REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga Readings in Philippine History Chapter 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine History A Brief Summary of the First Voyage Around the World by Magellan: by Antonio Pigafetta “First Voyage Around the World” (“Primer Viaje en Torno del Globo”) Historical background: • • • • • Written by Antonio Pigafetta in one of the five ships that first circumnavigated the world It covers the time when Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet “Armada de Molucca” started the voyage (1519) until it successfully went back to Spain The copies of this account were presented by Pigafetta to Pope Clement VII, King Francis I’s mother, etc His original diary was lost and not known in what language it was written Survived in 4 manuscript versions; 1 Italian (Carlo Amoretti) and 3 French MARCH 16, 1521 • Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly in the island of “Humunu” (Homonhon) • Magellan called it “Acquada da li buoni Segnialli” (Watering place of God Signs) • The district was called “Las Islas de San Lazaro” (Islands of Saint Lazarus) • Anchors off Suluan Island MARCH 17-18, 1521 • Magellan and his men landed in Humunu • The sick people were brought ashore • Saw by (9) native boatmen from Suluan Island who gave them foods MARCH 22, 1521 • The boatmen returned to Magellan’s location and gave two boats of foods MARCH 29, 1521 “Umangkla ang barko namin sa isla ng Mazaua, malapit sa bahay ng Rajah nito (Rajah Siagu) at umakyat ng barko ang Rajah at sila Magellan kung saan sila’y nagpalitan ng regalo. Nag-almusal at ipinasyal ni Magellan ang Rajah sa paligid ng kanyang barko at ipinakita ang kanyang mga armas. Gayundin ako at isang kasama ay sumama sa Rajah at sa Balanghai, kami ay pinakain ng baboy, pinainom ng alak at pinakita ng hari ang kanilang palasyo at nagpakain pa.” MARCH 30, 1521 “Bumalik kami sa aming mga barko kasama ang kapatid ng Rajah ng Mazaua, ang Rajah ng Butuan- Calagan na si Colambu, ang pinakamaayos na lalaking nakita namin.” MARCH 31, 1521 First mass in the Philippines was held in “Mazaua” Attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah Siagu (Siaui) and local islanders APRIL 7, 1521 Magellan went to Zubu (Cebu) and met Rajah Humabon The rajah wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but told his translator Enrique that they were working for the King of Spain and threatened him a war APRIL 14, 1521 Held a mass on Humabon’s place, attended by 800 local members Magellan gave Hara Humamay an image of Sto. Niño Humabon became “Carlos” and Humamay became “Juana” APRIL 26, 1521 • Rajah Zula told Magellan that Matan’s (Mactan) chieftain Cilapulapu (Lapulapu) refused to obey the King of Spain • Zula requested Magellan to send him only one boatload of men to fight Cilapulapu, but Magellan decided to go there with three boatloads. APRIL 27, 1521 • 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with corselets and helmets and 20-30 Balanhais loaded by Rajah Humabon’s men went to Matan to attack Cilapulapu • The local islanders had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire • “Battle of Mactan” happened “Organisado ang paglusob ng mga tiga-Mactan habang nagsisigawan. Isang grupo kada tagiliran ng mga Espanyol at isa sa harap na tila tatsulok. Nang magpaputok ng mga kanyon at riple ang mga Espanyol, nakahanda na ang mga kalasag ng mga ito. Gayundin, kanya-kanyang tago ang mga mandirigma upang makaiwas, malinaw na malinaw na sila’y handa sa atake. Hindi nakayanan ng mga Europeo ang mga pana, sibat, putik at bato na dumapo sa kanila. At matapos nito’y iniutos ni Magellan na magsunog ng mga bahay ng mga taga-Mactan na siyang lalong ikinagalit ng mga ito. At natutunan ng mga mandirigmang taga-Mactan na puntiryahin sa paa ang mga kalabang nakabaluti. Tinamaan si Magellan ng panang may lason sa kanang binti, pero sinabi nitong bumalik na sa mga barko. Sa katapusan ng laban si Magellan ay tinamaan ng sibat sa mukha ngunit nakalaban pa, nasugatan sa braso at nakampilan pa sa kaliwang binti. Sa kanyang pagbagsak, pinagtulungan na siya ng mga tiga-Mactan. At nang makita ng mga kasama na patay na si Magellan, sila’y nagsiatrasan, dala-dala ang iba pang mga sugatan.” Other contents of Pigafetta’s manuscript: • Lifestyle of early Filipinos in Visayas • First vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned by a European • Description of early Visayan music • Evidence that the world is round • Re-discovery of Pacific Ocean The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan Kartilya ng Katipunan Historical background: ● Written by Emilio Jacinto (Utak ng Katipunan) in 1896 ● Codified document listing the duties and responsibilities of every Katipunan member ● Chose by Bonifacio instead of his “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B.” (Dekalogo)/” Duties of the Sons of the People (Decalogue) Katipunan ● July 6, 1892: Jose Rizal was arrested, three days after the establishment of La Liga Filipina. ● July 7, 1892: The Katipunan was established by Andres Bonifacio in Tondo, Manila, as a result of the failure of the Reform Movement in Spain. ● The Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) was a revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines through force of arms. ● “Pacto de Sangre” - ritual performed upon new recruits who wish to become members of the Katipunan. ● It usually starts with a trial and ends with signing of an agreement, using their own blood Katipunan Hierarchy ● Katipon (Member): may be promoted to Kawal upon recruiting new members. ● Kawal (Soldier): may be promoted to upon being an officer. ● Bayani (Patriot) Kartilya ng Katipunan 1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed. 2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue. 3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable. 4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature. 5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor. 6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred. “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” Historical background: ● Written by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo ● The first volume of this memoirs was produced between 1928 and 1946 ● It includes the accounts from his birth and early years until the signing of the Biak-naBato Treaty in 1897. ● This was based on Aguinaldo’s diary, documents from himself and his relatives. ● End of 1963, he decided to publish thismemoirs and translated in Tagalog by Dr. Luz C. Bucu of University of the East in 1967. ● Ambeth Ocampo pressumed that the second volume of this memoirs (2nd phase of Philippine Revolution against Spain until Philippine-American War). ● The following contents of “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” were from the sixth chapter of Nick Joquin’s “A Question of Heroes.” Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan ● Aguinaldo had a rich family (Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy) ● Aguinaldo studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran but stopped because of father’s death ● Aguinaldo became Cabeza de Barangay of Binakayan (1895) because of Maura Law ● Aguinaldo became the first Capitan Municipal of Cavite Viejo (Kawit) ● Participated in Masonry with the name “Colon” and in Katipunan with the name “Magdalo” ● Santiago Alvarez (from Noveleta) urged him to join Katipunan in Manila (1895) ● Aguinaldo led the Magdalo faction in Cavite ● Married Hilaria del Rosario of Imus in 1896 ● “Capitan Municipal sa araw, Katipunan sa gabi” ● Did not attend the August 24 Balintawak meeting of Katipunan, instead he was represented by his brother Crispulo (in this meeting Bonifacio announced that the revolution will be started on August 29) ● The August 29 plot did not happen because Bonifacio in Manila was attacked by Spaniards from Caloocan ● Aguinaldo started the revolt in Cavite on August 31 (together with Bacoor, Imus, and other Cavite Capitan Municipals) ● Aguinaldo became successful in different battles in Cavite that caused some issues in Katipunan ● The Katipunan in Cavite split into two: “Magdalo” (Pro-Aguinaldo) and “Magdiwang” (Pro-Bonifacio) ● Bonifacio wanted to solve the rivalry in a December 1896 meeting in Imus (resulted into a decision to dissolve the Katipunan and to have a formal election for the new revolutionary government) ● Aguinaldo became the president of Philippine Revolutionary Government in March 22, 1897 through Tejeros Convention ● Bonifacio did not accept the results of the election, then, he wrote the “Acta de Tejeros” (March 23, 1897) and held the “Naic Military Agreement” (April 19, 1897) ● Aguinaldo ordered the arrest and trial of Bonifacio (and his brother Procopio) ● Further, Aguinaldo decided to