in the legend below.
Legend:
Literary
Period
 Features
 3-5 Representative texts
and their authors (if any)
20
Activity 3: Word Search
Find in the maze the words which are listed below. Copy this in a clean sheet of
long bond paper then encircle the words that you find.
S
C
I
E
N
C
E
F
I
C
T
I
O
N
S
U
A
Q
W
E
Y
H
P
A
R
G
O
I
B
R
T
Y
U
T
I
O
D
I
A
L
O
G
U
E
S
L
A
T
T
G
K
D
J
C
O
D
R
A
T
U
B
R
G
N
O
F
H
O
D
K
S
A
Z
Y
X
O
I
C
E
O
B
M
N
O
V
L
M
H
A
Y
B
O
L
N
D
I
I
A
O
D
S
I
Q
S
W
R
M
E
M
P
I
T
O
E
I
L
Y
T
S
I
M
E
L
D
A
U
R
C
G
R
T
E
I
E
S
O
M
S
D
F
G
H
E
I
R
T
C
F
S
R
E
T
C
A
R
A
H
C
C
F
A
S
I
I
J
A
B
Y
O
N
A
W
E
R
T
H
P
P
F
C
U
T
I
R
S
R
D
F
G
H
I
S
H
I
A
T
L
U
L
A
C
H
I
C
A
J
O
A
Y
L
T
I
E
R
A
I
G
M
H
E
L
K
N
L
M
S
E
O
H
E
R
D
T
Y
U
D
S
R
S
F
W
U
M
N
M
S
I
L
A
E
R
C
I
G
A
M
diary
ghost stories
autobiography
magic realism
plot
biography
flash fiction
essay
science fiction
slipstream
stage direction
dialogues
chick literature
doodle fiction
memoir
meta fiction
characters
Activity 4: Categorically Speaking
Instructions: Categorize the words you found in the maze in Activity 3 by writing
them in their proper column. Copy the table in a clean sheet of long bond paper.
DRAMA
CREATIVE
POPULAR
EMERGING
NONFICTION
FICTION
LITERARY FORMS
21
Activity 5: Tell Me the Difference
Instructions: In a clean sheet of long bond paper, copy the items below and write
your brief answers.
A. Fiction vs. Creative Nonfiction
1. Give the main difference between a fiction and creative nonfiction
_______________________________________________________________________
B. Popular Fiction
Give the distinguishing features of the following:
2.Science fiction __________________________________________________________________________
3. Chick literature __________________________________________________________________________
4. Ghost stories__________________________________________________________________________
C. New and emerging Literary forms
Give the distinguishing characteristic of the following:
5. Flash Fiction __________________________________________________________________________
6. Slipstream__________________________________________________________________________
7. Metafiction__________________________________________________________________________
8. Magic Realism__________________________________________________________________________
D. Electronic Literature
9. What makes an electronic literature different from the earlier forms of
literature?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10.What is common among hyper poetry, photo poem, and comics?
__________________________________________________________________________
22
Deepen
Activity 1: Let’s Compare
Instructions: Read the two poems below then in a clean sheet of short bond paper,
copy the questions and answer them.
Man of Earth
By Amador T. Daguio
A Textula
By Frank Rivera
Pliant is the bamboo;
I am man of earth.
They say that from the bamboo
We had our first birth.
Merong himala, hindi totoong
wala
Ituro ma’y mali, alam nati’y
tama
Kahit walang sagot itong
panalangin
Hindi tumitigil ang ating
paghiling.
Am I of the body,
Or of the green leaf?
Do I have to whisper
My every sin and grief?
Walang nagturo na tayo’y
makibaka
Ngunit sulirani’y ating binabata
Kahit may pangakong laging
napapako
Sa anumang init, handa ring
mapaso
If the wind passes by,
Must I stoop, and try
To measure fully
My flexibility?
I might have been the bamboo,
But I will be a man.
Bend me then, O Lord,
Bend me if you can
Sa ating puso’y may awit ng pagasa
Kahit titik nito’y hindi makabisa
Ang katotohana’y lalaging totoo
Basta maniwalang mayroong
milagro
A. Man of Earth by Amador T. Daguio
1.
2.
3.
4.
How many stanzas does the poem have? __________
Each stanza is composed of how many syllables? _________
What kind of rhyme does the poem contain? ___________
The poem mentioned that the first man and woman came from the
bamboo which is taken from Philippine creation myth. What figure of
speech is used in those lines? __________
23
5. The speaker addresses a spiritual being he calls “Lord”. What figure of
speech is used? __________
B. A Textula by Frank G. Rivera
6. How many stanza does the poem have?____________
7. What Filipino values is depicted in the poem? __________
8. – 10. Considering the elements, structure and tradition, identify 3
similarities of Frank Rivera’s A Textula and Amador Daguio’s Man of
Earth.
