Anatomy and Physiology
Cell Structure
1. Looking at the cell below, LABEL all organelles and LIST the function (1 point for both for each
organelle:
Centriole
Chromatin
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Glycogen
Lysosome
Microfilaments
Mitochondrion
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Intermediate Filament
Microtubule
Plasma Membrane
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Vacuole
2. DRAW a picture of the life cycle of the cell.
Cell Respiration
3. Look at the following diagram and DESCRIBE how we get energy in the AEROBIC processes.
Make sure to name the two parts of the process that is happening here.
4. Look at the following diagram and DESCRIBE how we get energy in the ANAEROBIC processes.
Make sure to mention what happens with lactic acid afterwards as well.
Cell Transport
5. In the following table, write the definition and DRAW a picture of what each term means.
Diffusion
Filtration
Facilitate Diffusion
Osmosis
6. Looking at the cells, describe what solution the cell is in and why it looks the way it does.
Body Fluid Balance
7. Looking at the following picture, how much percent of fluid exist in each space.
8. Describe how our body regulates fluid.
Skeletal System
9. What is the function of the skeletal system?
10. What is the difference between a tendon, ligament, and cartilage?
11. With the following diagrams. Make sure to LABEL all the parts of the skeletal system.
a. SKULL
Nasal bones
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Palatine
Middle and
inferior nasal
conchae
Occipital
Mandible
Vomer
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Foramen
Magnum
zygomatic
b. Skeleton
c. Spinal Column
12. What is C1 called? What is C2 called?
13. What particular area articulates with the pelvis?
14. What is the axial and appendicular skeleton?
15. How many ribs are attached to the sternum?
16. What part of the skeletal system supports the weight?
17. What is the difference between ilium and ileum?
18. What are common place for fractures in a hip fracture?
19. What main element helps to create bone?
20. What is the function of collagen on bones?
Musculoskeletal System
21. What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle?
22. What is the difference between atrophy and hypertrophy?
23. Types of Muscles. List what the function of muscle is and where it is found.
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
24. How do muscle contractions happen?
25. What is hemoglobin? What is myoglobin?
26. What is the by-product of anaerobic respiration?
27. How can lactic acid be broken down and what is it used for?
28. What muscle flexes and rotates the spine?
Respiratory System
29. LABEL the following diagram of the upper and lower airway anatomy.
30. What is the difference between inhalation and exhalation?
31. What is respiration vs ventilation?
32. Chemical Control of Breathing
a. What is an acid and how is it indicated as the pH?
b. What is a base and how is it indicated with the pH?
c. What is the action of the buffer system?
d. What is the normal pH of blood?
e. What is the normal CO2 of a person?
f.
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
g. What causes respiratory acidosis?
33. Nervous system control of the respiratory system. LABEL the diagram.
Pons
Medulla
Dorsal respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
Pontine center
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
34. Describe each term and label the pie chart.
a. Tidal volume
b. Inspiratory reserve
c. Expiratory reserve
d. Residual volume
Circulatory System
35. LABEL the diagram
36. Describe how heart sounds are determined in the heart.
37. What is a murmur?
38. What is a bruit?
39. Electrical conduction of heart. Draw the electrical conduction of the heart and label each area.
40. Heart function.
a. Describe in two words chronotropic state
b. Describe in two words dromotropic state
c. Describe in two words inotropic state
d. Describe alpha effects
e. Describe beta effects
41. Describe the TWO phases of cardiac cycle.
42. How do determine a pulse pressure?
43. Describe afterload.
a. Will vasoconstriction or increase volume increase afterload?
44. Describe preload.
a. What can increase preload?
45. What is Starlings law?
46. LABEL the structure of the arteries and veins.
Lymphatic System
47. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
48. List all of the components of the lymphatic system.
Nervous System
49. Looking at the brain below, LABEL AND DESCRIBE the function of each part of the brain:
50. List the layers of the meninges.
51. List how the Peripheral Nervous System is divided out and describe the functions of each
PNS
52. List the 12 Cranial Nerves
Integumentary System
53. Label the diagram. Then list out the function of the epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous layers.