COMMUNICATION
Oral Communication in Context
The Development of Listening and Speaking Skills and Strategies for Effective Communication
in various situations .
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Is a process of exchanging ideas between two or more
persons.
The act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information or to express
your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
A process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or
behavior .
Value of Communication
The word communication came from
the Latin word “communis” which
means common or to “commune” or to
come together or to share something in
common.
Communication in its most basic sense is the cement that
holds society together. Without it, society will fall apart.
Maslog 1988
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication represents the important role
inside personal existence, family member’s
existence, cultural existence, company
existence and many others.
1. Communication is related to human
activity: Communication exchanges are actually
directly linked with every single ball of human being
lifetime.
2. Communication involves two or more parties: At least, two
parties are involved in virtually any communication
exchange process.
3.Communication could be one-way or maybe two-way
process: Communication might take the design involving
two-way or maybe one-way process. With two-way
communication, the receiver sends his feedback to the
sender after receiving the message.
4. Success of communication depends on a proper understanding of
the parties involved: Powerful communication comes about if your
receiver feels your concept you might say your sender posts the idea.
If the receiver doesn’t deliver his or her reaction to your sender, your
sender is not going to fully grasp your receiver’s view.
5. Conversation in organization flows in a variety of styles: With
organization, information flows in a variety of recommendations, for
example way upward direction, down way, horizontal way and many
others.
7 Major Elements of Communication Process
(1) Sender:
The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing information
and ideas to others is known as sender or communicator.
(2) Ideas:
This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude,
feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.
(3) Encoding:
Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and intangible, its further
passing requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions or pictures etc.
Conversion of subject matter into these symbols is the process of encoding.
(4)
Communication Channel:
The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the channel
for sending the required information, ideas etc. This information is
transmitted to the receiver through certain channels which may be either
formal or informal.
(5) Receiver:
Receiver is the person who receives the message or for whom the
message is meant for. It is the receiver who tries to understand the
message in the best possible manner in achieving the desired objectives.
(6) Decoding:
The person who receives the message or symbol from the
communicator tries to convert the same in such a way so that he
may extract its meaning to his complete understanding.
(7) Feedback:
Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received
the message and understood in the same sense as sender meant it.
Communication Process
SPEAKER
RECEIVER
MESSAGE
LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The Interactive (stimulus-response) Model of
Communication
Feed back
SPEAKER
RECEIVER
MESSAGE
Feed back
Purposive
Communication
COURSE DESCRIPTION
 Purposive Communication is about writing, speaking and presenting to different
audiences and for various purposes
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
 Is a process of exchanging ideas between two or more persons.
 The act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange
information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
 A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common
system of symbols, signs, or behavior .
Communication is:
❖ Reciprocal because we cannot separate
communicators into sender and receiver.
❖ Process because it keeps on “evolving and
changing”.
❖ involves creating and sharing of meaning.
Process of Communication
VARIOUS MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Speaker
Audience
Speech
Occasion
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Effect
Wendel Johnson Model of Communication
EVENT /SOURCE
SENSORY STIMULATION
Pre- verbal Neurophysiological State
Transformation of pre-verbal into
symbolic forms
Verbal Formulation
Berlos’s SMCR Model of Communication
Source
Message
Encodes
Channel
Decodes
Receiver
Conversation
Skills
Content
Hearing
Conversation
Skills
Attitudes
Elements
Seeing
Attitudes
Knowledge
Treatment
Touching
Knowledge
Social System
Structure
Smelling
Social System
Culture
Code
Tasting
Culture
GIVE THE SIX BASIC
ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
SIX BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER/RECEIVER
MESSAGE
CHANNEL
FEEDBACK
NOISE
SETTING
PERSONS
TOPIC / INFORMATION
MEDIUM/ TOOL
REACTION/RESPONSE
DISTURBING FACTOR
TIME/ PLACE
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
• Non-verbal communication is a form of sharing insights and ideas
,information, experiences etc. without the use of words.
• Most of the time verbal communication is supported by non-verbal
communication to better portray the meanings a speaker would
like to share.
