Dynamic Planet Additional Study Info
Darcy’s Law:
5
Freshwater is water that has less than 0.2% of dissolved salts. Comparatively, freshwater is
relatively scarce, comprising lessthan 3% of the Earth’s water supply. In addition, the majority of
that, about 2%, is frozen away in glaciers and icecaps. Freshwater can also be found in lakes,
rivers, streams, atmospheric vapour, and groundwater. Only about 0.5% of the Earth’s wateris
available for human and animal use, as atmospheric vapour, salt water, and icecaps are
unavailable for use. Theavailability of freshwater is also limited by population, competition, and
pollution.Weathering is the breakingdown ofmaterial, Erosion is the transportation of material,
Deposition is the placing of material.Streams:"Stream"is a generalname for all moving
water.Stream Profile:In thecase for large rivers, a delta or mouth of the river at sea level is a
"BaseLevel", in fact, sea level itself is considered the "Ultimate Base Level". How can a waterfall
be a base level? These picturesshould shed some light on it. 1. The closer to the origin you are,
the faster the water will flow. 2. The closer to the mouth youare, the slower the water will flow. 3.
Sediment will be scoured closer to the higher elevation 4. Sediment will be depositedat the
lower elevations. 5. There is a higher stream gradient the closer to the origin you go.6. There is
a lower stream gradientthe closer to the mouth you go. Downcutting is the deepening of a river
channel relative to its surroundings. That is, how fardoes it dig into the ground. As natural
examples tell us, The amount of downcutting on a river is dependent on where on theriver it
forms. Base level is the closest to sea level a river can go. Downcutting helps a river in its
descent to ultimate baselevel. At any one time, rock layers can dictate base levels. Geologically
speaking, nothing impedes downcutting. However, atour timescale, we can witness downcutting
happening before our very eyes. That is essentially what a waterfall is, an agentof downcutting.
A waterfall is a morphological feature defined by water flowing over a hard rock layer. In the
case of mostwaterfalls, the water that flows over the falls erodes the softer layer at the base.
Once it erodes enough, the unsupported hardlayer above collapses. This is what makes a
waterfall appear to “retreat”.Stream Drainage:Streams followa generalpattern based on
topography. Drainage Channels form where runoff cuts into the ground.Channel TypesStraight,
Meandering, Braided.Dendritic Drainage:is the most common and looks similarto a tree.
Dendritic Drainage occurs where a region is abovea single type of bedrock (homogeneous).
Which gives the entire area a similar resistance to erosion and therefore aseemingly random
placement of tributaries. Most tributaries will join a larger stream at an acute
angle.ParallelDrainage:generally forms where there is a large hill.They develop in areas with
parallel regions of rock that are harderto erode.Trellis Drainage Patterns:form where thereis a
folded topography, like the Appalachian mountains.Tributaries enter the main stream at near
right angles.Rectangular drainage patterns:are found in regionsthat haveundergone faulting.
Streams follow the path of least resistance and thus are concentrated in places were exposed
rock isthe weakest.Radial drainage patterns:develop arounda central elevated point. These
patterns are common to suchconically shaped features as volcanoes.Centripetaldrainage
patterns:are the opposite of radial ones.They arecommon in basins like in the United States
Southwest region, where streams flow downward to a central point.Derangedor contorted
patterns:develop from the disruptionof a pre-existing drainage pattern. In this picture, the stream
began asa dendritic stream but was overrun by a glacier. After receding, the glacier left behind
fine grain material that formedwetlands and deposits that dammed the stream to impound a
small lake. The tributary streams appear significantly morecontorted than they were prior to
glaciation.BraidedStream Channel:These types of streams form wherea sedimentrich stream
slows normally near where the stream grade changes from steep to more shallow. Then it
divides into manysmaller interwoven channels. They are also generally wide and
shallow.Meandering Channel:Meanders generallyformon a flat area with a broad floodplain. A
meandering stream has a sinuosity ratio greater than 1.5, with sinuosity = lengthof stream along
channel/actual straight-line distance travelled by stream.Anastomose Channel:Multiplechannels
thatdivide and reconnect, but not as easily as in a braided channel.Erosion and Deposition:
Alluvial Landforms:Once astream reaches a base level it forms a large fertile valley due to its
meandering:Flood Plain:A floodplain is the flat areathat tends to be covered in water when the
river rises. As a flood increases the river's size it slows the river down causingit to drop
sediment which in turn allows for very fertile soil.Natural Levee:A natural levee is
formedwhensediment(alluvium) is deposited along the edge of the stream forming a
ridge.Meanders:A meander isa bend in astream. Meanders are prevalent in older streams.
