Psych 46A Review for Midterm 3
Lecture 15
1. What bias was shown in the study when people at a college reunion were asked to recall their college grades?
A) hindsight
B) egocentric
C) consistency
D) stereotype
2. What bias was shown in the study of ballplayers predicting where the virtual ball would go after they hit it?
A) hindsight
B) consistency
C) change
D) egocentric
3. When Joseph Bogen discusses his translation of the French term that he translated as "alien hand," he says he should
have translated it as:
A) ambidextrous hand
B) autonomous hand
C) defiant hand
D) diffident hand
4. How did Jill Bolte Taylor find her office phone number after her stroke?
A)
she had written it on her hand
C)
in the phonebook
B)
on her cellphone
D)
on her business card
5. If you showed Joe, the split-brain patient, the following picture projected onto the right side of the screen, which word
would he choose?
A) face
B) smile
C) vegetables
D) he could not identify it at all
6. When Joe, the split-brain patient, sees a figure on the ___________ side of the screen, he cannot name it, but he can
draw it with his __________ hand.
A) right; right
B) left; left
C) left; right
D) right; left
Lecture 16
7. If you perform a lexical decision task which is interrupted by a prospective memory task how does the specificity of the
prospective memory task affect the results?
A)
the ill-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the well-specified tasks; the event-based
tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the time-based tasks
B)
the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the time-based
tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the event-based tasks
C)
the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the event-based
tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the time-based tasks
D)
the ill-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the well-specified tasks; the time-based
tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the event-based tasks
8.
In the video clip we viewed, Mark McDaniel and Gilles Einstein discuss their prospective memory studies and describe
the age differences. What did they find?
A)
no age differences on either the time-based or event-based tasks
B)
large age difference on the event-based task, no age difference on the time-based task
C)
no age difference on the event-based task, large age difference on the time-based task
D)
large age differences on both the time-based and event-based tasks
9. Why is it surprising to Alan Alda that Mahzarin Banaji shows a strong implicit association man and career and a much
lower association between woman and career?
A)
because she is a professor at Harvard
C)
because she is an activist for home-schooling
B)
because she has been able to practice on the task
D)
because she only works with other women
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10. Event-based prospective memory tasks can be further divided into __________________.
A)
immediate-execute and delayed-execute tasks
B)
date-based and clock-based tasks
C)
externally triggered and implicitly triggered
D)
those that require a physical response and those that require a mental response
11. Thomas reminds himself that he needs to go to the bank after work to take out cash. This is an example of
______________.
A) retrospective memory
B) prospective memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory
12. In real life (not in the lab), how do older adults typically perform compared to younger adults on time-based prospective
memory tasks?
A)
They perform better.
B)
They perform worse.
C)
The performances of the two groups are about equal.
D)
It is really unknown because prospective memory cannot be tested.
13. What did Martin et al. find in their study of the impact that the complexity of a distractor task has on prospective
memory?
A)
Low complexity tasks had more severe effects on younger adults.
B)
Complexity had devastating effects on older adults, while they did not impact performance for the younger adults.
C)
Complexity did not significantly impact performance on prospective memory.
D)
High complexity tasks led to a more severe drop off in performance for older adults than in younger adults.
Lecture 17
14. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Asperger's syndrome?
A)
socially inappropriate behavior
C)
B)
peculiarities of speech
D)
15.
repetitive behaviors
short stature relative to family
What did Ramachandran have Tammet do to check his imagery for consistency?
A)
paint pictures of what he visualized when he thought about numbers
B)
performed a fMRI on him while he thought about certain numbers
C)
create models of numbers out of modeling clay
D)
asked him to perform calculations while flashing pictures at him to create interference
16. When Stephen Wiltshire begins his drawing of Rome, which building does he draw first?
A) the Forum
B) the Pantheon
C) the Roman Colosseum
D) the Church of St. Peter
17. What language did Daniel Tammet learn to speak in one week for the television documentary?
A) Mandarin
B) Russian
C) Icelandic
D) French
18. In the video on autism, which of the following captures one of the differences between autistic children and normal
children?
