CHAPTER 7 STUDY GUIDE THE ROMANS 1. A form of government in which the leader is not a monarch. Republic 2. Great landowners who became Rome’s ruling class Patrician 3. Roman social class made up of landholders, craft people, merchants, and small farmers. plebeian 4. Select group of about 300 patricians who served for life. senate 5. Carthaginian general Hannibal 6. Government by three people with equal power Triumvirate 7. Had been given command of a war in Asia Minor. Lucious Cornelious 8. The process by which towns and cities become larger as population increases Urbanization 9. Dominant male head of family Paterfamilias 10. Commander in chief Imperator DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the item that best completes each sentence or answers each question. Write the letter of the item in the blank to the left of the sentence. (4 points each). 20% ___c_____11. Rome’s first code of laws was a. Law of Nations b. Council of the plebs c. Twelve Tablets d. Tribune ___d_____12. Rome Defeated, then destroyed, Carthage in the a. Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C. b. Fourth Macedonian War c. Conquest of southern Italy d. Punic Wars ___d_____13. The first Triumvirate was made up of -a. Marius, Scully, and Cincinnatus b. Tiberius, Gaius, and Timothy. c. Lucius, cornelius, and Sulla d. Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar. ___a_____14. The Pax Romana was a. A period of peace and prosperity beginning in A.D. 96 b. Leader of the Senate c. Series of fortifications d. Program of public works ___c_____15. Augustus’s new political system allowed emperors to choose a. Their Senate b. Their Family c. Their successors d. Their language DIRECTIONS: ESSAY QUESTIONS Use your own words. Be careful with your spelling. Use complete sentences. No more than five lines. (10 points each) 40% 1. List and explain the three main factors that led to the rise of Rome. 1. Had a strong military army. Their army was prepared enabling them to be alert and attack. 2. Aristocrats ruled in an organized way, but were cruel if it was necessary. The Senate ruled making the state a little organized but strict at the same time. 3. Had successful strategies. Enabled them to gain control of many territories and expand. 2. Why did Rome find it necessary to wage three Punic Wars? They wanted to defeat Carthage and have control of the western Mediterranean. At that time Carthage, Rome’s enemy, was the largest and richest area in the state.The Romans feared about their power and their enormous trading empire, so they decided to make the wars to become the masters of the entire Mediterranean Sea. Rome also wanted to expand its territory. 3. Compare and contrast the first and Second Triumvirate. Compare Contrast Lead powers were: Julius Caesar, Pompey, Leading powers were Octavian, Antony, and and Crassus. Julius Caesar won more Lepidus. Octavian won the power in the second power in the first triumvirate over the other triumvirate. It was after Caesar’s death in the members. Created major developments in first one, and saw the foundations of the empire. Rome. Had many political conflicts and wars. There was a battle between 2 powerful forces, at the end, Julious Cesar had the absolute power of the state. 4. List and explain the contributions of the Romans in the Arts, Architecture, technology, Mathematics, Science, and literature ARTS: Realistic statues. Similar to Greeks’ statues, Romans placed imperfect features. ARCHITECTURE: Curved vaults and domes in concrete, based on Greek buildings. TECHNOLOGY: Great roads and aqueducts, helped develop cities. MATHEMATICS: Numerical system of the Etruscans. Used letters to represent numbers. SCIENCE: Theory of Humors. Thought humors dominated a person’s temperament. LITERATURE: The Aeneid, a poem that gave the importance of duty and Satires, stated themes like greed. CHAPTER 8 STUDY GUIDE THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND EMERGING EUROPE 1. Church leaders Clergy 2. Regular church members Laity 3. Practice of living the life of a monk Monasticism 4. A person sent out to carry a religious message Missionary 5. Proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity Edict of milan 6. First invading tribe to sack Rome Visigoth 7. Picture of religious images Icons 8. The worship of religious images Idolatry 9. A means of determining guilt in Germanic law Ordeal 10. Epidemic disease Plague DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the item that best completes each sentence or answers each question. Write the letter of the item in the blank to the left of the sentence. (4 points each). 20% ___b._____11. Constantine became the Roman Empires´s a. Last non-Christian sailor b. First Christian emperor c. Greatest persecutor of Christians d. Sole defendant of Islam ___b._____12. Under which emperor did Rome adopt Christianity as its official religion? a. Julius Caesar b. Theodosius the Great c. Nero d. Zeno II ____a.____13. Christianity was especially attractive to a. The poor b. The powerful c. merchants d. Diocletian __ c._ _14. The political and military reforms of Deocleatians and Constantine a. Enable the Roman Empire to withstand the invasion of the Aryan tribes b. Strengthened the economy, which had been weakened by several recent wars. c. Greatly enhanced the army and civil service institutions, but drained most of the public funds d. Were the direct result of the Roman Empire adopting Islam as its official religion ___a.