Meanders have erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the innerbank. Apoint barforms
where the water going througha meander drops alluvium on the inner bank Theneckis thepoint
of land between the two edges of a meander. Thecutoffoccurs when the stream erodes through
theneck causing theriver to be back to a straight course. The result is anOx-bow lakewhich is a
separate body of waterfrom the stream.Deltas:deltas are formed when rivers meet large
bodiesof water like oceans. They are classified as follows:Constructional:river-dominated,
elongate (digitate,bird foot delta), lobate,Destructionaltide-dominated,wave-dominated, cuspate
(tooth shaped delta). Other names for types of deltas: Arcuate delta, Estuarine
delta.StreamOrder:Arthur Newell Strahler developed a system knownas stream order (or
Strahler number) that helps determine howmany tributaries a particular stream has and how
large that stream is. Basically, start with the smallest stream, which hasno tributaries; this is a
first-order stream. Two first order streams join to make a second order stream, and so on. If
asecond-order stream joins a first-order stream, the resulting stream is still second-order. Lakes:
Alakeis a body of watercompletely surrounded by land. More than 90% of Earth’s surface waters
are contained in lakes. Less than 1% of Earth’ssurface waters are found in rivers and streams at
any moment in time. The origin of most lakes is not related to stream
activity. Conditions necessary for the formation and continued existence of a lake: 1. A natural
basin with a restrictedoutlet; 2. Sufficient input of water to keep the basin at least partially filled.
Most of the world’s lakes contain fresh water.Less than 40% of lake waters are salty. Any lake
that has no natural drainage outlet, either as a surface stream or as asustained subsurface flow,
will becomesaline. Thewater balance of most lakes is maintained by surface inflow,sometimes
combined with springs and seeps from below the lake surface.Lakes are stratified into several
layers based ontemperature. Many lakes have an upper warm layer called theepilimnionand a
lower cold layer called thehypolimnion,which are separated by a transition zone called
thethermocline. Lakes can be classified in various ways,such as by theirmethod of formation,
nutrient levels, or levels of dissolved oxygen (DO).Lakes are most common in regions that
wereglaciated within the relatively recent geologic past because glacial erosion and deposition
have deranged the normaldrainage patterns and have created innumerable basins. The series
of large lakes in eastern and central Africa is due tomajor crustal movements and volcanic
activity. Thousands of small lakes in Florida were formed by sinkhole collapsewhere rainwater
dissolved calcium from massive limestone bedrock. Most lakes are very temporary features in
the naturallandscape, geologically speaking. Few lakes have been in existence for more than a
few thousand years: 1. Inflowingstreams bring sediments to fill them up; 2. Outflowing streams
cut channels that progressively deepen and drain lakes; 3.As lakes become more shallow, an
increase in plant growth accelerates the process of infilling. Dry lake beds located indesert
regions are calledplayas. When temporarilyfilled by intermittent streams these bodies of water
are called playalakes. Permanent desert lakes are nearly always products of either subsurface
structural conditions that provide waterfrom a permanent spring or of exotic streams that have
their source in nearby mountain. Lakes may affect climate andweather: 1. It is generally more
humid around lake areas; 2. Because water warms and cools more slowly than
land,temperatures near lakes are generally milder than temperatures at the same latitude but
more distant from lakes. There is alot to consider about lake organisms and chemicals.