____________________ __________________________ ________________________
Activity 2: Compose a textula and send it to your subject teacher via SMS. You
will be graded using the rubric below.
Syllable
Pattern
Correct
Length
Word
Choice
Above the
Standard
(5 PTS)
Meets the
Standard
(4 PTS)
Approaching
Below
the
Standard
Standard
(2 PTS)
(3 PTS)
Poem has 4
lines
that
accurately
follow
the
syllable
pattern
Poem has 4
separate
lines
that
are present.
Learner
understands
the format
of a textula
Poem has 3
lines
that
follow
the
syllable
pattern
Poem has 2
line
that
follows the
syllable
pattern
Poem has no
lines
that
follow
the
syllable
pattern
Poem has 3
separate lines
that
are
present.
Learner
is
starting
to
develop
an
understanding
of the correct
length of a
textula
The
word
choice in the
poem
describes the
writer's
picture.
Poem has 2
line that is
present.
Student
does
not
understand
the correct
format of a
textula
Poem has no
lines that have
the
correct
length.
Student does
not have an
understanding
of the correct
format of a
textula
The
word
choice
somewhat
describes
the writer's
picture.
The
word
choice
does
not
describe
the
writer's
picture
The
word
choice
in
the
poem
accurately
describes
the writer's
picture
24
Gauge
I. Read each item carefully, choose the letter of the best answer and write it in a
clean sheet of short bond paper. Use CAPITAL letter.
_____ 1. Period which includes all literature produced before the Spanish
colonization like chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives.
A. American
C. Japanese
B. Contemporary
D. Pre-colonial
_____ 2. It is considered as the first Filipino modern short story in English.
A. Breaking the Silence
C. Man of Earth
B. Dead Stars
D. May Day Eve
_____ 3. In Philippine fables, this animal is a common character.
A. crocodile
B. dog
C. horse
D. monkey
_____ 4. These literary pieces are usually sung or chanted.
A. epics
B. fables
C. folktales
D. myths
_____ 5. How was precolonial literature passed down from generation to generation?
A. by printing
C. by word of mouth
B. by reading
D. by writing
_____ 6. What characteristic of the monkey is depicted in folk narratives?
A. cunning
B. foolish
C. strong
D. weak
_____ 7. During the Spanish colonial period, children from the middle class were
sent to Europe to get education. The following are effects of getting such education
except one, which is not?
A. Children brought home with them European ideals of liberty and freedom
B. their ideals gave rise to Filipino nationalism
C. their families became poor and were jailed
D. they began to search for freedom
_____ 8. How did the Spanish missionaries teach the gospel?
A. they used native language and hired translators
B. they forced Filipinos to memorize the gospel
C. they trained the heads of each family
D. they taught Spanish in classes
_____ 9. They are the natives who became fluent in Spanish
A. Ladinos
B. Latinas
C. Lenguas
D. Moros
_____ 10. It is a native drama that depicted the war between Christians and
Muslims.
A. Fliptop
B. moro-moro
C. talumpati
D. Sarzuela
_____ 11. The poet who was a master of komedya
A. Fernando Bagongbanta
C. Jose Dela Cruz
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
D. Pedro Paterno
25
_____ 12. Moro-moro is also known as _____
A. komedya
B. pasyon
C. talumpati
D. Sarzuela
_____ 13. Leona Florentino is known as mother of _____
A. classic literature
C. Philippine proverbs
B. literature
D. Philippine women’s literature
_____ 14. He is the master of traditional poetry and author of Florante at Laura.
A. Francisco Baltazar
C. Jose Rizal
B. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
D. Pedro Paterno
_____ 15. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials
and the clergy.
A. Florante at Laura
B. Memorial dela Vida Cristiana
C. Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo
D. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa & Sampaguita
_____ 16. It was during this period when literary works were censored yet
contributed to the maturity of Tagalog short story
A. American period
C. Pre-colonial period
B. Japanese period
D. Spanish period
_____ 17. It is a literary technique that features the unique regional traditions of
people and emphasizes the ordinary events in their lives.
A. hyperbole
B. humor
C. local color
D. sarcasm
_____ 18. The following are example of local color except one, which is not?
A. Hilot
B. kaingin
C. liwanag
D. waig
_____ 19. Who is the Ilocano fictionist who wrote “How My Brother Leon Brought
Home a Wife”?
