会
计
Work Report
Accounting
Analyzing and Recording Transactions
主讲人：马莺
汇报时间：2023.03
CONTENTS
CONCEPTUAL
C1 Explain the steps in processing transactions and the role of
source documents.
C2 Describe an account and its use in recording transactions.
C3 Describe a ledger and a chart of accounts.
C4 Define debits and credits and explain double-entry accounting.
ANALYTICAL
A1 Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial
statements.
A2 Compute the debt ratio and describe its use in analyzing
financial condition.
PROCEDURAL
P1 Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
P2 Prepare and explain the use of a trial balance.
P3 Prepare financial statements from business transactions.
01
Explain the steps in
processing transactions and
the role of source documents.
Explain thsteps in processing transactions and the
role of source documents.
01
Business transactions and events are the starting points of financial
statements. Process from transactions to financial statements is as follows:
1
Use source documents to identify accounts affected by an external transaction.
2
Analyze the impact of the transaction on the accounting equation.
3
Assess whether the transaction results in a debit or credit to account balances.
4
Record the transaction in a journal using debits and credits.
5
Post the transaction to the general ledger.
6
Prepare a trial balance.
7
Prepare the financial statements based on the trial balance.
01
Explain thsteps in processing transactions and the
role of source documents.
Source Documents
identify and describe transactions and events entering the accounting system. They can be
in either hard copy or electronic form.
Tikets
VAT invoice
allowances for a business
trip
Reimbursement of
travel expenses form
Bank receipt
01
Explain thsteps in processing transactions and the
role of source documents.
Identify the items from the following list that are likely to serve as source documents.
a. Sales ticket
d.Telephone bill
g.Income statement
b.Trial balance
e.Invoice from supplier
h.Bank statement
c.Balance sheet
f.Company revenue account
i. Prepaid insurance
02
Describe an account and its use
in recording transactions
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
Account
 is a record of increases and
decreases in a specific asset,
liability, equity, revenue, or
expense.
 provides a record of the
business activities related to
a particular item
General ledger
 is a record of all accounts used
by the company.
 provides, in a single collection,
each account with its individual
transactions and resulting
account balance.
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
Asset accounts – Assets are resources owned or controlled by a company and that have expected future
benefits. Most accounting systems include (at a minimum) separate accounts for the assets described
Liability accounts – Liabilities are claims (by creditors) against assets, which means they are obligations to
transfer assets or provide products or services to other entities.
Equity Accounts – The owner’s claim on a company’s assets is called equity or owner’s equity. Equity is the
owner’s residual interest in the assets of a business after deducting liabilities.
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
Buildings
Cash reflects a company’s cash
balances. It includes money and
any funds that a bank accepts for
deposit (coins, checks, money
orders, and checking account
balances).
Supplies
Land
Cash
Asset
Accounts
Accounts
Receivable
Accounts Receivable are held by a seller Prepaid accounts,
and refer to promises of payment from
customers to sellers. These transactions are
often called credit sales or sales on account
(or on credit).
Prepaid
Accounts
Notes
Receivable
Equipment
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
 Liabilities are claims by creditors against
assets, which means they are obligations to
transfer assets or provide products or services
to others.
 Creditors are individuals and organizations
that have rights to receive payments from a
company.
oral agreement
written promise
Accounts
Payable
Notes
Payable
Liability
Accounts
Accrued
Liabilities
Wages, taxes, interest and
dividends
Unearned
Revenue
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
oral agreement
written promise
Notes
Payable
Accounts
Payable
Liability
Accounts
 An unearned revenue is one in which the
cash has been received but the product or
service has not been delivered.
Accrued
Liabilities
Unearned
Revenue
Wages, taxes, interest and
dividends
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
Owner’s
Withdrawals
Revenues
Equity
Accounts
Owner’s
Capital
Expenses
The owner’s claim on a company’s
assets is called equity. Equity is the
owner’s residual interest in the assets
of a business after deducting liabilities.
Equity is impacted by four types of
accounts:
1. Owner’s capital
2. Owner’s withdrawals
3. Revenues
4. Expenses
01
02
Describe an account and its use in recording transactions
03
Describe a ledger and
chart of accounts
01
03
Describe a ledger and chart of accounts
The ledger
is a collection of all accounts for an
accounting system. A company’s size
and diversity of operations affect the
number of accounts needed.
The chart of accounts
is a list of all accounts and
includes an identifying number
for each account.
01
03
Describe a ledger and chart of accounts
Classify each of the following as assets (A), liabilities (L), or equity (EQ).
