MGA BABASAHIN HINGGIL SA KASAYSAYAN NG
PILIPINAS
MODULE 1
PRIMARY vs. SECONDARY
Primary sources are the foundation of original history. They
allow you to make new discoveries expose you to multiple
perspectives on issues of the past and present.
KASAYSAYAN
 Salinwika ng salitang history na nagmula sa Griyegong
historia na ibig sabihin ay malalim na paguusisa at
pagsisiyasat
 Si Herodotus (Griyego) ang unang gumamit ng salitang
historia
 Ito ang sangay ng kaalaman na pinagaaralan and mga
pangyayaring naganap sa buhay ng tao, mga bansa, at
daigdig noong mga nakalipas na panahon
 History is a story with meaning, without both, there is
no true history.
 History is the interpretation of the past. Historiography
is the study of history.
Secondary sources provide a variety of expert perspectives
and insights which may be colored by the researcher’s own
bias or faulty approach. Also, secondary sources can become
outdated.
KAHALAGAHAN NG KASAYSAYAN
 Nagbibigay-daan upang maobserbahan at maintindihan
kung paano kumilos ang tao at lipunan
 Upang maunawaan ang hinaharap at makatulong sa
isang mas mabuting lipunan
 Upang maunawaan ang pagbabago
EXTERNAL CRITICISMS
refers to the authenticity of the document. Once a document
has been determined to be genuine (external criticism),
researchers need to determine if the content is accurate
(internal criticism).
PAANO PAG-ARALAN ANG KASAYSAYAN?
 Sa pamamagitan ng HISTOGRAPIYA
 Pagtalakay sa Kasaysayan bilang isang diskursong
pang-akademiko alinsunod sa naitakdang batas at
paraan ng pag-aaral
KAHALAGAHAN NG MGA BATIS (SOURCES)
1. Maiiwasan ang mga maling kaalaman at interpretasyon
2. Nagbibigay ang mga primaryang sanggunian ng bintana
upang matunghayan ng mga mag-aaaral ang buhay ng
mga tao at ang mahahalagang pangyayari sa nakaraan
3. Punung-puno ang mga sekundaryang sanggunian ng
mga interpretasyon at opinyon ng mga manunulat
HISTORICAL REVISIONISM
Hindi tayo makakarating sa isang ganap na makasaysayang
katotohanan. Palaging bukas ito para sa mga bagong hanay
ng pang-unawa.
Ang muling pagtatayo ng nakaraan upang i-update ito ay
hindi masama. Hangga't sumusunod ito sa mga pamantayan
ng akademikong pananaliksik.
Ang masama ay ang historical denialism at historical
distortion.
MODULE 2: HISTORICAL SOURCES
HISTORICAL SOURCE – original source that contains
important historical information, it can either be an object or
testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in
order to create a depiction of the past.
PRIMARY SOURCES – are firsthand, contemporary
accounts of events created by individuals during that period
of time or several years later. They contain raw information
and thus, must be interpreted by researchers. [e.g.,
correspondence, diaries, memoirs, correspondence, diaries,
memoirs]
SECONDARY SOURCES – often interpret primary
sources. These sources are documents that relate to
information that originated elsewhere. [e.g., textbooks,
articles, and reference books]
HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
Also known as the historical-critical method or higher
criticism, that investigates the origins of ancient texts in
order to understand "the world behind the text"
The primary goal is to discover the text's original meaning in
its original historical context and its literal sense. The
secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of the
historical situation of the author and recipients of the text.
How to test authenticity?
1. Determine date to see whether they are
anachronistic (chronological misplacing)
2. Determine the author
3. Anachronistic style and references (too early, too
late or too remote)
INTERNAL CRITICISMS
Also referred at interpretative or higher criticism. It is
concerned with the authenticity of the information and its
purpose is to establish the trustworthiness of the contents of
the document. It is used to detect and determine whether the
document contains errors or lies.
We conduct historical research:
1. To avoid the mistakes of the past
2. To apply lessons from the past to current problems
3. To use the past to make predictions about the
present
4. To spot fabricated, forged, faked document
MODULE 3: UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURE OF
THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH TIMES
EVOLUTION OF THE NAME, “PHILIPPINES”
1. Ma-Yi or Ma-I (Land of Gold) – named by Claudius
Ptolemy. First documented in 971 AD in the Song
Dynasty; Liusung was the previous name of Luzon
2. Las islas de San Lazaro (Saint Lazarus’ Islands) – named
by Fernando de Magallanes (Ferdinand Magellan) in
1521 when he reached the island of Homonhon (Eastern
Samar) on the Feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany
The Magellan expedition (Magellan-Elcano expedition)
is the first recorded circumnavigation on Earth in 1522.