____15. In the long run, the economic, and social policies of Deocletian and Constantine a. Stifled the vitality the Late Empire needed to revive its sagging fortunes b. Produced a period of prosperity unrivaled by any other time in Roman history c. Angered the populace to such degree that they rose up in revolt d. Strengthened the Roman Empire against the invading British tribes of the North DIRECTIONS: ESSAY QUESTIONS Use your own words. Be careful with your spelling. Use complete sentences. No more than five lines. (10 points each) 40% 1. Why was Christianity able to attract and maintain so many followers? Cristianity was able to attract and maintain so many followers because: 1. Christianity had a lot to offer to Rome because it was personal, offered salvation and eternal life for individuals, and gave life meaning and purpose. 2. Christianity seemed familiar. It was a mysterious religion, but it did not need to do painful or expensive rituals. 3. Christianity provided a way of belonging to the people by helping them to form communities to help and love one another. 4. Christianity was also organized and was for all the classes. 2. Identify the causes of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The causes of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire are: 1. Invasions from other tribes especially from Germanic ones. They destroyed much of it. 2. Rome's civil wars, causing violent death and destruction. 3. The plague that killed a lot of people. 4. The economic crisis that was led by the first three characteristics. The reforms also influenced the fall because, although it stabilized the empire a little, they were still in debts. There are also theories of the fall of the western Roman Empire like the lead poisoning, the failure to make technological advances, etc. 3. Make a pyramid graph to represent the organization of the Early Christian Church. 4 How different were The German custom and The Roman custom to determine criminal guilt? The German custom and the Roman custom to determine criminal guilt were different because to determine guilt in Roman law, there was a trial where you could expose your case with evidence and judges would decide if you were guilty or not. In Roman Law, crime was an offense to the state, but in Germanic law, they used ordeals to determine guilt. Ordeals were physical trials where you needed to make a test, and if the person got harmed he or she was guilty. If not, the person was innocent. They thought that it would be a divine intervention if the person is innocent. If you ‘’found guilty’’, you needed to pay a fine called a wergild. CHAPTER 9 STUDY GUIDE ISLAM AND THE ARAB EMPIRE 1.The Islamic law code Shari’ah 2. Arabic name for God Allah 3. Those who practice Islam read holy scriptures called Quran 4. First Caliph Abu Bakr 5. The followers of the Arab Umayyads as caliphs were the Sunni 6. Covered market Bazaar 7. Perfected by the muslims; later helped European Sailors. Astrolab 8. He wrote a medical encyclopedia Ibn Sina 9. A collection of Folktales, fables, and romances is The Arabian Nights 10. Geometric pattern decorations arabesque DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the item that best completes each sentence or answers each question. Write the letter of the item in the blank to the left of the sentence. (4 points each). 20% ___c._____11. According to Islamic belief, Muhammad is a. The son of Allah b. An Angel c. The prophet of Allah d. The reincarnation of Moses ____a.____12. Resentment against Umayyad rule grew because a. Non-Arab Muslims did not like the way local administrators favored Arabs b. The Mu?’awiyah changed the capital from Madinah to Athens c. Of the inability of the Umayyad generals to defeat the Byzantines d. The people were not allowed to play cards. ___d.___13. It was Europe’s largest city after Constantinople a. Baghdad b. Rome c. Madinah d. Cordoba ____b.____14. It was through the Muslim world that Europeans a. Were able to obtain products from Spain b. Recovered the works of Aristotle and other Greek Philosophers c. Developed an appreciation for painting and sculpture d. Discovered tobacco. ____a.____15. The crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer five times a day. a. Bedouins b. Muezzin c. Abu Bakaar d. Caliph DIRECTIONS: ESSAY QUESTIONS Use your own words. Be careful with your spelling. Use complete sentences. No more than five lines. (10 points each) 40% 1. Explain the significance of the message given to Muhammad by Gabriel. THe significance is that Gabriel´s message tells Muhhammad to recite what he heard. This helped to his knowledge in Jewish and Christianty and helped him pass these revelations given by Allah. With this, he could eventually write them down in the Quran. It is significant because, although they were persecuted and many people did not believe him, he created faith in some persons and made them stronger creating the religión of Islam with his teachings. 2. List and explain each of the five Pillars of Islam. The 5 Pillars of Islam are: 1. Belief, it is when you believe that Allah is the only god and Muhhamad is his messenger. 2. Prayer, in islam, you must pray five times a day to Allah in a certain direction. 3. Charity, you need to share and give part of your wealth with the poor. 4. Fasting, you need to not eat food as a sacrifice from dawn to sunset. 