The picture given is the
Earth as seen from the
moon by astronauts.
The shape and structure of
the Earth is the result of
the dynamic processes like
volcanism and tectonism.
Earth’s internal and
external forces contribute
to the landscape, weather
disturbance, and climate
of the Earth.
The Layers of the
Earth and Plate
Tectonics
1.identify the layers of the Earth and the
three types of Plate Boundaries
2.describe the characteristics of the
Earth’s layers and the types of Plate
Boundaries.
3.illustrate the three types of plate
movements
• Earth's layers can
be assigned
according to
chemical
composition (what
they're made of) or
mechanical
properties (rock
strength and
elasticity).
• Earth is made up
of several layers.
According to mechanical properties,
Earth's layers are….
LITHOSPHERE
LOWER MANTLE
(ALSO KNOWN AS
MESOSPHERIC
MANTLE)
ASTHENOSPHERE,
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE.
According to chemical composition,
Earth's layers are….
CRUST
MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE.
THE INNER CORE
It is the center
hottest layer
Earth.
The inner core
and made up
and
nickel
temperature
5,500 ᵒC.
and the
of the
is solid
of iron
with
up
to
Temperatures in the inner core are about as hot as the surface of
the sun (about 9,392 degrees F or 5,200 degrees C)
INNER CORE FACTS
Radius: 759 miles (1,221 km)
Temperature: About 9,392 degrees
Fahrenheit (5,200 degrees C)
Pressure: Nearly 3.6 million
atmospheric pressure (atm)
State: Solid
Composition: Mostly iron and
some nickel
THE OUTER CORE
• Earth’s
outer
core
is
sandwiched between the inner
core and the mantle.
• The boundary between the
inner and outer core is known
as
the
Lehman
Seismic
Discontinuity.
The outer core is approximately 1,367 miles (2,200 km) thick and
composed of liquid iron and nickel.
Temperatures in the outer core are between 8,132 degrees F and 9,932
degrees F (4,500 degrees C and 5,500 degrees C).
The solidification of the outer core
releases heat which drives convection
currents in the outer core that helps to
generate Earth's magnetic field.
The swirling motion of the outer core generates Earth's magnetic field in a
process called geodynamo.
OUTER CORE FACTS
Thickness: 1,400 miles (2,300
km)
Temperature: Between 8,132
degrees F and 9,932 degrees F
(4,500 degrees C and 5,500
degrees C).
State: Fluid
Composition: Iron and nickel
THE MANTLE
Mantle is the widest section of the Earth.
Its thickness is approximately 2,900 km.
The mantle is mainly made up of semi-molten rock known as
magma.
Make 84% of the
planet's total volume
The mantle is located directly
under the Sima (In geology,
sima is an antiquated blended
term for the lower layer of
Earth's crust.
•
•
The mantle can be further divided into the upper and
lower mantle (also known as the mesospheric mantle),
with the upper mantle containing two distinct regions:
the asthenosphere and the lower portion of the
lithosphere.
The lower mantle refers to the layer between the outer core and asthenosphere.
It makes up 55% of Earth by volume and experiences pressure from 237,000 atm to
1.3 million atm towards the outer core.
• According to the Gemological Institute of America, diamonds
are forged within the mantle approximately 93 to 124 miles
(150 to 200 km) below the surface.
THE CRUST
✓ This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid
rock, mostly basalt and granite.
✓ The crust is the outer layer where we live.
✓ The thickness is around 0-60 km.
Oceanic
crust
is
primarily composed of
dark basalt rocks rich
in elements such as
silicon and magnesium.
Oceanic crust is denser
than continental crust.
Whereas continental crust is made of lightcolored granite rocks containing oxygen and
silicon.
The subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental
crust continually "recycles" the oceanic rock back into
the mantle below.
THE LITHOSPHERE
The term lithosphere is
derived from the Greek
words "lithos," meaning
stone, and "sphaira,"
meaning globe or ball
The lithosphere is the
outermost layer of
Earth, composed of
the crust and the
brittle part of the
upper mantle.
The lithospheric
temperatures vary
from 32 degrees F (0
degrees C) at the
crust to 932 degrees
F (500 degrees C) at
the upper mantle
TECTONIC PLATES
THE ASTHENOSPHERE
The
term
asthenosphere
originates from the
Greek
"asthenes"
meaning weak.
It
is
the
highly
viscous, mechanically
weak
and
ductile
deforming region of
the upper mantle of
the Earth.
• The lithosphere can be further divided into oceanic crust and
continental crust.
• The boundary between the brittle part of the upper mantle and
the crust (both oceanic and continental) is known as the
Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho).
Activity 1
Label the layers of the
Earth.
7
1
6
2
8
5
4
3
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oceanic crust
Lithosphere
Lower Mantle
Continental crust
Ocean
Outer core
Inner core
Mohorovicic
Discontinuity
• Asthenosphere
• Upper Mantle
Ocean
Continental crust
Oceanic crust
8 Mohorovicic Discontinuity
Lithosphere
Upper Mantle and
Asthenosphere
Mantle
Inner and Outer core
Hook Activity
Rearrange the letters inside the
box to name the present
continents.
•Plate Tectonics
Theory
• Continental drift was a
revolutionary theory
explaining that continents
shift position on Earth's
surface.
• The theory was proposed by
geophysicist and
meteorologist Alfred Wegener.
• Wegener postulated that
throughout most of geologic
time there was only one
continent, which he called
Pangea
What is a Tectonic Plate?