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
(A) Asset
(EQ) Equity
(A) Asset
(L) Liability
(A) Asset
(A) Asset
(L) Liability
(L) Liability
(A) Asset
(A) Asset
(L) Liability
(L) Liability
Prepaid Rent
Owner, Capital
Note Receivable
Accounts Payable
Accounts Receivable
Equipment
Interest Payable
Unearned Revenue
Land
Prepaid Insurance
Wages Payable
Rent Payable
Key words to look for in account titles:
Prepaid
Receivable
Payable
Unearned
Always
Always
Always
Always
an asset
an asset
a liability
a liability
04
Define debits and credits and
explain double-entry
accounting.
01
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
During the accounting period, transactions that result in
exchanges between the company and external parties
are analyzed to determine the accounts and effects.
general journal
general ledger
These formal records are based on two very
important tools used by accountants:
journal entries and T-accounts.
01
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Transactions have the effect of increasing
or decreasing account balances. How can
we know whether an transcation made the
account balance increase or decrease？？？
Record transactions using debits and credits.
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Debit and credit are derived
A 点击在此录入上述图表的综合描述说明，在此录入上述
from Latin terms
礼仪
图表的综合描述说明。在此录入上述图表的综合描述说
明，在此录入上述图表的综合描述说明，
对象性
Debit
Credit
B
C
Their use dates back to 1494 and
a Franciscan monk by the name of
Luca Pacioli
Debit simply means “left,” and
credit means “right.”
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
represents a ledger account and is used to depict the effects of one or
more transactions.
礼仪
对象性
Account
Title
（left side ）
(balance)
（right side ）
(balance)
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
礼仪
对象性
Equtiy
Asset ： Debits means increase; Credits means decreases
Liability and Equity ： Debits mean decrease; credit means decreases
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
what are debit and credit rules for
owner captial,withdrawl , revenue
and expense ?
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
owner,capital owner,withdrawals
debit
credit
debit
credit
Revenues
debit
Equtiy
credit
Expense
debit
credit
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Do you remember the expanded
accouting equation ?
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
03
04
=
Asset
debit
Asset
debit
credit
+
liabilities
debit
Expense
credit debit
credit
+
credit
+
owner,
capital
debit
owner,
withdrawals
debit credit
-
owner,
withdrawals
credit debit
=
+
credit
liabilities
debit credit
+
Revenues
debit
-
Expense
credit debit credit
Owner
capital
debit credit
+
Revenue
debit credit
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
2XXX.XX.1
Asset
Beginning Balance
Debit amount
Crebit amount
during a period
changing
amount
Ending Balance
during a period
changing amount
2XXX.XX.30（31）
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance +increased amount-decreased amount
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance+Debit amoun-Crebit amount
30
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
libilities，owner equiry
Beginning Balance
Debit amount
Crebit amount
2XXX.XX.1
during a period
changing
amount
Ending Balance
during a period
changing amount
2XXX.XX.30（31）
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance +increased amount-decreased amount
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance+credit amount-Debit amount
31
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Can you draw the T-account
structure of assets, liabilities and
owner's equity?
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Asset
Beginning Balance
Debit amount
Credit amount
Ending Balance
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance +increased amount-decreased amount
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance +Debit amount-Credit amount
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Liabilities/Equity
Beginning Balance
Debit amount
Credit amount
Ending Balance
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance +increased amount-decreased amount
Ending Balance=Beginning Balance +Credit amount-Debit amount
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Cash
100
300
20
Bal. 310
50
60
Balance？？？？？？
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Accounts Payable
2,000
8,000
2,700
Balance？？？？？？
Bal. 3300
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
Accounts Receivable
600
150
150
150
100
Bal. 50
Balance？？？？？？
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
expense
Beginning Balance 1000
Balance？？？？？？
11,000
800
100
1000+11000+800+1004500-6000-1300=1100
4,500
6,000
1,300
NEED-TO-KNOW 2-2
Identify the normal balance (debit [Dr] or credit [Cr]) for each of the following accounts.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Dr. Debit
Cr. Credit
Dr. Debit
Cr. Credit
Dr. Debit
Dr. Debit
Assets
Increase Decrease
Debits
Credits
Normal
Prepaid Rent
Owner, Capital
Note Receivable
Accounts Payable
Accounts Receivable
Equipment
=
Liabilities
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
Cr. Credit
Cr. Credit
Dr. Debit
Dr. Debit
Dr. Debit
Dr. Debit
+
Equity
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Withdrawals
Expenses
Normal
Interest Payable
Unearned Revenue
Land
Prepaid Insurance
Owner, Withdrawals
Supplies
Owner, Withdrawals
↓ Equity
Investments
Revenues
Owner, Capital
↑ Equity
Withdrawals
Investments
Normal
Normal
Expenses
↓ Equity
Revenues
↑ Equity
Expenses
Revenues
Normal
Normal
Learning Objective C4: Define debits and credits and explain double-entry accounting.