sentence the brothers into death penalty on May 10, 1897 ● Aguinaldo agreed to be in a peace pact in Biak-Na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan with the Spaniards that led his exile to Hong Kong in 1897 The Proclamation of the Philippine Independence “Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino” Historical background: ● Written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista ● Its intention was to encourage the Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards ● It was read during the declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 at Kawit Cavite ● It’s declaration was accompanied by playing of the Philippine national anthem composed by Julian Felipe through the band, “San Francisco de Malabon” ● The declaration was signed by 97 Filipinos and an American official, Col. M.L. Johnson ● The text of declaration reminisced the start of 1896 Revolution in Caloocan and the eight provinces who joined the Katipunan “Sa huli, napagkasunduan ng lahat na ang Bayang ito, na malaya na mula sa araw na ito, ay dapat gamitin ang watawat na dati nang ginagamit nito, na may disenyo at kulay na inilalarawan sa inilakip na guhit: Ang tatlong panig na makikita rito ay tiyak na sumasagisag sa puting tatsulok na simbolong nagbibigay-pagkakakilanlan sa bantog na kapisanang “Katipunan,” na sa pamamagitan ng sanduguan ay nagpasiklab sa pag-aalsa ng masa; ang tatlong bituin na kumakatawan sa tatlong pangunahing isla ng Arkipelago – Luzon, Mindanao, at Panay kung saan nagsimula ang mapanghimagsik na kapatiran; ang araw na representasyon ng mga dambuhalang hakbang na isinagawa ng mga anak ng bayan sa landas ng kaunlaran at kabihasnan; ang walong sinag na sumisimbolo sa walong probinsiya–Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, at Batangas–na nagdeklara ng digmaan, nang unang masindihan ang mitsa ng himagsikan; at ang mga kulay na bughaw, pula, at puti, na lahat ay nagsisilbing paggunita sa watawat ng Estados Unidos sa Hilagang Amerika, bilang pagpapakita ng malalim na pasasalamat sa Dakilang Bansa na nagkaloob at nagkakaloob ng walang pag-iimbot na pagtatanggol. At sa ganang ito, inihaharap ngayon itong watawat sa mga Ginoong nagtitipon.” “Ypinanaog ang Bandera nacional dito sa bahay ng nasirang Dn. Maximo Ynocencio, patungo sa bayan ng Cauit, o C. Viejo, p.a. proclamahin ang aspiracion ng Yndep.a nitong Sangkapuluang Katagalugan o Filipinas, oras ng a las cuatro at dalauang minuto ng hapon. Cavite a 12 Junio 1898.” ● The document was lost during the pilferage of historical documents in 1990s, but was finally returned to National Library in 1994 through the historian, Milagros Guerrero. “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era” Historical background: ● Written by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces ● American period in the Philippines provided leeway in the publication of independent newspapers but in strict manner. ● The censorship loosened when civil government was established in 1901. ● Many Filipino artists made us of cartoons as political commentaries to expose the ills of the American colonial government. ● McCoy provided an analysis of the issues during American period through cartoons and Roces compiled these cartoons on a book. Newspapers that included political cartoons: • “The Philippine Free Press” • (featured investigative articles regarding country’s development) • “The Independent” • (forum for the discussion of political issues in the country weekly) • “Bag-Ong Kusog” • (highlighted the conditions in Cebu prior to WW2 and differences of Spanish and American colonization) • “Lipag-Kalabaw” • (Tagalog and Spanish newspaper with satiric cartoons) • “El Renacimiento” • (campaigned for the right of free press) • “La Vanguardia” • (survived until WW2 and one of Manila’s leading newspapers) Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S Congress Date: September 18, 1986 Historical background: Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino functioned as the symbol of the restoration of democracy and the overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in 1986. The EDSA People Power, which installed Cory Aquino in the presidency, put the Philippines in the international spotlight for overthrowing a dictator through peaceful means The gradual downfall of the regime of Ferdinand Marcos began with the assassination of Ninoy Aquino