Rajah Humabon, Rajah of Cebu – one of the first
converted to catholics; christened as Carlos (after King
Charles I) and his chief consort, Hara Humanay as Juana
(after Joanna of Castile)
3. Las Islas Felipinas – named after King Philip II of Spain
(then Prince of Asturias) by Ruy Lopes de Villalobos
4. Las Islas Filipinas (Filipinas)
5. Philippine Islands – under American rule
THE LIFE DURING PRE-HISPANIC PERIOD
Topography - Communities before lived near bodies of
water. Houses were lined along the coasts of seas, bays,
rivers and lakes because of food, transportation, and far from
enemies.
EARLY SHELTERS
1. Caves – it’s safer
2. Bahay Kubo – ladder were removed when owners were
not around
3. Tree Houses – to keep safe from enemies and wild
animals
THE PEOPLE
1. Tabon Man – parts of skulls were found in Tabon Cave
in Palawan which suggests the existence of man there
47k years ago and survived the last ice age
2. Negritos (Aeta) – probably the first occupants of the
Philippines from Malaysia or Borneo and perhaps
Australia
3. Arrival of Malay People – introduced iron tools, pottery
fields and rice fields
LIVELIHOOD
1. Agriculture
a. Kaingin Method – preparation by cutting and
burning plants and grass
b. Wet Method – rice planted in dikes to collect
water
2. Hunting
3. Boat-Making
a. Birey – for 50 to 100 people
b. Biroco – for more than 100 people
4. Trading – standard of exchange was gold
FOREIGN INFLUENCES
1. Chinese – gongs, entrepreneurship and arranged
marriage
2. Arabs – Islam, calendar, law, literature and art
3. Japanese – weaponry, metallurgy, jewelry-making
4. India – names for gods/goddesses, bahala na attitude,
sarong putong
ATTIRE
1. Male – kangan (jacket with short sleeve), bahag, and
putong (headgear whish symbolize how many kills)
2. Female – camisa (jacket), patadyong (loose skirt), and
tapis (wrapped around waist)
SOCIAL CLASS
1. Datus - leaders
2. Maharlika – travelled with datus; don’t pay taxes
3. Timawa – working class
4. Slaves
a. Aliping namamahay – not full-pledged; serves
only at planting/harvesting period
b. Aliping Sagigilid – real slaves; could be used as
payment for debts
Other groups:
a. Tambalan - healers
b. Atubang ng Datu - advisers
c. Darangan – outstanding soldier
d. Paratabgaw – barangay teacher
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
Government was called a “barangay,” headed by a Datu or
Rajah. Their powers and functions include: implementing
and making laws, maintaining peace and order, protecting
subjects, and as a judge during trial
TRIAL AND DETERMINATION OF GUILT
Judicial process was influenced by religion. The manner of
determining guilt of the accused showed the religiosity of the
natives. They waited for the intervention of the deities or the
other judicial process which they called, trial by ordeal and
trial by war
ALLIANCES
The purpose of forming alliances was for trade, peace, and
mutual protection. An alliance was sealed through blood
compact (sanduguan), to ensure conformity, sincerity and
commitment of the chieftains.
COURTSHIPS AND MARRIAGE
 Bigay-Kaya – dowry consisted of a piece of land or gold.
 Panghimuyat – groom’s parent’s gift
 Himaraw – payment for raising the future bride during
her infancy period, to be paid by the groom’s parent.
SURPRISING FACTS DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL
PERIOD
1. They compressed their babies’ skulls for aesthetics.
2. Gold was literally everywhere.
3. Women enjoyed equal status with men.
4. It was a disgrace for a woman to have many
children
5. Celebrating a girl’s first menstruation has a ritual
6. Ancient writing – baybayin not alibata
7. Courtship was a long, arduous, and expensive
process
8. Before Roman Catholicism and Islam, natives
worshipped a lot of gods and goddesses:
a. Bathala – supreme God
b. Aman Sinaya – Goddess of sea
c. Idianale – Goddess of labor and good deeds
d. Dumangan – God of good harvest
e. Anitun Tabu – Goddess of wind and rain
f. Mapulon – God of seasons
g. Lakapati – hermaphrodite Goddess of
Fertility and Agriculture
h. Dumakulem – Guardian of the Mountains
i. Dian Masalanta – Goddess of Lovers,
Childbirth, and Peace
j. Apolaki – God of the Sun, Patron of
Warriors
k. Libulan – God of the Moon, Patron God of
Homosexuality
l. Sitan – God of the Lower World
m. Aring Sinukuan – Sun God of War and
Death
n. Apung Malyari – Goddess of the Moon,
Ruler of the Eight Rivers
MODULE 5: CHALLENGES AND STRUGGLES TO
SPANISH AUTHORITY
Magellan’s Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer (not a colonizer)
searched Spice Island but arrived in the country on March
16, 1521 under the employ of Spaniards and made a blood
compact with Rajah Humabon.