39
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
QS2-5
Indicate whether a debit or credit decreases the normal balance of each of the
following accounts.
a.Interest Payable
e.Owner,Capital
i.Owner,Withdrawals
b. Service Revenue
f. Prepaid Insurance
j.Unearned Revenue
c.Salaries Expense
g.Buildings
k. Accounts Payable
dAccounts Receivable
h.Interest Revenue
l. Land
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
1.Amalia Company received its utility bill for the current period of $700 and
immediately paid it. Its journal entry to record this transaction includes a
a.Credit to Utility Expense for $700.
b.Debit to Utility Expense for $700.
c.Debit to Accounts Payable for $700.
d.Debit to Cash for $700. e.Credit to capital for $700.
03
04
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
a.Credit to Unearned Lawn Service Fees for $2,500.
b.Debit to Lawn Service Fees Earned for $2,500.
c.Credit to Cash for $2500.
d.Debit to Unearned Lawn Service Fees for $2,500.
e.Credit to capital for $2,500.
Assets
Increase Decrease
Debits
Credits
Normal
=
Define debits and credits and explain double-entry
accounting.
03
04
3.
Debit cash 250,000
Land 500,000
credit owner capital 750 000
Asset=liability + owner equity
05
Record transactions in a
journal and post entries to a
ledger.
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
a.
Transaction
Date
b. Titles of Affected
Accounts
Formally record transactions
using those same debits and
credits in a journal.
d. Transaction
explanation
c.
Dollar amount of debits
and credits
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
1. For example, if shareholders invest $10,000 in a firm on January 1
a.
c.
Transaction
Date
January 1
10,000
Cash
Invested Capital
10,000
To record shareholders’ investment
b. Titles of Affected
Accounts
d. Transaction
explanation
Dollar amount of debits
and credits
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
Format for Recording a Business Transaction, or Journal Entry
 For each journal entry, total debits
total credits.
 It’s certainly possible to have
or more than one credit in a
journal entry as the result of a business transaction. These are known as compound
entries.
Feb 2
Cash
3,000
equipment
5,000
Invested Capital 8,000
To record shareholders’ investment
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
T-accounts are useful illustrations, but balance column ledger
accounts are used in practice.
Two formal accounting records: the general ledger and subsidiary ledger
Asubsidiary ledger is to provide detailed information regarding a particular general ledger account.
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
Example of subsidiary ledger.
assume that the Pine Company is owed a total of $700 from its three customers. Customer
A owes $400, Customer B owes $200, and Customer C owes $100.
01
05
Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
Transcribing the amounts from
journal entries into the general
ledger is called posting.
From a procedural standpoint, transactions, events, and so on, are never initially entered into the general ledger.
06
Analyze the impact of
transactions on accounts
（From
to
）.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Double-entry accounting is useful in analyzing and processing transactions.
Analysis of each transaction follows these four steps.
01
Identify the transaction and
any source documents
03
Record the transaction in
journal entry form applying
double-entry accounting.
02
04
Analyze the transaction using
the accounting equation.
Post the entry (for simplicity,
we use T-accounts to represent
ledger accounts).
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
13.Pay Cash for Future Iusurance
IdentIfy FastForward pays $2.400 cash (insurance premium) for a 24-month insurance policy.
Coverage begins on December 1.
Analyze
Assets
Cash
-2400
=
liabilitites + Equity
prepaid
Insurance
+2400 =
+
0
0
Changes the composition of assets from
cash toprepaid insurance. Expense is
incurred as insur-ance coverage cxpires.
Record
Date
（13）
Account Titles and Explanation
Prepaid Insurance
Cash
PR
Debit
128
101
2,400
Credit
2,400
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Assume Tata began operations on January 1 and completed the following
transactions during its first month of operations.
Jan. 1 Jamsetji invested $4,000 cash in the Tata company.
Jan. 5 The company purchased $2,000 of equipment on credit.
Jan. 14 The company provided $540 of services for a client on credit.
For each transaction, (a) analyze the transaction using the accounting equation, (b) record the transaction in
journal entry form, and c) post the entry using T-accounts to represent the general ledger accounts.
