*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
AGRICULTURE
NOTES
Institutional and Technical Reforms to
Primitive
cropping
in
f.
subsistence
Intensive subsistence
farming
1-
-
Commercial
seasons
India
farming
-
farmers
3. main
Types of farming
-
Help
Rabi
kharif
Zaid
farming
Agriculture
Grains
leguminous
-
-
food
and
Rice
wheat
inmate:
crops
Pulses
-
food
Crops
.
m
e/
:
:
:
e
naoPs
f-
than
-
Grains
Oilseeds
-
Rubber
'
stage
-
1-
Non
Crops other
-
Coffee
Horticulture
-
crops
Jute
②
is a primary activity
Agriculture
material for industries
which
produces
the
food
eat and raw
we
.
agriculturally important country
in
engaged
agriculture
India is
is
an
two
,
-
third of the
population
.
Types
,
of
,
tfarmingi
# L ) PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE
It is done on a small patch
sticks and dao
digging
,
and
FARMING :
of land with
-
help of primitive tools like hole
family labour The production is for self
consumption which depends on
other environmental conditions
In this
burn
agriculture
their
it for
few years
.
,
monsoon
It is
.
This allows the nature to
by different names
>
irrigation is
replenish
idle for
the soil
patch
fertility of
.
North Eastern India
Baster and Ad N Islands
Central America
Mexica and
Roca
Brazil
Ray
Vietnam
central
Africa
FARMING or
high population
used to obtain
3) COMMERCIAL FARMING 3The main feature is that high
the
land and
PLACE
humming
# 2) INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
land of
patch of forest
Agriculture
'
Ma sole
on
Burn
and then leave the
and
the soil
fertility of
Slash and
:
Dip a
Mi Ipa
is done
inputs and
natural
tribals / farmers clear a
NAME
It
,
also called
agricultural practice
It is known
,
-
.
pressure
.
High
doses of biochemical
higher production
.
#
variety
obtain
IHYV)
higher productivity
Plantation is
grown
on
migrant
market
Ef:
-
seeds , chemical
a
inputs like high yielding
fertilisers pesticides and insecticides used to
doses of modern
commercial
type of
farming in
capital
using
large-scale
labourers A
network
a
,
.
facilities
Tea in Assam
are
,
,
.
good
required
intensive
of transport
for this
.
and coffee in Karnataka
.
only a single crop is
input with the help of
communication
which
,
,
proper
②
3
Main cropping seasons of India
# L)
RABI CROPS :
These crops are sown between October to December and
April to June
:
wheat
Barley , Peas, Gram and mustard
-
,
are
harvested between
and
are
.
Ey
.
,
# 2)
KHARIF CROPS :
These
crops are sown at the onset of
September October
:
Paddy Maize , Jowar, Bagga Ur ad
(
May July )
-
-
monsoon a season
,
harvested in
-
.
Eg
#
3)
,
,
,
moony ete
ZAID CROPS :
-
These crops are sown between Rabi and kharif season (March June )
: watermelon muskmelon cucumber
and fodder crops ele
, vegetables
,
,
-
.
Eg
.
MAJOR CROPS OF INDIA
Grains
and
°
Rice, wheat millets and maize
,
pulses
leguminous
chat)
# RICE :
°
leguminous crops bm¥°ns
-
-
.
India is second
producer of rice in World after China
It is the most important and staple food crop of majority of Indians
It
rainfall l above 100cm ) and high temperature (above 254 to grow
requires
in low rainfall areas with help of
It can be
proper
grown
rice
stales
Odisha , Jharkhand,
cha His
Bihar
are West
,
,
Major
,
producing
Bengal
UP , Tamil Nadu Assam Kerala etc
largest
.
.
°
°
°
high
.
irrigation
garh
,
#
°
°
.
.
,
LTTE )
WHEAT :
It is the main
This Rabi crop
food crop in north and north western part of country
-
requires
a
ripening should be
cool season and
bright sunshine
at the
.
time of
.
°
°
Rainfall
There
are
H
between 50 to 75cm
two important wheat
growing zones in country
.