on August 21, 1983 moments after the latter returned in exile. Protest rallies erupted in the streets of Manila and other major cities in the provinces calling for Marcos to resign. The Philippine economy began to falter amidst accusations of corruption by Marcos and his cronies Rumors circulated that Marcos was sick. Marcos credibility in the international community also suffered. Paired with the looming crisis, Marcos had to something to prove to his allies in the United States that he remained to be the anointed leader of the country. He called a snap election in February 1986. Cory Aquino was convinced to run against Marcos Salvador Laurel for Vice President The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s favor but the people expressed their protest against the corrupt and authoritarian government. Leading military officials of the regime and martial law orchestrators themselves Juan Ponce Enrile and Fidel V. Ramos plotted to take the presidency. Civilians headed the call of Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin and other Civilianleaders gathered at EDSA The overwhelming presence of civilians in EDSA turned a Coup into a civilian demonstration. The 1986 People Power Revolution February 25, 1986 A thousand of people who gathered at EDSA overthrew Ferdinand E. Marcos from the Presidency after 21 years. Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S Congress On September 18, 1986 seven months since Cory became President she went of the United States and spoke before the United States congress Cory was welcome with long applause as she took the podium and addressed the United Sates about her presidency and the challenges faced by the new Republic. She began her speech with her story of her leaving the United States three years prior as a newly widowed of Ninoy Aquino She told of Ninoy’s character, his conviction to resolve the authoritarianism of the Marcos’s regime. She talked of three times that they have lost him The first time when Ninoy was detained He was tried by a military court whose legitimacy he questioned Ninoy decided to do a hunger strike and fasted for 40 days “Then we lost him irrevocably and more painfully..” ”But his death is my country’s resurrection and the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again” Cory emphasized the importance of the EDSA Revolution In terms of limited revolution that respected the life and freedom of every Filipino. “Again as we restore democracy by the ways of democracy.” “We are completing the Constitutional Structures that will gives full respect for Human Rights.” Cory proceeded on her peace agenda with the existing Communist insurgency aggravated by the dictatorial and Authoritarian measure of Ferdinand Marcos Cory then turned to the controversial topic of the Philippine foreign debt amounting to 26 billion dollars This debt had ballooned during the Marcos Regime Cory ended her speech by thanking America for serving as her home and for her family’s, too. She referred to it as the three happiest years of their lives together ‘three years ago I said Thank you America for the haven from oppression and home you gave Ninoy, Myself and my children.” ‘today I say Join us America as we build a new home for Democracy.” Analysis Of Cory Aquino’s Speech Cory Aquino’s speech was an important event in the political and diplomatic history of the country because it cemented the legitimacy of the EDSA government in the international arena The Ideology and Principles Of The New Government Cory was able to draw the sharp contrast between her government and of her predecessor by commitment to a democratic constitution drafted by an independent commission But despite Cory’s efforts to hoist herself as the exact Opposite of Marcos her speech still revealed certain parallelism between her and Marcos government In terms of continuing alliance between the Philippines and the United States and effectively implementing a similar foreign policy to that of Marcos Postscript Of Cory Aquino’s Speech The task of writing the speech was given to Teodoro Locsin Jr (Teddy Boy). Who admitted years later that he was unable to finish the draft and it was Cory who finished the speech. It ran one hour and half and was interrupted with several applause and standing ovation. Five hours later the U.S. Congress voted in favor of 200 million dollars as emergency aid to the Philippines.