5. Pilgrimage, the muslims who are financially ok, need to make a pilgrimage to the city of Makkah at least once. 3. Explain how the treatment of women in the Islamic World contradicts the teachings of Islam The treatment of women in the Islamic World contradicts the teachings of Islam because the Quran allowed woman to have some responsabilities and right at the house, owned some inherited property, and had espiritual equality with men, but when Ithe slam was growing, these things were replaced by older customs. Some of these customs were that the man was the dominant one in the family, and women had to cover all parts of her body and cannot talk with other men. This customs are still practiced in some Muslim societies. 4. Explain how the scientific advances of the Islamic civilizations made an impact on the Western world. They made an impact in the western world because they contributed more intellectually to the western world. They provided the West with a lot of new findings and machines to make their lives easier. For example they restored the works of philosophers and translated them, created the astrolabe which was useful for navigations, they discover which diseases were contagious and gave the West encyclopedias for it, stated that the Earth was round, provided history and its division in political and social matters, and they also provided the west with mathematical knowledge and books with their mathematical discipline in Algebra, they Arabic system, and the use of zero. CHAPTER 10 STUDY GUIDE MEDIEVAL KINGDOMS IN EUROPE 1.A social or political class. ESTATE 2. a wealthy, powerful landowner. PATRICIAN 3.The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.. 4. Craft business associations BOURGEOSIE 5. A peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide a service, pay rent, to the lord. 6. An agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked. 7. The representative government that emerged in thirteenth-century England 8. The “Great Charter “ of rights SERF 9. Political and social order that developed during the middle ages when nobles offered protection and land in return for services. 10. It was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold. FEUDALISM GUILDS MANOR PARLIAMENT MAGNA CARTA CHIVALRY DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the item that best completes each sentence or answers each question. Write the letter of the item in the blank to the left of the sentence. (4 points each). 20% ___c._____11. Serfs were different from peasants in that serf a. Owned the land they worked on b. Could live anywhere they chose except land that was part of a lord’s estate c. Were legally bound to the land upon which they worked and lived. d. Lived in cities and were not farmers like the peasants ____a._____12. This led to Feudalism a. Rulers found it more and more difficult to Defend their subjects. Thus, people began to turn to local nobles to protect them. b. The Vikings posed a large threat to the safety of people in Europe. c. The Frankish policy of settling the vikings and converting them to Christianity. d. The Carolingian Empire was torn apart. ___b.______13. A ____ carruca______was a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare. a. Dozer b. Carruca c. Shovel d. Cabochon ___c._____14.In order to encourage trade between Flanders and Italy, the counts of champagne a. Built a canal between the two, upon which their town was a major stopping point. b. Offered free wine to traders traveling through their fiefdom. c. Initiated a series of trade fairs in the chief towns of the territory d. Agreed not to marry the merchants of these two countries. ___b.______15. One function of craft guilds was to a. Encourage competition among workers b. Set quality standards c. Organize workers to strike d. Keep women out of the workforce DIRECTIONS: ESSAY QUESTIONS Use your own words. Be careful with your spelling. Use complete sentences. No more than five lines. (10 points each) 40% 1. Why did the collapse of governments lead to the new political and social order known as feudalism? The collapse of governments led to the new political and social order known as feudalism because it was difficult to support a big government like an empire, so people started relying on landowning aristocrats for protection. After the invasion of the vikings and the collapsing of governments, people had to find a powerful lord that could offer them protection. In exchange, these people made services for their lord. That is how Feudalism was created. 2. What factors led to population growth in the High Middle Ages? The factors that led to population growth in the High Middle Ages are: 1. The creation of farming technology increased food production. 2. People were trading more thanks to the increasing food production. 3. The trading transforms into merchandise accepting profit instead of other things. Other factors are that Europe was peaceful after invasions and had a great climate for the planting of crops. Because of this, people started to move from towns to the cities for more opportunities making the cities grow. 3. Explain how the increase in bartering helped lead to the rise of commercial capitalism. The increase in bartering helped lead to the rise of commercial capitalism because, when new farming technology and the two-halve system were applied, trade started rising and rising. This made the economy emerge. They have started the demand for gold and silver coins. Instead of other goods, they start accepting profit. Then traders and economic institutions started making laws to deal with the changing money, contracts, invoices, and bills of exchange. These practices started commercial capitalism. 