A)
Normal children are not inclined to imitate.
B)
Autistic children find it more natural to imitate others compared to normal children.
C)
Autistic children struggle to imitate others.
D)
Normal children need more encouragement and direction to imitate.
19. Stephen Wiltshire is a unique case of a savant because _______________________________.
A)
not many savants have a specialized skill of drawing
B)
his social development started much later in life
C)
he has more than one specialized skill—he also has extraordinary musical skills
D)
he was normal in his development until his drawing ability emerged
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Lecture 18
20.
Clive Wearing has suffered from almost complete anterograde and fairly complete retrograde amnesia since about
1985. Which of his memory areas are surprisingly intact?
A)
memories related to music
B)
memories for the geography of the town he grew up in
C)
memories for images
D)
memories for faces
21.
Jon (a famous patient) has suffered from anterograde amnesia from infancy on. Which of these cognitive deficits does
he have?
A)
great difficulty with implicit memory
C)
impaired episodic learning and recall
B)
below average intelligence
D)
impaired semantic memory skills
22. What is the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test used to assess?
A)
the memory component of the IQ Test
C)
the presence of Alzheimer's disease
B)
practical memory problems
D)
the beginnings of senile dementia
23. What is the term for a deficit in encoding, storing, or retrieving new events occurring after a trauma?
A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) agnosia
D) apraxia
24. What is the term for a loss of access to events that happened in the past?
A)
retrograde amnesia
C)
transient global amnesia
B)
anterograde amnesia
D)
post-traumatic amnesia
25. What procedure was involved in the potential new Alzheimer's test found in 2009 by Leslie Shaw and shown in a news
video
A)
testing of spinal fluid
B)
testing of blood
C)
performing a fine needle biopsy on hippocampal brain tissue
D)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
26. What sport was Chris Nowinski (he subsequently started a foundation for head trauma) participating in when he
sustained his worst head injuries and concussions?
A) wrestling
B) football
C) rugby
D) soccer
27. How did Dave Duerson, former NFL star, die after developing CTE?
A)
he shot himself in the chest
B)
he suffered a fatal brain injury during a game
C)
he wandered in front of a train while hallucinating
D)
he died from a drug overdose
28. What job does Mike, the amnesic from the video Living with Amnesia, hold?
A)
outboard motor repairman
C)
wiring technician
B)
postal sorting clerk
D)
injection molding operator
29. In the video Living with Amnesia, we are introduced to Mike. Damage to his hippocampus caused him to have
____________.
A)
anterograde amnesia
C)
both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
B)
retrograde amnesia
D)
post traumatic amnesia
30. Lindsay has no memories of ever going to Disneyland; however, she has a strong sense of familiarity when she looks at
pictures of the theme park. This best illustrates the difference between ____________ and ______________.
A)
implicit memory; explicit memory
C)
anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
B)
remembering; knowing
D)
encoding specificity; recall
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31. James suffered brain damage in a car accident and has memory deficits. During an examination, he is asked a series of
questions like “What did you do on your birthday last year?” and “Tell me about a time when did a favor for a friend”.
These questions are designed to investigate if James has ___________.
A) developmental amnesia
B) autism
C) anterograde amnesia
D) retrograde amnesia
32. In addition to memory impairments, the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease requires at least two other deficits. A
deficit in which of the following areas would NOT contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease?
A) Executive function
B) Language
C) Perception
D) Emotional response
33. Which of the following are warning signs of Alzheimer's Disease?
A)
Difficulty performing familiar tasks
C)
Problems with abstract thinking
B)
Changes in personality
D)
All of these are warning signs
Lecture 19
34. What diagnostic criteria for PTSD was clearly lacking in the patient with the elevator experience as described by Dr.
Metloff of the San Diego VA (Veterans Affairs)?