Chemicals such as nitrates and phosphates promote the growth ofalgae and fish. A lake with a
lot of these chemicals is called "eutrophic". Eutrophic lakes generally have more algae,
morefish, and less clear water. A lake with not a lot of chemicals are called "oligotrophic". These
lakes have less organisms butgenerally clearer water. Eutrophic lakes are more likely to have a
stream that feeds into it as well as be in bedrock thanoligotrophic lakes. Oligotrophic lakes are
generally found upstream and eutrophic lakes are found downstream. Lakes thatare in the
middle are called "mesotrophic" lakes.Chemicals in lakes can come from pollution (fertilisers, a
leaky septictank) or natural sources. These chemicals can be naturally concentrated by the
organisms in the lake.GroundWater:Groundwater is water that is in the ground. It exists in the
pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment. It originallywas rainwater or snow. Water will
move down into the earth until it reaches a layer of soil where it can not penetrate. Thislayer is
called the impenetrable or impermeable layer. The uppermost reaches of this water is called the
water table. Facts:Groundwater makes up about 1% of the water on Earth. That's about 35
times the amount of water in lakes and streams. Itoccurs everywhere beneath the Earth's
surface, but is usually restricted to depths less than about 750 metres. The surfacebelow which
all rocks are saturated with groundwater is the water table.Hydraulic Head:The depth
ofgroundwater intwo different places, when measured, can give hydraulic gradient, basically a
calculation of slope.hydraulicgradient (I) =(h1 - h2) / dwhere h1 and h2 are two different
heights,and d is the distance between them. This allows us to calculate thevelocity of
groundwater flow, if we know porosity (a unitless percentage that describes what percentage of
a rock, gravel,or sand is empty) and permeability (the variable K).groundwater velocity (V) =
hydraulic conductivity(K) x hydraulicgradient (I) / porosityDarcy also found out how todetermine
groundwater discharge using this information and the areathe water flows through.discharge (Q)
= hydraulicconductivity (K) x hydraulic gradient (I) x area (A).Wetlands:Wetlands are areas
where the ground is often if not always saturated with water. There are swamps, peatlands, fens
andmarshes (which yes, are all different). They tend to be acidic and have unique ecological
communities.Karsttopography:is a distinctive landform assemblage developedas a
consequence of the dissolving action of water oncarbonate bedrock (usually limestone,
dolomite, or marble). Types of Karst features include sinkholes, solution valleys,springs,
disappearing streams, and caves developed as a consequence of subsurface
solution.Sinkholes:are commonlyfunnel-shaped and broadly open upward. Sinkholes may be a
few feet to more than 100 feet in depth, though usuallyranging from 10 to 30 feet. Sinkhole
diameter sizes range from a few square yards to several acres in area. Another namefor
sinkholes are cenotes. Note that not all sinkholes are linked to Karst landscapes.Solution
valleys:(or Karst valleys)are the remains of former surface stream valleys whose streams have
been diverted underground as karst developed. Theymay develop a series of sinkholes in the
valley floor.Karst springs:occur where the groundwater flow dischargesfrom aconduit or cave.
Karst springs or "cave springs" can have large openings and discharge very large volumes of
water.Sinkholes and sinking streams that drain to a large karst spring can be many miles away
from the spring. Streams flowingalong the surface may enter a sinkhole as a "disappearing
stream" and flow underground for some distance to reappear atthe surface. Caves(or caverns)
are large, open undergroundareas occurring in massive limestone depositions at or nearthe
surface.
1:7Maximum ratio of wave height to wavelength seen in the open ocean. Also known as wave
steepness.Abyssal PlainA smooth, nearly flat region of the deep ocean floor.Abyssal PlainsFlat
parts of the ocean floor and flattest parts of Earth.Amphidromic PointA "no-tide" point in an
ocean caused by basin resonances, friction, and other factors around whichtide crests rotate.
About a dozen amphidromic points exist in the world's oceans. Sometimes called a
node.Aphotic zoneThe part of the ocean beneath the photic zone, where light does not
penetrate sufficiently forphotosynthesis to occur.asthenosphereregion located directly below the
lithosphere where mantle rocks are able to deform, change shape,and flowBasaltRock type that
composes most of the ocean floorBenthosAnimals that live at the bottom of a body of
water.BreakWaves with a ratio greater than 1:7 will do this.buoyancythe power to float or rise in
a fluid; relative lightness.CapillaryThese waves are the first to form when the wind blows. Waves
with a tiny wavelength less than 1.73cm. Therestoring force is surface tension.Capillary
WavesSmall ripples with wavelengths less than 1.7 cmCapillary wavesThe slowest moving
waves.ClockwiseWhich direction do gyres flow in the Northern hemisphere?compressional