4. Identify important events in England, France, and The Holy Roman Empire during the High Middle Ages. Some important events in England, France, and The Holy Roman Empire during the High Middle Ages were: In England In France In the Holy Roman Empire 1. The expansion of the kings' power was starting, 2. The Norman Conquest where taxation systems developed and Anglo-saxon people spreaded, 3. common laws, a uniform system of law, replaced other laws, and 4. The use of the Magna Carta, the “Great Charter” of rights. 1. They restored power to the monarchy, 2. In Philip`s IV reign, there was a strong monarchy and a powerful bureaucracy, 3. In Philip II Augustus`s reign, there was an increase in income and power, and 4. Created the Estates-General, France's first parliament composed of the three estates or orders: the clergy, the nobles, and the townspeople and peasants. 1. In the tenth century, Otto was crowned Emperor of Rome when he was German, but it brought a lot of problems, 2. Frederick I and Frederick II wanted to create a new empire and named it the Holy Roman Empire because they considered that Italy was the center of a “holy empire”. They failed, 3. They had a strong central state, but failed because of bureaucracy. At last, many other types of kingdoms were created. CHAPTER 12 STUDY GUIDE CRUSADES AND CULTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Court created by the church to find and try heretics 2. Hostility toward or discrimination against jews 3. Forbids priests from giving the sacraments to a certain group of people. 4. An annual direct tax, usually on land or property 5. The study of religión and God INQUISITION 6. The language of everyday speech in a particular región. 7. Attempted to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings with the doctrines of Christianity 8. Military expeditions carried out by European Christians to regain the Holy Land 9. An unbeliever. Muslims VERNACULAR 10.The denial of basic Church doctrines. HERESY ANTI-SEMITISM INTERDICT TAILLE THEOLOGY SCHOLASTICISM CRUSADES INFIDEL DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the item that best completes each sentence or answers each question. Write the letter of the item in the blank to the left of the sentence. (4 points each). 20% ____a.____11. The struggle between Henry the IV and Gregory VII was known as a. The Investiture Controversy b. The seven years war c. The Magna Argument. d. The Concordat of Worms ____b._____12. Born to wealthy merchant family, Francis of Assisi a. Used his status in society to improve the lot of women b. The eventually abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty c. Was both a successful, wealthy merchant and a very popular novelist. d. Gave up his claim to the family fortunes to join the Benedictine monastic order. ____d._____13. Dominic de Guzman believed the best way to attack heresy was a. To lead a new crusade against the muslims in the Holy Land. b. By purging the cities of all old people who did not strictly follow the Church doctrines c. To declare interdictions against kingdoms in which heresy was tolerated d. The formation of a new religious order of men who lived lives of poverty and preached effectively. ____b._____14.Joan of Arc brought the Hundred Years’ war to a decisive turning point by a. Spying on the English armies b. Inspiring the French with her faith c. Fleeing to the English d. Seducing Charles. ____d._____15. Spain’s two strongest kingdoms, Castile and Aragon, were united when a. The Mongols invaded Spain b. Prince Aragon died c. The Jews were expelled. d. Isabella married Ferdinand. 3. DIRECTIONS: ESSAY QUESTIONS Use your own words. Be careful with your spelling. Use complete sentences. No more than five lines. (10 points each) 40% 16. Identify the economic consequences of Black Death. The economic consequences of the Black Death were that it provoked: 1. the decline of trade, 2. shortage of workers, 3. the rising of prices, 4. it lowered the demand for food causing falling prices, 5. incomes from rents were declining, liberating laborers from serfdom, etc. This disease was passed through the rate route. It also caused social problems like the anti-semitic movements. 17. Complete the following Chart New Religious Orders Order Founder Focused on Cistercians It was founded in 1098 by a group of unhappy monks with lack of discipline at their own Benedictine monastery. They were strict and only focused on manual labor work, having a strict diet, praying, and developing a new activistic spiritual model. Franciscans Founded by Francis of Assisi. Focused on missionary work and living in simplicity and poverty to convert people into Christianity. Dominicans Founded by Spanish priest Dominic de Guzman Focused one defending the church teachings from heresy, and the believing that a new religious order of men living in poverty could preach effectively and be able to attack heresy. After this they created the Inquisition. 17. Explain why the Hundred Years’ War was a turning point in the ways of warfare. The Hundred Years’ War was a turning point in the ways of warfare because the peasants, not the knights, won the chief battles of the war. When the territory was in danger the peasants were the ones who fought to defend it. The turning point was the decline of power of the knights because of the peasants´ intervention. The knights did not have a lot of power anymore. Joan of Arc also made a turning point during the battle by inspiring the French armies with her faith. 