A)
irritability, hyper-vigilance, or hyper-arousal
C)
experience outside normal human experience
B)
flashbacks or other re-experiencing
D)
social isolation
35. In the video, Why Memories Last, Dr. Larry Cahill of UCI is shown in a lab where a woman is being shown emotional
images. Following the exposure, her hand and forearm are plunged into ice water. What is the purpose of the ice
water?
A)
to activate stress hormones
B)
to distract her from rehearsal
C)
to lower her body temperature and thus her response rate
D)
to condition her to avoid remembering the images
36. According to the video on PTSD from the UCSD group that featured a psychologist and social worker from the
Veterans Administration in San Diego, what percentage of men who are raped experience PTSD?
A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) over 60%
37.
In the video The Memory Pill, Beatrice was treated in the emergency room by Dr. Roger Pitman using a pill to help her
with PTSD. What trauma had she experienced?
A)
she witnessed her family being murdered
B)
she was riding a bus that was taken over by terrorists
C)
she was tied up and raped by a stranger
D)
a man jumped in front of her subway train
38. Jarob Walsh was wounded in an ambush in Iraq and was diagnosed with PTSD when he returned to the US. How did
he describe his symptoms of PTSD?
A)
depression and sadness
C)
obsessions and compulsions
B)
confusion and hallucinations
D)
irritability and impatience
39. All of the following statements are true of PTSD EXCEPT:
A)
In the United States, men are more likely to develop PTSD than women.
B)
Not all people who experience trauma will develop PTSD.
C)
Reminders can trigger memories of the trauma.
D)
PTSD is a modern name for a disorder which appears to have occurred even in ancient Greece
40. Propranolol is a drug that is being considered as a potential treatment for people with PTSD. Which of the statements
best capture the rationale of administering this drug to effectively treat PTSD?
A)
Increasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation.
B)
Decreasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation.
C)
PTSD patients need to confront their trauma and the drug increases the emotional impact of memories.
D)
Decreasing adrenaline will completely remove all memory traces of the original trauma.
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41. In Dr. Roger Pitman's experiment, half of the participants received the drug Propranolol and the other half received a
placebo. In addition, Dr. Pitman did not know if the patients were in the experimental group or the control group. This
type of experimental method is called a _________________.
A)
two alternative forced choice test
C)
signal detection theory application
B)
replication simulation procedure
D)
double-blind procedure
42. What did Bernsten and Rubin (2008) find in their study on involuntary memories?
A)
The intensity of recurrent memories declines as age increases.
B)
Frequency and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age.
C)
Valence and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age, but frequency decreases as people get older.
D)
Valence, intensity, and frequency of recurrent dreams all increase as age increases.
43. In the video, Why Memories Last, Dr. McGaugh placed rats in a water maze and they had to explore the maze to find a
platform. Rats that received an injection to stimulate their _____________ were significantly faster at finding the
platform.
A) Hippocampus
B) Amygdala
C) Visual cortex
D) Frontal lobe
Lecture 20
44. What insight did Marvin Minsky, a founder of artificial intelligence, gain from Bartlett's book?
A)
that memory is malleable
C)
that culture has effects on memory
B)
that memory includes top-down patterns
D)
that even professors can forget things
45. What is was Bartlett's most significant contribution to memory?
A)
the mathematics for describing two-item forced choice tests
B)
connecting the hippocampus with memory
C)
the notion of a schema
D)
developing an associative model
46. Which of these is not a name for the game that inspired Bartlett's memory study?
A) Categories
B) Russian scandal
C) Telephone
D) Chinese whispers
47. Bartlett found that when participants were asked to repeat the story “War of the Ghosts,” they tended to do all of the
following except __________________.
A)
omit unfamiliar details of the story.
B)
preserve a few trivial details for no apparent reason.
C)
adjust or add details to make the story more logical and rational.
D)
repeat large segments of the story verbatim
48.
In a drawing of Penfield's sensory homunculus, which of the following body parts would be drawn largest in size?
A) Shoulder
B) Lips
C) Toes
D) Hip
49. The tendency for people to recall information that is follows with their own views better than information that
contradicts their views is known as __________________.