seismic waveparallel seismic waves that compress and expand as they go through all of Earth's
layersConstructive interferenceThe addition of wave energy as waves meet producing larger
waves.ConsumerAn organism that feeds on producerscontinental marginThe transition zone
between dry land and the ocean bottom. Includes the continental shelf, continentalslope, and
continental riseContinental RiseThe gently sloping surface at the base of the continental
slopeContinental ShelfA gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward
from the edge of a continentContinental SlopeThe steep descent of the seabed from the
continental shelf to the abyssal zoneconvectiondensity driven movement of material where there
is either heating from below or cooling from above.Convergent Boundaryboundary where two
lithospheric plates collidecorethe central part of the Earth consisting of an iron-nickel alloy. The
outer portion of the core is liquid and theinner core is solid.Coriolis EffectCauses moving air and
water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northernhemisphere due to
Earth's hemisphere.CounterclockwiseWhich direction do gyres flow in the Southern
hemisphere?CountercurrentsCurrents flowing on the surface in opposite directions to main
currents.crestthe top of a wavecrustoutermost layer of the Earth, composed of solid
rockCurrentA large stream of moving water that flows through the oceans.DecomposerAn
organism that feeds on dying organismsDeepThese waves move through water greater than 1/2
their wavelength.density currentsCirculation pattern on the ocean that forms when a mass of
more dense seawater sinks beneath lessdense seawater.DepthHow to describe how deep
something isDestructive interferenceThe subtraction of wave energy as waves meet producing
smaller waves.DiurnalThis type of tidal cycle is found commonly in the Gulf of Mexico.Divergent
Boundaryboundary where two lithospheric plate spread apart (divide)Doldrumsa period or
condition of depression or inactivity; a part of the ocean near the equator abounding incalms
and squallsearthquakea sudden movement or motion in the solid Earth caused by the release of
accumulated strainEasternThere are five of these boundary currents. They carry cold water
towards the equator. These boundary currentsare shallow and broad with boundaries that are
not well defined. Eddies do not tend to form in these boundary currents.Ebb CurrentWater
rushing out of an enclosed harbour or bay because of the fall in sea level as a tide
troughapproaches.EddyA miniature whirlpool or whirlwind resulting when the current of a fluid
doubles back on itselfEkman Spiralsurface winds drive surface currents, and each layer of water
drags the layer below, but the CoriolisForce changes each layer's direction slightly to make a
spiral effectEnergyWaves transmit _______________.epicentrethe point on Earth's surface
directly above where an earthquake originatedEquatorDue to the warmth of the water, the
molecules are slightly expanded in this region.
EstuaryKind of wetland formed where a river meets the ocean (flooded river valley)faulta break
in which one mass of rock is displaced (moved) in relation to another mass of rockFetchArea
over which a wave-generating wind blowsFjordA glacial valley or glacial trough found along the
coast that is now filled with a mixture of freshwater andseawater.Flood Currentwater rushing into
an enclosed area because of the rise in sea level as a tide crest approachesFood
WebRelationships between plants and animals of a biome having to do with what they
eat.Geostrophic GyresGyres in balance between gravity and the Coriolis Effect.GravityThese
waves have a wavelength greater than 1.73cm. The restoring force is gravity and momentum.
Windwaves are one example of these waves.GuyotA large, flat-topped seamount resulting from
erosion of an island volcano when it was above sea level.gyreA large, nearly circular system of
wind driven surface currents that centre around latitude 30 degrees in
bothhemispheresGyreCircular flow pattern of water caused by deflection of water by continents
and the ocean basin.HaloclineA layer of water in which there is a rapid change of salinity with
depthHeadlandA part of the shore that sticks out into the oceanhigh tidethe highest point on
shore that the ocean reaches (occurs when the sun and moon are in line)High TidesHigh water
position corresponding to a tidal crestIntertidal Zonethe area between the high-tide and the
low-tide mark.lithospherethe rigid outer portion of the Earth comprised of the crust and upper
part of the mantleLongWaves with ___________ wavelengths move the fastest.Longshore
DriftThe movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore
at an anglelow tidethe time of low water.Low TidesLow water position corresponding to a tidal
troughLunar Day24 hours 50 minsLunar TideTide caused by gravitational and inertial interaction
of the moon and Earth.mantlethe zone within Earth that is located between the crust and
coreMarine organismany living thing in an oceanMid-ocean RidgeAn underwater mountain
chain where a new ocean floor is formed.mid-ocean ridgesA large system of underwater