A. Amador Daguio
C. Francisco Sionel Jose
B. Carlos Bulosan
D. Manuel Arguilla
_____ 20. What poetry is written and read on a mobile phone?
A. Epic
B. hypertext
C. spoken poetry
D. textula
_____ 21. What title has been given to Frank Rivera for popularizing textula?
A. Father of modern poetry
C. Makata sa cellphone
B. Makatang high-tech
D. Prince of spoken poetry
_____ 22. Which of these statements is NOT true for Amador T. Daguio’s “Man of
Earth”?
A. It uses apostrophe as the speaker calls the spiritual being “Lord”
B. Each line has five syllables
C. It contains end rhyme
D. It has varied rhythm
_____ 23. The stanza from Rivera’s textula has a regular rhythm. What makes its
rhythm regular?
A. Each line consists of the same number of syllables
B. it is composed of three stanzas
C. the poem is lyrical
D. all lines rhyme
26
_____ 24. What Filipino traits do this stanza suggests?
Sa ating puso’y may awit ng pag-asa
Kahit titik nito’y hindi makabisa
Ang katotohana’y lalaging totoo
Basta maniwalang mayroong milagro.
A. hopeful and courageous
B. smart and active
B. industrious and cunning D. wise and resourceful
_____ 25. Which is NOT true about the structure of Frank Rivera’s textula and
Amador Daguio’s “Man of Earth”?
A. Both poems are lyric poetry
C. they show traditional elements.
B. Both poems use internal rhymes.
D. both have regular meter
_____ 26. The following literary devices are inherent in a short story, which is not?
A. Characters
B. theme
C. setting
D. materials
_____ 27. This literary work is usually told in actions and dialogues.
A. Short story
B. essay
C. drama
D. poetry
_____ 28. It is a drama element that tells the actors how they should look, move
and speak.
A. Characters
B. stage directions C. setting
D. dialogues
_____ 29. “The World is an Apple” is a one-act play that is written by _________.
A. Alberto S. Florentino B. Carlos P. Romulo
C. Bienvenido Lumbera
D. Amador Daguio
_____ 30. It refers to narratives of real events told in a literary style
A. Popular fiction B. drama
C. Fiction
D. Creative nonfiction
II. Research the literary history of Ilocos Region focusing on the prominent writers
of the province of your choice. Pick one (1) literary text from that province and
write an analysis. Take into consideration the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic
features of the period/era that might have influenced the writing of that text.
Print your output and submit it to your subject teacher. The rubric below shall
be used to score your output.
Technical specifications:
Paper size: Short bond paper
Font Style – Arial
Font Size – 12
Margin – 1 inch on all sides
Spacing – 1.15 pt
Color – Black
CATEGOR
Y
Introducti
on
and Thesis
5
Rubric in Scoring Literary Analysis
4
3
First paragraph
is catchy.
Thesis is
evident and
point to be
argued well
stated.
First
paragraph
has a weak
"grabber."
Thesis is
mixed among
many
sentences
and hard to
piece
27
A catchy
beginning was
attempted but
was confusing
rather than
catchy. Thesis
is not entirely
apparent
although topic
is evident.
2
No attempt was
made to catch
the reader's
attention in the
first paragraph.
Thesis is not
apparent nor is
the topic of the
essay.
together.
Almost all
facts/quotes
presented in
the essay are
accurate and
occasionally
support/relat
e back to the
thesis/topic
sentence. 4-5
quotes
present.
Quotes
and
Support
All facts/quotes
presented in the
essay are
accurate and
support/relate
back to the
thesis/topic
sentence. 5
quotes present.
Organizati
on
The essay is
very well
organized. Five
paragraphs (or
more) evident.
One idea or
argument
follows another
in a logical
sequence with
clear
transitions.
The essay
thoroughly
analyzes the
author’s style/
techniques
using literary
terms.
The essay is
pretty well
organized.
Five
paragraphs
evident. One
idea may
seem out of
place. Clear
transitions
are used.
Conclusion
concisely
restates thesis
statement, main
points, and
includes an
insightful final
concluding
thought on the
topic.
The essay is free
of mechanical
errors.
Analysis
Closing
Paragraph
Mechanics
Most
facts/quotes
presented in
the story are
accurate.
Evidence is
scattered and
difficult to
follow rather
than used to
prove your
thesis/topic
sentence. 3-4
quotes
present.
The essay is a
little hard to
follow.
Paragraphs
are unclear.
The
transitions are
sometimes not
clear.
There are
several
factual/quotati
on errors in the
essay. There is
no real effort to
make the piece
cohesive. 3 or
less quotes
present.