A) hindsight bias
B) egocentric bias
C) consistency bias
D) change bias
50. Which of the following is a limitation of schema theories?
A)
They are unable to explain why memories can be distorted.
B)
There is little evidence to demonstrate we even have schemas.
C)
Schema theories underestimate the complexity of memory representations.
D)
All of these are limitations.
51. According to the Hierarchical Network Model, which of the following items would be highest in the network?
A) Shark
B) Animal
C) Halibut
D) Fish
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52. According to the Spreading Activation Model, which of the following would receive the least amount of activation after
hearing the word “RED”?
A) Street
B) Fire truck
C) Cherries
D) Green
Schacter McGaugh-Gerard Lecture --
The Seven Sins of Memory: An Update
53. In his talk at UCI, Schacter discusses the individuals, such as Jill Price, who have HSAM. He talks about a paper that
looked at how their retention of memories changed over time. This study showed that a memory from
_______________ would have the fewest details.
A) a week ago
B) a month ago
C) a year ago
D) ten years ago
54. In Schacter's update on this Seven Sins of Memory, he explains that the origin of his title is based on_____________.
A)
The Seven Deadly Sins
C)
The Seven Days of the Week
B)
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
D)
The Magic Number Seven (George Miller)
55. Schacter, in his talk at UCI, spoke of new work related to the sin of transience. Research by Roediger and others has
shown a difference in the free recall performance between subjects that study material twice and subjects who study the
material once and test themselves on it instead of studying it again. What difference was shown?
A)
The study-study group performed better immediately and showed less forgetting at two later times.
B)
The study-test group performed better immediately and show less forgetting at two later times.
C)
The study-study group performed better immediately and the study-test group showed less forgetting at two later
times.
D)
The study-test group performed better immediately and the study-study group showed less forgetting at two later
times.
56. According to Schacter, absent-mindedness is a breakdown at the interface of _____________and___________.
A) focus; implicit memory
B) encoding; storage
C) attention; memory
D) perception; cognition
57. According to Schacter, _____________ is the retrospective distortion of memory produced by current knowledge.
A) misattribution
B) persistence
C) suggestibility
D) bias
58. Schacter describes the experiment on the Testing Effect by Roediger and Karpicke. The dependent variable in this
experiment was ____________.
A)
activity after studying prose passage: studying or testing
B)
time delay until test administered
C)
idea units recalled
D)
type of test administered: recall or recognition
59. Schacter used the armed bank robber who didn't bring his mask or gun to illustrate the sin of ________________.
A) transience
B) absent-mindedness
C) blocking
D) misattribution
60. According to Schacter, when students are checked using auditory probes throughout a lecture, an average of ______
report mind wandering.
A) 33%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 75%
61. Which of these is not a result that Schacter reports for the use of interpolated testing in lecture?
A)
less mind wandering
B)
higher proportion of slides included in student notes
C)
correct responses on material that was not previously tested
D)
quicker response times in subsequent testing
62. In a 2011 Republican Presidential debate, Rick Perry had problem naming one of the three Departments he planned to
eliminate. This illustrates the sin of ____________.
A) transience
B) blocking
C) bias
D) suggestibility
63. Schacter reports that the ______________ is known as the "semantic hub" of the brain.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) fusiform gyrus
D) temporal pole
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64. Schacter reports on an imaging study of DRM lists and temporal pole (TP) activity. The strongest connections in the
TP_________________.strongest critical lures.