2 TYPES OF PLATES
•Oceanic plates - plates
below the oceans
•Continental
plates
plates
below
the
continents
Three
Types Of
Plate
Boundary
1. DIVERGENT OR CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE
BOUNDARIES
• It happens when
two tectonic plates
pull apart and rock
from the mantle rises
through the opening to
form new surface rock
when it cools.
• It is associated with
rifting (large-scale
faulting) and volcanoes.
Divergent Boundaries
•Boundary between two plates
that are moving apart or rifting
→
•RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR
SPREADING
Features of Divergent
Boundaries
•Mid-ocean Ridges
•Rift Valleys
•Fissure Volcanoes
2.CONVERGENT OR DESTRUCTIVE PLATE
BOUNDARIES
• This is when two
tectonic plates
move toward
each other and
collide.
• The result depends
on the type of
plates involved.
Subduction
Oceanic - Continental
At an oceancontinent
convergent
boundary, the denser
oceanic plate is
pushed under the
less dense
continental plate in
the same manner as
at an ocean-ocean
boundary.
Type 1 Oceanic-Continental convergence
• Ocean plate colliding with a less dense
continental plate
• Subduction Zone: where the less dense
plate slides under the more dense plate
• VOLCANOES occur at subduction zones
Subduction of the Nazca Plate under South America (which has
created the Andes Mountains and the Peru Trench)
Oceanic - Oceanic
• At an ocean-ocean
convergent boundary,
one of the plates
(oceanic crust and
lithospheric mantle) is
pushed, or subducted,
under the other.
• Creates a chain of
volcanic islands
known as an island
arc.
Type 2 Oceanic-Oceanic convergence
• Oceanic plate colliding with another
oceanic plate
• The less dense plate slides under the
more dense plate creating a TRENCH
Subduction of the Pacific Plate south of Alaska (creating
the Aleutian Islands)
Pacific Plate and under the Philippine Plate, where it creates the
Marianas Trench, the deepest part of the ocean.
Continental- Continental
A
continentcontinent collision
occurs
when
a
continent or large
island
that
has
been moved along
with
subducting
oceanic
crust
collides
with
another continent.
Type 3 Continental-Continental
• A continental plate colliding with
another continental plate
• Collision Zones
–a place where folded and thrust faulted
mountains form.
Collision of the India Plate
with the Eurasian Plate,
creating the Himalaya
Mountains
Collision of the African Plate
with the Eurasian Plate,
creating the series of ranges
extending from the Alps in
Europe to the Zagros
Mountains in Iran.
3.
PASSIVE PLATE BOUNDARIES OR
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
• This is when two plates slide
past each other.
• When the plates move, the
jagged edges of the plate
boundaries snag and catch each
other and can get jammed.
• This causes a build-up of
pressure.
• When the plates eventually pass
each other, the pressure is
released in the form of an
earthquake.
Transform Fault Boundaries
• Boundary between two plates
that are sliding past each
other
• EARTHQUAKES along faults
Along the San Andreas
Fault the Pacific plate
moves in a northwest
direction relative to the
North American plate.
• Creates
convection
currents
beneath
the plates
that cause
the plates
to move.
• Ridge push
• Slab pull
LEARNING PLAN 1 IN A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Layers of the Earth
Core
Inner
Outer
Mantle
Crust
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
Earth keeps changing. Internal and external forces
change it. We also keep on changing. Our growth as a n
individual is a form of transformation. As we grow, our
physical features change. Our values and beliefs change
as well.
CHRIST (CONSCIOUS) – Christ is the CENTER of
Paulinian life. The Paulinian follows and imitates Christ,
doing everything in reference to Him.
Clarifying questions:
What is plate tectonics?
Plate tectonics is a scientific
theory that explains how major
landforms are created as a
result of Earth's subterranean
movements.
Clarifying questions:
How is the earth’s surface affected by the
movement of the tectonic plates?
Plate motions cause mountains to rise where plates
push together, or converge, and continents to
fracture and oceans to form where plates pull
apart or diverge.
The continents are embedded in the plates and drift
passively with them, which over millions of years
results in significant changes in Earth's geography.
Clarifying questions:
Where do most movements happen in
the Earth’s crust?
Most
movement
occurs
along
narrow zones between plates, plate
boundaries, where the results of
plate-tectonic forces are most
evident.
Clarifying questions:
What are three types of plate boundaries?
• There are three main types of plate boundaries:
•
Convergent boundaries: where two plates are
colliding. Subduction zones occur when one or both
of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust.
...
•
Divergent boundaries – where two plates are
moving apart. ...
•
Transform boundaries – where plates slide passed
each other.
Activity 2
A. Matching type. Match column
A with column B. Write the letter
of the correct answer.
A.
1)Convergent a)Mid-ocean
rift
valleys
2)Divergent
b)Fault lines
3)Transform
ridges,
c)Subduction, trench,
mountains,
volcanoes
B.
1)Convergent
2)Divergent
3)Transform
a)Tectonic
plates
apart.
b)Tectonic
plates
together.
c)Tectonic
plates
horizontally past
other.
move
come
slide
each
C.
1)Convergent
2)Divergent
3)Transform
a)Himalayas
and
the
Appalachian Mountain
ranges
b)San Andreas Fault
c)Atlantic
mid
ocean
ridge, African rift valley
D.
1)ContinentalOceanic
2)OceanicOceanic
3)ContinentalContinental
a)Subduction,
volcanoes,
and trenches
b)Subduction,
deeper
trenches, volcanoes
c)Mountain ranges like the
Appalachian
and
Himalayas