Types of Non- Verbal
Communication
1. Body Movements / Body Kinetics
They come in the following categories:
a. EMBLEMS – these are body movements which have direct translation into
words.
Ex . Thumbs up
b. Illustrators – these are used to accent, emphasize or reinforce
words.
Ex. Pointing fingers when giving direction
c. Regulators – these are signs showing control at the back and forth natures
of speaking and listening.
Ex. head nods, hand gestures, shifts in posture during interaction
d. Display of feelings – a persons face or body movements may convey how
intense his emotions is.
Ex. Tight hug signify an intimate relationship
e. Adaptors – these are non- verbal ways used in adapting to the
communication situation.
Ex. A woman visited a friend’s house and when she was there, she started
picking up scattered things on the floor. She implied that her friend could
hardly clean her house.
2. Paralanguage-refers to
the ways of saying
something. It includes
the characteristics as:
3. Body Types can also
communicate a
message
• Rate – speed of
speaking
• Pitch – highness/lowness
of tone
• Volume- loudness
• Quality- pleasing /
unpleasing sound
a.Ectomorphs (thin
people)
b.Endomorphs ( fat
people)
c.Mesomorphs (
athletic people)
4. Attractiveness
can get positive
response than those
who are perceived
not to be attractive.
Physical attributes of
a person may mean
something to the
people around her.
5.Body Adornment
involves form of
clothing, make up,
jewelry and hairstyle
Ex. An applicant who is
dressed appropriately
might likewise be hired
than those who are not.
6. Space and Distance/
Proxemics
It concerns the way a
person uses the space
around him as well as the
distance where he stands. It
may be explained through
the following:
a.Intimate distance
b.Personal distance
c.Social distance
d.Public distance
7. Touch- the kind of
touch used in
communication reflects
meaning about the
relationship between the
sender and the receiver.
The more intense the
relationship, the more
frequent and more
intimate the touch
8. There are two kinds of people
based on time; punctual and late
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
What is culture?

-
Culture influences many parts of people’s lives including:
Food
Clothes
Opinions
Identity and etc.
 More so, according to Tyler (1870) culture… is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and many other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
 Lastly, culture is the collective programming of the mind which
distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from
another. (Hofstede, 1994)
Culture SENSITIVITY?
Cultural Sensitivity begins with a recognition that there are
differences between cultures.
Cultural sensitivity is more than an awareness that there are
differences in culture in order to interact effectively either through
verbal and non-verbal communication.
Sensitivity to culture is a set of skills allows you to understand about
people whose cultural background is not the same as yours.
Are you culturally sensitive?
A culturally
competent person
views all people as
unique individuals
and realizes that
their experiences,
beliefs, and
language affects
their perceptions.
Are you culturally sensitive?
People who don’t recognize differences between cultures fall on
stereotyping and discriminating minority groups.
SENSITIVITY to GENDER
Aspects of Gender:
Assignment - This is the gender from birth, either being male and
female, it is also the gender prescribed by the society.
(1)
Aspects of Gender:
Role – This is the set of behaviors, mannerisms, and other traits that
society use to express as part of the gender assigned.
(2)
Aspects of Gender:
Identity – This is what we think the gender should be in any given
time.
(3)
Aspects of Gender:
Attribution – This is the gender assigned to people when we first meet
them and is based on a set of cues that differentiate to culture.
(4)
CULTURAL
APPROPRIATION
AND
APPRECIATION
APPROPRIATION
VERSUS
APPRECIATION
knowing what sets them apart
HERE’S THE DIFFERENCE
APPROPRIATION
APPRECIATION
it is defined as the act
of taking something
for one’s own use
without the creator’s
or owner’s
permission.
it is the recognition
and enjoyment of the
good qualities of
someone or
something.
?
Cultural Appreciation
is when elements of a culture are used while
honoring their sources.
This incorporates respect and value.
It does not destroy the significance of one’s culture
and practices.
Cultural Appropriation
It is the act of taking intellectual property, traditional
knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts from
someone else’s culture without permission.