A)
are negatively correlated with
C)
predict the correct rejection of the
B)
show no association with
D)
are positively correlated with
65. Schacter speculates that episodic memory is not only about remembering the past, but is also important for
____________________.
A)
reframing past events to make them more positive
B)
imagining the future
C)
protecting our sense of self
D)
creativity and unique thought patterns
Foer Chapter 7
66. According to Socrates, which Egyptian god was the inventor of writing?
A) Thamus
B) Theuth
C) Phaedrus
D) Xenophon
67. Who invented punctuation marks?
A)
Pyrrhus, the Greek general
B)
St. Augustine, the Christian theologian
C)
Socrates, the Greek philosopher
D)
Aristophanes, the director of the Library of Alexandria
68. Which of the following was not a characteristic of scriptio continua?
A)
words were not separated by spaces
B)
capital letters and lower case letters were intermixed
C)
there was no punctuation
D)
each letter signified a sound
69. When did silent reading become common?
A)
second century B.C.
B)
fourth century A.D.
C)
D)
ninth century A.D.
twelfth century A.D.
70. What was the form of written texts in the time of Socrates?
A) clay tablets
B) wax tablets
C) scrolls
D) books
71. What was the title of a fifteenth-century Italian book on memory training?
A) Da Romano
B) Phaedrus
C) Scriptio Continua
D) Phoenix
72. Who tried to build a real wooden building that would be a "Theater of Memory"?
A) King Francis I of France
B) Giulio Camillo
C) Titian
D) Giordano Bruno
73. Who wrote Physiological Memory: The Instantaneous Art of Never Forgetting?
A)
Professor Alphonse Loisette
C)
Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain)
B)
G. S. Fellows
D)
Campo dei Fiori
74. What is lifelogging?
A)
archiving all of one's life in an external memory
B)
writing a detailed history of one's life
C)
keeping track of the number of people alive at any instant in history
D)
one of the many memory techniques introduced by Mark Twain
Foer Chapter 8
75. For many years, the four-minute mile was an immovable barrier. How long after Roger Bannister ran a sub-four
minute mile did another runner accomplish the same feat?
A) two years
B) one year
C) six weeks
D) three days
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76. According to Foer, which of the following is NOT one of the strategies used by top-achievers to keep out of the
autonomous stage while practicing?
A)
stay goal-oriented
B)
avoid failure
C)
get constant and immediate feedback on performance
D)
focus on technique
77. Which of the following is a part of the PAO, the technique used by most mental athletes?
A) object
B) place
C) odor
D) anthromorphism
78. According to Foer, the reason mammographers do not improve with time in the way that surgeons do is that
________________________________.
A)
surgeons tend to be at the top of their classes in medical school
B)
the technology in mammography progresses at such a fast rate that mammographers are constantly changing their
skill set
C)
the feedback they receive from patient outcomes is weeks or months later
D)
each case is so different, they cannot extract patterns
79. Which of the following is NOT a stage of skill acquisition described by Fitts and Posner?
A) cognitive stage
B) manual stage
C) associative stage
D) autonomous stage
80. According to the Major System, what is the translation (assignment of sounds to digits) of the number 530?
A) LMS
B) MNR
C) FAD
D) RLN
Foer Chapter 10
81. Who gave the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome to Daniel Tammet ?
A) K. Anders Ericsson
B) Simon Baron-Cohen
C) Darold Treffert
D) V. S. Ramachandran
82. According to Foer, Snyder "turns off" one part of the brain using TMS in order to induce temporary savant-like artistic
skills in normal people. Which area of the brain is this?
A)
the dorsal parietal peritoneum
C)
the occipital regions
B)
the hippocampus and amygdala
D)
the left frontotemporal lobe
83. According to Foer's coach Ed Cooke, how much off his best performance should he expect to be when he was in a
public competition?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
84. When Daniel Tammet described his synesthesia for numbers, how did each number up to 10,000 map onto his senses?
A) shape
B) color
C) texture
D) emotional tone
E) all of the above
85. In spite of this amazing store of knowledge, what was Kim Peek's IQ?
A) 52
B) 66
C) 87
D) 100
86. Which was the only savant skill that Daniel Tammet was will to perform in front of Foer?
A)
calendar calculating
B)
mental mathematical calculation
C)
using his left and right eyes separately to simultaneously read different pages of a book
D)
reciting the prime numbers to 100,000
87. The word "savant" originally meant
A)
idiot, person with a mental disability.