There was no Philippines back then so there were no
Filipinos. They were called Lazerean/Lazareano
Magellan’s Cross
this is a Christian cross planted by Portuguese and Spanish
explorers on April 14, 1521 upon arriving in cebu
First Filipino Hero
Datu Lapulapu was the leader of Mactan who is known as
the first hero for he resisted Spanish colonization. Lapulapu
was born to Datu Manggal (son of Sri Mohammed and
Malindang from south-east Malaysia) and Matang Matana
on the middle of February (Daghangkahooy) 1481 as a Moro
Lapulapu recognized Spanish authority but Magellan
demanded Lapulapu to kiss his kaaway, Rajah Humabon’s
hand which he refused so Magellan’s troops attacked and the
battle of Mactan happened. The conflict between Lapulapu
and Humabon’s conflict was due to the former’s piracy.
The Battle of Mactan
On April 27, 1521, Lapulapu led 3,000 warriors and
Magellan led 49 Spanish soldiers and 6000 native warriors
from Cebu. Magellan was first immobilized by a poisoned
arrow that hit his leg was then killed with a bamboo lance to
the chest. 18 members of the Spanish forces were able to
return to Spain. 9 survivors were sold as slaves to Chinese
merchants.
Lapu-Lapu was already 70 years old at this time. According
to Ocampo, he was not “a handsome, gym-fit warrior” when
he defeated Magellan at the Battle of Mactan.
Magellan was killed by a boholano, Sampong Baha, but the
honor was given to Lapulapu since he was the Datu.
Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1587)
Also known as the Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (Tagalogs)
or the Revolt of the Lakans, led by Don Agustin de Legazpi
of Tondo and his cousin Martin Pangan, to overthrow the
Spanish government. It was one of the largest conspiracies
against the Spanish rule next to the Katipunan.
Tondo was a rich region that in 1500 AD, the Kingdom of
Brunei attacked the place and established a city called
"Maynilad." The traditional Lakandulas ruler of Tondo
retained their titles and property, but the real political power
was the River Lord Rajah Sulayman, the Rajahs of Maynilad
dominating river traffic and exacting tolls from traders as
they came and went. To show his power, Rajah Sulayman
built a palisades of his “Kuta” the same spot where
Intramuros is located
Bambalito
Considered as the first martyr hero after declining to have an
alliance with the Spaniards led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
and fought in Bangkusay river.
The Early “Pare-Tes”
Days prior to the conspiracy’s execution, Datu Magat
Salamat accidentally revealed the plot to Antonio Surabao,
who was posing as a supporter of their plot. Surabao brought
what he had heard to his master, Pedro Sarmiento, the
Spanish encomiendero of Calamianes, who then reported it
to the Governor-General at the time, Santiago de Vera
Tallanos
They were said to have ruled the Kingdom of Maharlika
which made of the Philippines, Brunei, Borneo, Hawaii
Spratly Islands, and Sabah before Spanish colonization.
Maharlika was not a kingdom but a feudal warrior class in
ancient Tagalog.
Former president Ferdinand Marcos also claimed to have
been a leader of the guerilla group called “Maharlika,” but
archival documents, the US Army and NHCP disproven it.
Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1828)
Considered the longest revolt in the country initiated by
Francisco Dagohoy in Bohol for 85 years. It was triggered
by the refusal of a Christian burial to his brother. The revolt
ended in August 31, 1829.
Tamblot Uprising (1621-1622)
Tamblot was a babaylan or native priest from Bohol, who led
the Tamblot Uprising. He opposed the new religion spread
by the Spaniards. According to Legend, he challenged the
Spanish priest, and when he won, he earned the trust of the
people. He exhorted them free themselves from Spanish
oppression, leading 2,000 followers in his revolt.
Diego Silang y Silang (1730-1763)
He was a Filipino revolutionary leader who allied with
British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern
Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano state. He
was killed by his friend, Miguel Vicos at the age of 32
Cavite Mutiny (1872)
It was an unsuccessful uprising of Filipino military
personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite
on 20 January 1872. Around 200 locally recruited colonial
troops and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate
to a national uprising.
On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish
government and Frailocracia to instill fear among the
Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act
again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was
tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped
Filipino nationalism.