mountains that have a deep crack, called a rift valley running throughtheir centreNeapThese
tides occur when the earth, moon and sun are at right angles. These tides result in little variation
in theheight of tides. Lowest tidal range occurring near the times of the first quarter and third
quarter phases of the moonNektonAnimals that are free to swim through the water
column.Neuritic ZoneThe area from low-tide to the edge of the continental shelf.Open-Ocean
Zonethe area of the ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf.OrbitNearly friction free
transfer of energy from molecule to molecule in a circular path.PhytoplanktonMicroscopic,
free-floating, autotrophic plant organisms that function as producers in
aquaticecosystemsPlanktonAlmost microscopic algae and animals that are carried by current
and waves.PlateOne of the major parts in Earth's outer crust layer.Plunging WaveA breaking
wave in which the upper section topples forward and away from the bottom, forming anair-filled
tube.PolesDue to the cold temperature of the water, the water molecules are slightly closer
together in this region.ProducerAn organism that gets its food from lightProgressive WaveA
wave of moving energy in which the wave form moves in one direction along the surface of
thetransmission medium.PycnoclineA layer of water in which there is a rapid change of density
with depthPytheasGreek astronomer and navigator who first wrote about the connection
between moon and the height of the tide.Rogue WaveA single wave crest much higher than
usual caused by constructive interference.SalinityA measure of the amount of dissolved salts in
a given amount of liquidSeafloor SpreadingA phenomenon in which Earth's plates split apart
causing more rock to erupt to the ocean floor.SeamountsAn underwater mountain rising from
the ocean floor and having a peaked or flat-topped summitbelow the surface of the
sea.SeicheThe sloshing back and forth of water that is confined to a small space like a bucket
or swimming pool or insemi-enclosed bodies of water such as lakes, bays or harbors.Seismic
Sea WaveTsunami caused by displacement of earth along a fault. (Earthquakes and seismic
sea waves arecaused by the same phenomenon.)
seismographan instrument that detects and records seismic activitySemidiurnalThis type of tidal
cycle is found commonly in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.ShallowThese waves move through
water shallower than 1/20 their wavelengthshear seismic waveperpendicular seismic waves that
move in a side to side manner as they pass through the solid layersof Earth.Slack Watera time
of no current, occurs at high and low tides when current change directionSolar Tidescaused by
the gravitational and inertial interaction of the sun and earthSonarA device that determines the
distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves.Southern
Oscillationatmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Nino
andcooling of La NinaSpilling WaveA breaking wave whose crest slides down the face of the
wave.SpringThese tides occur when the earth, moon and sun are in a straight line.These tides
are a time of greatest variationbetween high and low tides.spring tidethe large rise and fall of the
tide at or soon after the new or the full moon.Standing Wavea wave in which water oscillates
without causing progressive wave forward movement. there is no nettransmission of energy in a
standing waveSubductiona point where one lithospheric plate slides beneath another
lithospheric plateSubmarine CanyonDeep, V-shaped valley cutting across the continental shelf
and slopeSubmersibleUnderwater vehicle used in ocean exploration that is well constructed to
withstand pressure.Surf beatA result of constructive and destructive interference that is seen on
shore when waves do not all appear with auniform size. Some are larger, some are
smaller.Surface CurrentsThese transfer heat from tropical to polar regions, distribute nutrients,
scatter organisms and influenceweather and climate.Surging WaveA wave that surges ashore
without breaking.SverdrupThis measurement of volume of water flow is equal to 1 million metres
cubed per second.Swellmature wind waves of one wavelength that form orderly undulations of
the ocean surfaceThermoclineA narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and
in many temperate-zone lakesTidal BoreA high, often breaking wave generated by a tide crest
that advances rapidly up an estuary or river.tidal currenta current produced by tidal forces.Tidal
DatumThe reference level (0.0) from which tidal height is measured.Tidal Rangeis the difference
in height between successive high and low tidesTidesthe regular rise and fall of the ocean's
surface influenced by the moon's gravity pulling on earth. The fastestmoving wavesTomboloA
ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another islandTransform
Boundaryboundary where two lithospheric plates slide past one anotherTransitionalThese
waves travel though water deeper than 1/20 but shallower than 1/2 their
wavelengthTransverseIn these boundary currents, the flow is from East to West or West to East.