Plains
④ Black soil Region in Deccan
wheat
States are UP , MP,
-
Ganga Satluj
-
.
o
major
producing
# Millets :
°
Also called
°
°
Haryana ,
Punjab
,
Uttarakhand, Rajasthan
( GHI )
grains
Jowar Baja and Ragi are important
Have high nutritional value
coarse
.
,
.
millets
grown in India
.
③
#
°
°
l Html )
It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder
It is a kharif crop but also Rabi crop in Bihar
Maize :
.
It
It
°
°
°
#
well
grows
Major
maize
Pulses
or
on
-
27°C
.
producing
States
are
up
,
Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh KarnaHea
,
,
.
( gli )
India is
producer and consumer of pulses
largest
It is the main source of protein in a vegetarian diet
o
.
°
Major pulses grown
°
Pulses need
°
°
between 25C
old alluvial soil
requires temperature
in India are Urad Azhar ,
,
less moisture and can survive in
.
Moony Masur
dry climate
,
,
Peas and Aram
.
.
Being leguminous crops all these are grown as rotational Coop to restore the soil fertility
by fixing nitrogen ( except Ar had
major pulses producing States are UP Rajasthan MP Maharashtra and Karna Hea
food crops other than Grains
,
o
,
,
,
.
# Oil seeds or
°
Oil seeds cover about 12% of total cropped area of India
Major oil seeds grown in India are Groundnut , mustard , soya bean , linseed , Colton
seeds , Castor seeds and Ses a mum ( Till
Some of them are used as raw material of soaps , cosmetics and ointments
India is the second
after China
of
.
°
°
.
°
°
largest producer
groundnut
.
Groundnut is kharif crop
Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut followed by
.
°
Nadu
#
°
°
,
.
(tht)
:
Tea
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
-
of tea in world after China
largest
producer
It is a
beverage crop which was initially introduced by Britishers and example of
plantation crop
India is the second
.
.
°
°
It is
grown on well drained fertile soil , rich in humus and organic matter
Tea bushes require warm and moist frost free climate all through the year
West
States are Assam ,hills of
major tea
Bengal Kerala,
Uttarakhand,
Meghalaya
.
-
.
o
producing
Tripura
#
°
°
Sugarcane
This is a
It can
,
.
( aloft)
-
.
-
,
.
requires
It
and
,
tropical as well as sub tropical crop that requires almost a year to grow
be
grown on a variety of soils as long as they are fertile and well
drained
°
:
,
Darjeeling
hot and humid climate to
grow with temperature between
annual rainfall between
75 100cm
-
.
2K -272
④
Position of India
°
is second in world
.
fcbse 20161
It is the main source of
Aur , Khandsaoiete India is second largest
,
sugar
producer of sugarcane in world after Brazil
major sugarcane producing States are up, Maharashtra , Punjab, Haryana, KarnaHea
and Andhra Pradesh
°
.
.
o
.
( tilth )
Indian coffee is known for its
quality and is incite mand in all over the world
good
India has the Arabian variety which was Pritially brought from Yemen
In India for the first time the cultivation of coffee was done on Baba Budan
Coffee :
#
°
.
o
.
°
Hills
.
producing stales are
major coffee
o
Horticulture
#
,
crops :
Tamil Nadu
These include the cultivation of both fruits and
India is the second
largest producer of these after China
India produces both tropical and temperate fruits
mangoes of Maharashtra , UP , WB
oranges of Nagpur and Cheorapunjee
" Nadu
°
o
o
vegetables
.
.
.
.
o
rich?97978: oof tyrantadf.ndna.am
Pineapples of Meghalaya
and
a
Grapes
.
of
APPkffppne.ae:$
°
Kamat Ka Kerala and
of
AP
.
,
Telangana
Tel K , Himachal
Maharashtra
.
Important vegetable produces of
tomato brinjal and potato
Non food crops
,
India
}
are
they
aol.igrgaenwde.mg
nd all
.
pea , cauliflower, onion , cabbage ,
.
-
RUBBER :
Rubber is
#
o
°
tropical
HIT)
mainly
areas
an
equatorial
It is the main raw material
belts and houses footware e te
It is
#
°
°
,
tyres
,
.