The Rise of the Katipunan
The name "Katipunan" comes from the full Tagalog name
"Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan“ • The founders of the Katipunan were
Deodato Arrellano, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao
Diwa, Andres Bonifacio, and Jose Dizon which founded on
July 7. 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street in San Nicolas
Manila. The Katipunan had four aims:
1. To develop a strong alliance with each and every
Katipunero;
2. To unite Filipinos into one solid nation;
3. To win Philippine independence by means of an
armed conflict (or revolution);
4. To establish a republic after independence.
Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin
On August 23, 1896, the Cry of Pugad Lawin was the
beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish
Empire. It was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the
membership of the Katipunan by means of sistemang
patatsulok:
 Katipon (Associate) – Black hood; Password: Anak
ng Bayan
 Kawal (Soldier) – Green hood; Password:
GomBurZa
 Bayani (Hero) – Red Mask with sash; Password:
Rizal
Kakarong Republic (The Battle of the Kakarong de Sili)
Pandi, Bulacan played a vital and historical role in the fight
for Philippine independence. Pandi is known for the Réal de
Kakarong de Sili Shrine – Inang Filipina Shrine, the site of
the bloodiest battle in Bulacan, where more than 3,000
Katipunero revolutionaries died.
The Root of Katipunan Factions
The Magdalo had a rivalry with the other Katipunan chapter
in Cavite, the Magdiwang



San Francisco de Malabon Fiesta – Cpt. Mariano
San Gabriel, a magdiwang fired several shots
Imus Convetion – Magdiwang tried to fix conflict
between the factions with Bonifacion intervening
but none was accomplished
Tejeros Convention – Emilio Aguinaldo won the
election but Bonifacio declared it null and void
The Tejeros Assembly of 1897
In the course of the revolution against Spain, a split
developed between the Magdiwang faction (led by Gen.
Mariano Álvarez) and the Magdalo faction (led by Gen.
Baldomero Aguinaldo, cousin of General Emilio
Aguinaldo), both situated in Cavite. At a convention in
Tejeros, Cavite, the revolutionaries assembled to form a
revolutionary government. There, on March 22, 1897, it was
decided to dissolve the Katipunan and establish a republic
where Aguinaldo won as the President.
Acta de Tejeros
A document prepared on March 23, 1897 which proclaimed
the events at the Tejeros Convention on March 22 to have
been "disorderly and tarnished by chicanery.“ • Signatories
to this petition rejected the insurgent government instituted
at the Convention and affirmed their steadfast devotion to the
ideals of the Katipunan.
Reasons to Bonifacio’s loss on Presidency:
a. Aguinaldo’s popularity from military success
b. Regionalism
c. Even his close friends and associates turned
against him
Naik Military Agreement
Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular
election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a
Magdalo, rankled for long. In a meeting in Naik, Cavite
sometime in April 19, 1897, Bonifacio and his men drew this
document in which they resolved to establish a government
independent of and separate from that established at Tejeros.
Charges against Andres and Porcopio Bonifacio
Many of the principal men of Indang, including Severino de
las Alas and Colonel Jose Coronel, presented to Aguinaldo
several complaints against Bonifacio while he was in
preparatory to leave Cavite:
1. That Andres Bonifacio had been paid by the friars
to organize the Katipunan.
2. That Andres Bonifacio had ordered his men to burn
the church and convent of Indang should the
Spaniards capture the town.
3. That Andres Bonifacio’s men stole carabaos and
other work animals by force and killed them for
food.
4. That Andres Bonifacio had misspent all the funds of
the Katipunan.
5. That Andres Bonifacio intended to surrender with
all his men to the Spaniards.
On May 5, 1897, the Bonifacio brothers were put into trial.
On May 8, they were pardoned by Aguinaldo. On March 22,
1948, Aguinaldo confessed his betrayal to Bonifacio that he
ordered the brothers’ execution.
“I ordered General Noriel to carry out the judgment of the
Council of War and to shoot the brothers (Bonifacio), for the
sake of the Country.”
Makapagal’s Controversial Document - About the death
of Andres and Porcopio Bonifacio. Makapagal was the one
who did the execution at the foot of a small mountain. No
graves was dug but they were covered by bayonets.
Learnings from the Past
Because history gives us the tools to analyze and explain
problems in the past, it positions us to see patterns that might
otherwise be invisible in the present – thus providing a
crucial perspective for understanding (and solving) current
and future problems. History Builds Empathy Through
Studying the Lives and Struggles of Others. Studying the
diversity of human experience helps us appreciate cultures,
ideas, and traditions that are not our own.