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Jan. 1 Jamsetji invested $4,000 cash in the Tata company.
a) Analyze
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
+ $4,000
+ $4,000
b) Record
c) Post
Date
Jan. 1
General Journal
Cash
J. Tata, Capital
Normal
Credit
4,000
Cash
Jan. 1
4,000
J. Tata, Capital
Jan. 1
Assets
Increase Decrease
Debits
Credits
Debit
4,000
=
Liabilities
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Normal
4,000
+
Equity
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Owner, Withdrawals
Expenses
Owner Investments
Revenues
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Jan. 5 The company purchased $2,000 of equipment on credit.
a) Analyze
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
+ $2,000
+ $2,000
b) Record
c) Post
Date
Jan. 5
Jan. 5
General Journal
Equipment
Accounts Payable
Normal
=
Credit
2,000
Equipment
2,000
Accounts Payable
Jan. 5
Assets
Increase Decrease
Debits
Credits
Debit
2,000
Liabilities
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Normal
2,000
+
Equity
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Owner, Withdrawals
Expenses
Owner Investments
Revenues
01
06
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Jan. 14 The company provided $540 of services for a client on credit.
a) Analyze
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
+ $540
+ $540
b) Record
Date
Jan. 14
c) Post
Jan. 14
General Journal
Accounts receivable
Services revenue
Normal
=
Credit
540
Accounts receivable
540
Services revenue
Jan. 14
Assets
Increase Decrease
Debits
Credits
Debit
540
Liabilities
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Normal
540
+
Equity
Decrease Increase
Debits
Credits
Owner, Withdrawals
Expenses
Owner Investments
Revenues
07
Prepare and explain the
use of a trial balance.
01
07
Prepare and explain the use of a trial balance.
A trial balance is simply a listing of general
ledger accounts and their amounts
List each account title and its amount (from
ledger) in the trial balance. If an account has a
A 点击在此录入上述图表的综合描述说明，在此录入上述
礼仪
zero balance, list it with a zero in the normal
图表的综合描述说明。在此录入上述图表的综合描述说
balance column (or omit it entirely).
明，在此录入上述图表的综合描述说明，
对象性
B
C
Compute the total of debit balances
and the total of credit balances.
Verify (prove) total debit balances
equal total credit balances.
01
07
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Fast Forward
Trial Balance
December 31,2017
Order：
 Assets
 Liabilities
 Equity
 Revenues
 Expenses
Debit
Credit
The trial
balance lists
all ledger
accounts and
their balances
at a point in
time. If the
books are in
balance, the
total debits
will equal the
total credits.
EAGLE SOCCER ACADEMY
Trial Balance
December 31, 2024
Once the trial balance is complete,
we prepare financial statements.
01
07
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Prepare a trial balance for Apple using the following condensed data from its fiscal year-ended
September 26, 2015.
$111,547
Owner, Capital
Owner, Withdrawals
$45,586
35,490
Accounts payable
Investments and other assets
230,039
135,634
Other liabilities
Land and equipment
22,471
140,089
Cost of sales (expense)
Selling and other expense
40,232
21,120
Cash
Accounts receivable
16,849
233,715
Revenues
APPLE
Trial Balance
September 26, 2015
Debit
Assets
Credit
Normal
Liabilities
Normal
Owner, Capital
Normal
Owner, Withdrawals
Normal
Revenues
Expenses
Totals
Normal
Normal
Debits = Credits
01
07
Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
Prepare a trial balance for Apple using the following condensed data from its fiscal year-ended
September 26, 2015.
$111,547
Owner, Capital
Owner, Withdrawals
$45,586
35,490
Accounts payable
Investments and other assets
230,039
135,634
Other liabilities
Land and equipment
22,471
140,089
Cost of sales (expense)
Selling and other expense
40,232
21,120
Cash
Accounts receivable
16,849
233,715
Revenues
APPLE
Trial Balance
September 26, 2015
Debit
Credit
Cash
$21,120
Accounts receivable
16,849
Land and equipment
22,471
Investments and other assets
230,039
Accounts payable
$35,490
Other liabilities
135,634
Owner, Capital
111,547
Owner, Withdrawals
45,586
Revenues
233,715
Cost of sales (expense)
140,089
Selling and other expense
40,232
Totals
$516,386 $516,386
01
07
Analyze the of transactions on accounts and financial statements.
If the trial balance does not balance, the error(s) must be found and
corrected.
 Make sure the trial balance
 Re-compute each account
columns are correctly added.
balance in the ledger.
 Make sure account balances
are correctly entered from the
ledger.
 Verify that each journal
entry is posted correctly.
 See if debit or credit
accounts are mistakenly placed
on the trial balance.
 Verify that each original
journal entry has equal
debits and credits.
CONTENTS
CONCEPTUAL
C1 Explain the steps in processing transactions and the role of
source documents.
C2 Describe an account and its use in recording transactions.
C3 Describe a ledger and a chart of accounts.
C4 Define debits and credits and explain double-entry accounting.
ANALYTICAL
A1 Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial
statements.
A2 Compute the debt ratio and describe its use in analyzing
financial condition.
PROCEDURAL
P1 Record transactions in a journal and post entries to a ledger.
P2 Prepare and explain the use of a trial balance.
P3 Prepare financial statements from business transactions.
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