They link eastern andwestern boundary currents. The West Wind Drift is an example of this type
of boundary current.TrenchDeepest part of the sea floortsunamia long high sea wave caused by
an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.TsunamiWave generated as a result
of a seismic event.Turbidity CurrentA down-slope movement of dense, sediment-laden water
that rapidly transports large amounts ofsediment from the shelf to the sea
floorUndercurrentsCountercurrents beneath surface currents. Can influence conditions at the
ocean surface.UpwellingThe movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface of
an ocean by offshore windsWater pressureThe weight that water pushes downwardswavea
disturbance on the surface of a liquid body, as the sea or a lake, in the form of a moving ridge or
swell.Wavea moving ridge on the surface of the waterWave cresthighest part of a progresive
waveWave diffractionBending of waves around obstacles.wave fetchWind fetch is defined as
the unobstructed distance that wind can travel over water in a constantdirectionWave
FrequencyNumber of waves passing a fixed point per second.wave heightthe height of a
wave.Wave HeightVertical distance between a wave crest and an adjacent wave troughwave
motionpropagation of disturbances-that is, deviations from a state of rest or equilibrium-from
place to placein a regular and organised way.wave periodFor a wave, the speed is the distance
travelled by a given point on the wave (such as a crest) in a
given period of timeWave reflectionThe reflection of progressive waves by a vertical barrier.
Reflection occurs with little loss of energy.Wave refractionSlowing and bending of progressive
waves in shallow water.wave surfThe waves of the sea as they break upon a shore or reef.wave
swellSwell is the collection of waves moving away from a storm in the ocean.Wave
TrainsProgressing groups of swell with the same origin and wave length are known as
this.Wave troughlowest part of a progressive troughwavelengthdistance between two crest or
troughs of a waveWavelengthHorizontal distance between two consecutive wave crests or wave
troughsWesternThese are the fastest flowing boundary currents. These boundary currents move
warm water from the equatortowards the poles. The Gulf Stream is an example of this type of
boundary current. These boundary currents are narrowand deep and have sharp boundaries.
Eddies can form.WindThese waves tend to be less than 3m high, and have wavelengths
between 60 - 150m in the ocean. Surfacecurrents are powered by the sun and
______________Wind StrengthThe length of time the wind blows, the fetch and these are three
factors that affect wind wavedevelopment.Zooplanktonsmall free-floating animals that form part
of plankton that feed on marine algae.alluvial fanIf a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat
plain, its gradient and velocity decrease abruptly. As aresult, it deposits most of its sediments in
a fan-shaped mound calledartesian aquiferforms where a tilted layer of permeable rock, such as
sandstone, lies sandwiched between layers ofimpermeable rock, such as shale. Water rises in
an artesian well without being pumped. A hose with a hole(inset) showswhy an artesian well
flows spontaneously.bed loadboulders and cobbles moved along the stream bedbraided
streamA stream that has split into a tangled network of small streams that split and reunite,
winding along astream channel filled with sediment from times when the water flow is much
greater. Joe Creek in Canada's YukonTerritory is heavily braided because glaciers provide more
sediment than the stream can carry.capacity of streamtotal amount of sediment it can carry past
a point in a given amount of timechannelthe the trough or groove through which a stream
flowscompetencemeasure of the largest particle a stream can carryComponents of the
hydrologic
cycleevapotranspirationcondensationprecipitationinfiltrationpercolationrunoffcondensationis the
process of water changing from a vapour to a liquid. Water vapour in the air rises mostly
byconvection. This means that warm, humid air will rise, while cooler air will flow downward. As
the warmer air rises, thewater vapour will lose energy, causing its temperature to drop. The
water vapour then has a change of state into liquid orice.deltaA stream also slows abruptly
when it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form anearly flat
landform calleddischarge (stream flow)the amount of water flowing down a stream. It is equal to
velocity x cross sectional area.dissolved loadions dissolved in waterdistribution of water on
Earth(Oceans, Glaciers, Groundwater, etc.)drainage basinThe land area that contributes water
to a river systemevapotranspirationis water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by
plants. It is also the way that water vapourre-enters the atmosphere.geysera hot spring in which
water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air.glaciersa
massive, long-lasting, moving mass of compacted snow and icegraded stream profileWith time,
the stream smoothes out the irregularities to develop a __________.groundwaterWater held
underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.hydrologic cycleThe hydrologic cycle
shows that water circulates constantly among the sea, the atmosphere, and theland. Whole
numbers indicate thousands of cubic kilometres of water transferred each year. Percentages
show proportionsof total global water in different portions of the Earth's surface.Importance of
transport of water from oceans to continents via the atmosphereEvery year about 30000 to
40000 cubickilometres (a cube 30-35 km in size) of water move across the surface of the
continents to the oceans, profoundly shaping