This is an insensible act of a dominant group towards
the minority as they adopt their cultural elements.
WHY IS IT
OFFENSIVE?
Think about it…
“
CULTURE IS NOT
A COSTUME.
51
steps in avoiding
cultural
appropriation
52
CULTURAL
APPROPRIATION
AND
APPRECIATION
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
ITALIAN SPAGHETTI
• Sauce is made from fresh
tomato sauce.
• Olive oil and freshly
minced garlic are added.
• Usually pasta is cooked in
an al dente manner.
FILIPINO SPAGHETTI
• Usually made with sweet
tomato/banana
sauce/ketchup.
• Slices of red hotdogs are
often added.
• Somewhat overcooked
noodles.
Examples of cultural differences
CHINESE TEA
AMERICAN ICED TEA
ENGLISH TEA
• Thus, culture makes up a large part of everything
that we do in our day to day life.
Cultural awareness therefore is
needed in order to create crosscultural understanding and
acceptance.
Examples of cultural differences
 Here below are some of the expressions from varying cultures.
In Mediterranean
European countries,
Latin America, and
Sub Saharan Africa,
being half an hour late
is…
NORMAL
In most Northern
European
Countries this is…
EXTREMELY RUDE
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
In Western Cultures
a handshake is
commonly used for
GREETING
In other eastern
cultures bowing comes
first prior to greetings
as a sign of
In the Philippines
“Mano po” gesture is a
sign that honors the
elderly.
RESPECT
HONORING
GESTURE
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
In England, this
gesture usually
means…
OK
Whereas in France
this gesture that
forms an “o”
means…
NOTHING or
WITHOUT VALUE
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
In some countries
laughing is
considered as…
HAPPINESS
In Japan
however, it is
considered as a
sign of…
CONFUSION or
EMBARASSMENT
Examples of cultural differences
In most counties
shaking the head
from side to side is
considered as a…,
NO
Whereas in India,
this gesture
usually means…
YES
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES:
terminologies
FART
In English this
word is a verb
that means “to
expel intestinal
gas from the
anus.”
However in
Denmark,
Norway, and
Sweden, this
word usually
means speed.
GIFT
In English this word
usually denotes a
positive and pleasant
meaning, such as an
act of endowment,
present, donation,
bestowal and others.
In Germany
however, this
word means
poison.
CRAP
In English this word
as a verb means to
defecate, while as
a noun it means
feces.
Whereas in
Romania, this
word pertains to
a type of fish.
BRAT
In English, this
word as a noun
means an illmannered
annoying child.
However in
countries such as
Russia, Poland,
Ukraine, Croatia,
and Serbia, this
word means
brother.
KISS
In English this word
as a noun means
“a gentle touch or
contact,” and “a
caress with the
lips.”
On the other
hand, in Sweden,
this word means
Pee.
PRESERVATIVE
In English this word is
usually associated
within a process of
preserving or saving
something from
decomposition.
In France however,
préservatif vulgarly
means condom.
Lol
As an Internet slang
it usually is an
acronym that
means “Laughing
Out Loud.”
In Dutch
however, this
word actually
means Fun.
SLUT
In English this
word is
associated with
a promiscuous
woman.
On the other
hand, in Sweden
this word means
End.
Visible but often
not decipherable
Greater level of
awareness
Artifacts and Creations
Visible & Audible
Behavior Patterns
Technology
Art
Values
Basic Assumptions
Relationship to Environment
•Taken for
Nature of Reality, Time &
granted
Space
•Invinsible
Nature of Human Nature
Nature of Human Activity
•Pre-consious
Nature of Human
Relationships
& their Interaction
Figure 1: The Levels of Culture
(Minor adaptation of Schein 1984: 4)
TIPS ON HOW TO BE CULTURALLY AWARE:
1. Engage with other’s cultures by asking questions.
2. Be open! Don’t get into the habit of thinking your
way is the only way of doing something.
3. Think about what you can learn from them no
matter how unusual it is.
4. Invite someone to share his/her culture with you.
5. Overcome Stereotypes.