B)
man of learning, expert.
C)
D)
employee, underling.
napkin, handkerchief.
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Foer Chapter 11
88. The new event introduced at the 2006 U.S. Memory Championship, which actually resembled a test of real world
memory skills was __________________.
A)
Three Strikes and You're Out of the Tea Party
C)
Let's Play Las Vegas Card Sharks
B)
Moonwalking with Einstein
D)
Fly Me to the Moon and Walk Me Back
89. How did Foer prepare for the event involving people giving personal information about themselves?
A)
He constructed five new imaginary buildings.
B)
He made family and friends make up fictional biographies.
C)
He had his girlfriend adopt different characters over dinner.
D)
All of the above
90. How did Foer spend his last week before the championship?
A)
He trained extra hard on his weakest event.
B)
He meditated.
C)
He cleaned out his memory palaces.
D)
He tested himself and replaced weak images with stronger associations.
91. What did Maurice Stoll, the German-born speed-numbers hotshot, say that the enemy of memory is?
A) inattention
B) alcohol consumption
C) lack of sleep
D) weak visualization
92. In which event did Foer set a U.S. record at the U.S. Memory championship in 2006?
A) Names and Faces
B) Speed Numbers
C) Random Words
D) Speed Cards
93. What is the trophy for the U.S. Memory Championship?
A)
a deck of cards in Lucite
B)
a scale model of Buckingham Palace
C)
D)
an elephant with a string tied around its leg
a silver hand with gold nail polish
Schacter Chapter 6
94. In the twenty-year longitudinal study of wives' feelings about marriage by Kearney and Coombs, when wives reflected
back over their first ten years of marriage, what type of bias did they show?
A) consistency
B) egocentric
C) change
D) hindsight
95. Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory.
Which of the following is
not related to egocentric memory biases?
A)
deprecating past selves
C)
telescoping effect
B)
selective recall
D)
exaggerating past difficulties
96. Which of the memory bias(es) show how our theories about ourselves can lead us to reconstruct the past to be overly
similar or different from the present?
A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical
97. Which of the memory bias(es) reveal that recollections of past events are filtered by current knowledge?
A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical
98. Which of the memory bias(es) illustrate the powerful role of the self in orchestrating perceptions and memories of
reality?
A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical
99. Which of the memory bias(es) demonstrate how generic memories shape interpretation of the world, even when we are
unaware of their existence or influence?
A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical
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100. When patients who experience chronic pain are experiencing high levels of pain in the present, they are biased to recall
similarly high levels of pain in the past.
What bias does this illustrate?
A) consistency
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical
101. When students complete a program designed to enhance their study skills and are asked to remember their initial level of
skill, they tend to report it as being lower that they had said before they began the program. What memory bias does
this illustrate?
A) consistency
B) change
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical
102. What is the term for the psychological discomfort that results from conflicting thoughts and feelings?
A) hindsight bias
B) buyer's remorse
C) cognitive dissonance
D) adaptive bias
103. When a Lakers fan thought at the beginning of the playoffs in 2011 that the Lakers would win the playoffs for a
three-peat, then after the playoffs said that she had expected them to be eliminated in the second round of the playoffs,
she is showing __________________________.
A) change bias
B) consistency bias
C) stereotypical bias
D) hindsight bias
104. The song "I Remember It Well" illustrates ________________________.
A) egocentric bias
B) change bias
C) hindsight bias
D) consistency bias
105. When college students attempt to remember high school grades, they are much more accurate in remembering grades of
A than grades of D. This reflects __________________ .
A) hindsight bias
B) cognitive dissonance
C) change bias
D) egocentric bias
106. Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not
related to egocentric memory biases?
A)
deprecating past selves
C)
telescoping effect
B)
selective recall
D)
exaggerating past difficulties
107. When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was
holding, it is an example of ________________.
A) facial feature blending
B) weapon focus
C) distinctiveness heuristic
D) cryptomnesia
108. Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is ________________________.