The essay
analyzes the
author’s
style/
techniques
mostly using
literary
terms.
The essay
somewhat
analyzes the
author’s style/
techniques
using literary
terms, but
contains some
summary of
the plot.
Conclusion
restates
thesis
statement,
main points,
and includes
a final
concluding
thought on
the topic.
The essay has
two or three
mechanics
errors.
Conclusion
vaguely
restates thesis
statement,
main points,
and includes a
weak final
unoriginal
final thought.
The essay does
not analyze the
author’s style/
techniques
using literary
terms, or the
essay contains
little analysis
and mostly just
summarizes the
plot.
Paper does not
contain a
conclusion or
conclusion is
not apparent to
reader.
28
The essay has
four or five
mechanics
errors.
Ideas seem to
be randomly
arranged. No
effort at
paragraph
organization.
The essay has
more than five
mechanics
errors.
Key Answer
Explore
Activity 2. Checking your Memory the Past
Activity 3: Word Search
S
C
I
E N C E F
A Q W E Y H P
U T
T
I
O D
G K D J
I
I
C T
I
O N S U
A R G O
I
B R T Y
A L O G U E S L A T
C O D R A
O F H O D K S
A Z
B M N O V L M H A
I
A O D S
I
T
U B R G N
Y X O
I
C E O
Y B O L
N D I
Q S W R M E M P
O E
I
L
Y T S
I
G R
T
E
I
O M S D F
R
T
C F S R E T C A R A
A
S
I
I
P
P
F
C U T
H
I
A
T
L
Y
L
T
I
E R A
J
E S
M E
L
I
D A U R C
G H E
A B Y O N A W E R T H
I
U L
CREATIVE
NONFICTION
Plot
Diary
Stage
direction
Autobiography
Dialogues
characters
Biography
Essay
Memoir
I
H C C F
R S
R D F
A C H
I
I
G H I
G M H E
POPULAR
FICTION
Science
fiction
Chick
literature
Ghost
stories
L
K N L
EMERGING
LITERARY
FORMS
Doodle
fiction
Flash fiction
Slip stream
Meta fiction
Magic
29
S
C A J O A
Activity 4: Categorically Speaking
DRAMA
T
Activity 5: Tell Me the Difference
A. Fiction vs. Creative Nonfiction
1. Fiction is a product of imagination while Creative nonfiction is based
of real events but are told using literary style in writing
B. Popular Fiction
2. Science fiction - deals with science and technology. It is often lumped
with the fantasy and horror
3. Chick literature - written by women who write for women. Stories
deal with real life, usually love and relationships, and they are written in
a light-hearted tone.
4. Ghost stories- it features a ghost as one of its characters. It is meant
to scare its reader.
C. New and emerging Literary forms
5. Flash Fiction - known for its extreme brevity; only a few hundred
words long
6. Slipstream- “fiction of strangeness,” features elements of fantasy,
science fiction, and serious fiction.
7. Meta fiction- a story about a writer who writes a story or a story
about another work of fiction
8. Magic Realism- fiction genre in which magical elements are blended
with reality
D. Electronic Literature
9. Because works are commonly published and shared on the Web and
it has features that could only be presented through multimedia.
10. The use of symbols and images
Deepen
Activity 1: Let’s Compare
Activity 2: Textula
A. Man of Earth by Amador T. Daguio
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
Four (4) stanzas
23 syllables
End rhyme
Allusion
Apostrophe
Compositions vary
Gauge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B. A Textula by Frank G. Rivera
6. Three (3) stanzas
7. Hopeful, optimism
8.
Lyric
9.
Has traditional elements
10.
Use of end rhyme
30
D
B
D
A
C
A
C
A
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
C
A
D
A
C
B
C
C
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
C
B
A
A
B
D
C
B
References:
Cruz, Katrina Melissa (2018 May 25) Introduction to Philippine Literature.
Retrieved
from
https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-tophilippine-literature/
https://www.slideshare.net/augustianelijah/the-philippine-literary-history
https://www.slideshare.net/lhengacusan/21st-century-literary-genre
https://www.slideshare.net/MaineSamson/basic-elements-of-poetry
https://www.quipper.com/ph
https://www.slideshare.net/AttheaJaneLepiten/philippine-literature-and-textsprecolonial-times-and-spanish-colonizations-77510710
https://readingdigitalfiction.com/about/what-is-digital-fiction/
http://www.homeofbob.com/literature/genre/poetry/elements
https://mevipres.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/textula-ni-frank-g-rivera-angmakata-ng-cellphone/
https://www.google.com/search?q=rubric+in+writing+analysis+of+a+literary+text&
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