18. What were the religious, political, and economic motivations for the Crusades? The religious, political, and economic motivations for the Crusades were: 1. They wanted to free Jerusalem from infidels, 2. Religious Fervor, 3. The desire of knights and other people to gain wealth and a possible title, 4. To gain more lands and territory especially for the merchants´ trade, 5. The sought of adventure of some knights, and 6. The rising taxes of the government. All lead to the crusade battles. CHAPTER 15 STUDY GUIDE THE RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE 1. A soldier who fights primarily for pay MERCENARY 2. A member of the middle class who lived in a city or town. 3. Movement based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar and rhetoric. 4. painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints 5. Artistic techniques used to give the effect of three-dimensional surfaces. BURGHER HUMANISM FRESCO PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the item that best completes each sentence or answers each question. Write the letter of the item in the blank to the left of the sentence. (5 points each). 30% ____c._____11. The war between France and Spain for control of Italy ended when the a. Italian people rose up and drove out both armies b. French army occupied Nice in 1494 c. Spanish mercenaries were let loose to sack the city of Rome. d. The Medici family negotiated a peace that divided up the country and left themselves in control of Sicily.. ____d._____12. Leonardo da Vinci was an excellent example of Renaissance Italy”social ideal because he a. Was a politician, and politicians were considered the pinnacle of human achievement. b. Came from a wealthy family and greatly improved his family’s status in society. c. Wrote grand romantic poetry and insightful political treatises. d. Was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician. ____b._____13. Christine de Pizan is best known for her a. Passionate love affair with Hannibal b. Works written in defense of women c. Defense of the por d. Long hair ____c._____14. The frescoes painted by _Masaccio_____ have long been regarded as the first masterpieces of early Renaissance a. Michelangelo b. Pablo Picasso c. Masaccio d. Filippo Brunelleschi ____a._____15. Dante wrote a. “Divine Comedy” b. “The Prince” c. “The Book of the Courtier” d. “The Tribute Money” ___c.______16. The Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism a. GIrolamo Savonarola b. Baldassare Castiglione c. Francesco Petrarch d. Johannes Gutenberg DIRECTIONS: ESSAY QUESTIONS Use your own words. Be careful with your spelling. Use complete sentences. No more than five lines. (10 points each) 40% 17. What contributed to the rise of the Italian States during the Renaissance? The things that contributed to the rise of the Italian States during the Renaissance was the increasing and expansion of trade, and some wars and conflicts that made rich families in the Italian states increase in power, making the church decline and lose almost all political and economic power. The rich families started ruling in a way the Italian states during the Renaissance. 18. LIst and describe the Characteristics of the Renaissance Some characteristics of the Renaissance are: 1. The expansion of trade. This made rich families more powerful, making a decline in the church's power. 2. Their movement and thinking, based on humanism. This was an intellectual movement where they started to focus one the human and learn about liberal studies such as poetry, grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, etc. 3. The spreading of Vernacular Literature. They started doing more works of vernacular literature because people could enjoy them by reading in their own dialect or language. They felt more comfortable. 4. Art during the Renaissance became more realistic. Art became more realistic and perspective, frescos, and other techniques were developed to achieve this style focused on the human being. 19. Describe the political philosophy set forth in Machiavelli’s “ The Prince” The political philosophy set forth in Machiavelli’s “ The Prince” had a main thesis that emphasized on how to acquire and keep power. This meant that the “prince”, or the one in power, needed to understand that human nature towards politics, political activity is not restricted by moral principles, and that he needs to act on behalf of the state. Machiavelli stated that politics had nothing to do with moral principles because a prince needed to do good if necessary, but also needed to do evil, if it was also necessary. This was because of everyone's well-being in the state. He also said “The ends justify the means”. They had to make sacrifices in order to seek common well-being. 20.. How did Humanism influence the works of Renaissance artists and authors? Give examples. Humanism influenced the works of Renaissance artists and authors by using techniques to make a more focused worldview art and make it appear more realistic. For example, Masaccio's frescoes and perspective, Donatello's realistic, free-standing statues, Fillipo Brunelleschi´s domes and realistic imagery, Leaonardo da Vinci´s realistic paintings of human bodies to capture perfection, Raphael Sanzio's Madonnas and his painting “The School of Athens”, in which perspective was applied, and Michelangelo Buonarroti´s figures on the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel depicting perfect bodies in a more god-like figure.