A) counterfactual thinking
B) daydreaming
C) magical hallucinations
D) social ascription
Schacter Chapter 7
109. Schacter introduces a chapter on one sin using a story leading from the California Angels championship series to the
suicide of the pitcher and murder of his wife. This introduced the sin of _______________.
A) suggestibility
B) bias
C) persistence
D) blocking
110. In the chapter on persistence, Schacter recounts a technique one of his students recommended for handling a tune stuck
in their head so that it wouldn't bother them during a exam. The student ________________________.
A)
sang the song as loud as they could five times right before the exam
B)
wrote the lyrics on their review sheet
C)
listened to three other songs from the same genre and group before the exam
D)
substituted words related to the exam material into the song so it became a study aid.
111. Damage to what part of the brain disrupts fear conditioning?
A) prefrontal cortex
B) the hippocampus
C) the amygdala
D) cerebellum
112. What did Wegner show about attempts to suppress unwanted thoughts (as reported in Schacter)?
A)
it is effective over time in completely forgetting the thoughts
B)
it can have a rebound effect
C)
it can result in repression, where the thoughts only appear as dreams
D)
it can create a habituation to the suppression
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113. In his persistence chapter, Schacter reports on a study done by Ochsner involving positive, negative, and neutral
photographs. On a subsequent test, people recognized neutral photographs _________________ positive and
______________negative photographs while recognizing the positive photographs________________ the negative
photographs..
A)
more frequently than; more frequently than; more frequently than
B)
less frequently than; less frequently than; less frequently than
C)
equally frequently as; less frequently than; less frequently than
D)
less frequently than; less frequently than; equally frequently as
114.
What is the term for obsessive recycling of thoughts and memories regarding one's current mood or situation?
A) hyperfocus
B) cognitive dissonance
C) rumination
D) mental magnification
115. Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is _________________________.
A) counterfactual thinking
B) daydreaming
C) magical hallucinations
D) social ascription
116. When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was
holding, it is an example of ________________.
A) facial feature blending
B) weapon focus
C) distinctiveness heuristic
D) cryptomnesia
117. A chronic perception of oneself as an inadequate or flawed individual is the result of __________________.
A)
a negative self-schema
C)
post-traumatic stress disorder
B)
egocentric bias
D)
depressive ruminations
Schacter Chapter 8
118. Schacter reports that cognitive psychologist, John Anderson, summarizes the consensus view of human memory by the
Artificial Intelligence (AI) community as _________________________________.
A)
their efforts are devoted to replicating human memory, including its "sins," as exactly as possible
B)
while there was initially something to be learned in the AI community by studying human memory, machine
memory has gone far beyond human memory
C)
the AI scientists have never really benefitted from the study of human memory
D)
they would not want AI systems to be as unreliable as human memory
119. To support his argument that the memory "sins" are actually features, Schacter cites the navigational technique that
leads a mother gerbil to run right past her slightly displaced nest, even if full of unhappy babies, to its prior location.
He labels this technique ___________ and says it is highly effective in normal circumstances.
A) triangulation
B) dead reckoning
C) walking on bearing
D) echolocation
120. Schacter ties the various sins of memory to processes of evolution. Which of the following is NOT one of the types
of evolutionary development he uses to describe features of the human mind?
A) adaptations
B) vestigiality
C) exaptations
D) spandrels
121. What is the term for features that now enhance fitness, but were not built by natural selection for their current role?
A) exaptation
B) alternation of generations
C) coadaptation
D) molecular mimicry
122. Schacter reports on a Beversdorf study comparing the recognition memory for word lists of autistic with nonautistic
adults. The autistic adults had a lower rate of ______________ than the nonautistic adults on semantically related
words that they had not previously studied.
A) false-alarms
B) correct rejections
C) hits
D) misses
123. The term, widely used in memory research, for the general sense of information, such as what we recall about the details
of a specific event, is _______________.
A) holistic sense
B) crux
C) gist
D) summary
124. What scientist imprinted just-hatched goslings onto himself?
A) Jean Van de Velde
B) Marc Hauser
C) Steve Pinker
D) Konrad Lorenz
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ZAPS (also see the questions in the ZAPS)
125. In the ZAP on Memory Bias, what was the independent variable?
A) the distracter task
B) the mood that was induced
C) the response time
D) the type of word to study
126. Why were there two dependent variables in the Memory Bias ZAP?
A)
because there was a distracter task separating the stimuli from the responses
B)
because there were two independent variables
C)
because there were actually two tasks
D)
because a researcher would be interested in studying the interaction as well as the main effects
127. What is/are the independent variable(s) in the Implicit Association Task?
A)
stereotype congruency (stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent)
B)
gender (man and woman)
C)
pursuit (career and family)
D)
there are two: both B and C
128. What is the dependent variable in the Implicit Association Task?
A) items matched
B) response time
C) number of errors
D) number of words recalled
129. What is the independent variable in the form of the Stroop experiment in the ZAP?
A)
whether the color of the word matched the actual word or not
B)
which color the word was written in
C)
which color word was used
D)
the number of letters in the actual word displayed
130. Why are false trials included in an experiment such as Sentence Verification?
A)
to force the subjects to actually read the sentences
B)
to make the statistical analysis easier
C)
to prevent the subjects from rehearsing the material
D)
to generate data about the typicality of examples of a category
131. The independent variables in the Encoding Specificity ZAP are _____________ and ___________.
A)
percentage correct; reaction time
B)
letter case (upper, lower); relation type (synonym, antonym)
C)
strength of association; learning stage exposure (new, old)
D)
reaction time; learning stage exposure (new, old)
132. According to the Encoding Specificity ZAP, in addition to a match between the presence of cue words in the encoding
context and retrieval context, ____________ and ________________are also an examples of contexts that affect
encoding specificity.
A)
physical setting; mood congruency
C)
temperature; emotional valence
B)
odors; colors
D)
connection strength; presentation mode
Schacter Updates
133. Schacter begins his update of The Sin of Bias chapter repeating the conclusion of George Orwell’s Ministry of Truth that
past events “_____________________.”
A)
have no objective existence
B)
may need to be relegated to the memory hole
C)
only exist in accurate memories
D)
should be carefully recorded for historical reference
134. In his update on The Sin of Bias, Schacter discusses implicit bias. This concept grew out of the two research
literatures: ________________ and __________________.
A)
prejudice; situational memory
C)
prospective anticipation; preconception
B)
self-serving bias; selective memory
D)
implicit memory; stereotype bias
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135. In his update on The Sin of Bias, Schacter reports on a study examining the changes over a decade of the implicit biases
found on the Project Implicit website. Which of these did not show a reduction in both implicit and explicit bias?
A)
race
B)
sexual orientation
C)
age
D)
skin tone
136. In Schacter’s update on the Sin of Persistence, he discusses _________________, or the idea that when a memory is
retrieved, it enters a labile state and is vulnerable to disruption.
A)
rejuvenation
B)
replication
C)
reconsolidation
D)
retrieval disturbance
137. What is the Fading Affect Bias (discussed by Schacter in the Update on Vices or Virtues)?
A)
the tendency for negative emotions associated with a past event to fade faster than positive emotions associated
with a past event
B)
the time course of the emotional content a particular recollection of an event, which is most intense initially, then
dissipates
C)
the tendency for oldest memories to be dimmest
D)
the increased likelihood with the passage of time that a memory with an initially neutral emotional content will
become emotionally salient
138. In his update on Vices or Virtues, Schacter cites studies that link mind-wandering with ______________.
A)
perfectionism
B)
false memories
C)
Grit
D)
creativity
139. According to Schacter in his update on Vices and Virtues, the question Tulving asked of KC for which Schacter found
the answer to be instructive was ______________________________.
A)
What were you doing yesterday?
B)
Do you know where you are?
C)
What day is today?
D)
What will you be doing tomorrow?
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