,
,
and Andaman and Nicobar
.
FIBRE CROPS ÷
India
Colton , Jute hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops
,
grown in
The first three are plant
products while silk is obtained from cocoons of the
silkworms
°
grownin
for many industries like auto types and tubes
mainly grown in Karnataka , Tamil Nadu Kerala
Islands
conditions it is also
.
,
°
special
crop , but under
Rearing of
.
silk
worm
for
production of silk fibre is known
as
sericulture
.
.
⑤
#
°
°
°
°
Colton
material for cotton textile industry
It
grows well on drier parts of black soil in Deccan , it takes 6-8 months to mature
India is the second largest producer of cotton in world after China
It requires
high temperature light rainfall or irrigation , 210 frost free days and bright
It is the main raw
.
-
Major
cotton
°
°
producing
States
Maharashtra , Gujarat, MP , Haryana , Punjab , UP e te
are
Also called Golden fibre
This fibre is very strong , due to its
.
.
and other artefacts
well on well drained
carpets
It
grows
roughness
it is used to make
,
gunny bags
,
mats , ropes ya on,
,
.
-
Major jute producing
Institutional and
°
.
( tht )
-
°
,
for its growth
# JUTE I
°
.
.
sunshine
o
CGI )
:
States
are
fertile soils in floodplains
w B
.
; Odisha ,
Technological
Bihar Assam,
,
Reforms
Provision for crop insurance against
establishment of Grameen Banks for
.
to
Meghalaya
.
farmers
Help
fcbse 20183
drought flood fire fire and diseases
providing loan facilities at lower rates of
,
,
,
,
interest
Kisan credit card ( KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance scheme ( PAIS) are
some other schemes introduced by
for benefits of farmers
government
weather bulletins and
programmes for farmers were introduced
on the radio and television
The government also announces Minimum support Price ( MSP) to check exploitation of
middlemen and speculators
farmers
Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) , agricultural
centres, horticulture development
universities veterinary services and animal
and weather forecast were given
to benefit Indian farmers
.
°
.
°
Special
agricultural
.
°
°
by
.
breeding
priority
K3B
Under
exposed
globalisation
particularly
to next
,
after
1990 , the
being
challenges Despite
and
an
.
cotton , rubber , tea
not able to
subsidised
.
,
compete
coffee jute
,
spices
farmers in India
important producer of rice
our
agriculturaltheproducts
with the developed countries because
in those countries
agriculture
.
have been
of
highly
,
are
-- PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS -1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. A type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage is
[1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A1. Ragi
2. Give an example of a crop which is commercial in one region and provides subsistence in
another.
[1M, 2012]
A2. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in= Odisha it is a subsistence crop.
3. What is horticulture? [1M, 2012]
A3. Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers is called horticulture.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
4. Establish the difference between Commercial farming and Subsistence farming with the help of
a suitable example.
[3M, 2019]
A4. A. Commercial Farming
i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another
iii.Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and communication.
v. High productivity for commercial purpose
B. Subsistence Farming
i. Is practiced on small patches of land
ii. Labour intensive farming
iii.Use of primitive tools
iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as 'Slash and burn' agriculture.
vi. Low productivity
(Any two to be mentioned in each unit)
5. Describe any three main features of 'Alluvial soil' found in India. [3M, 2019]
A5. • Alluvial soil is considered as one of the most fertile soils. Alluvial soil covers the entire northern
plains in India.
• Alluvial soil contains sand, silt and clay mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-GangeticBrahmaputra rivers. According to age, it is classified into Bangar (old alluvial) and Khadar (new
alluvial).
• Alluvial soil contains an ample amount of potash, phosphoric acid I lime. This soil is ideal for the
growth of crops like sugarcane, wheat and rice etc.
6. Describe any three main features of 'Rabi crop season'
[3M, 2019]
A6. • It begins with the withdrawal of monsoon in October. They sown in winters from October to
December.
• At the time of ripening, it requires bright sunshine.
• Crops depend on sub-soil moisture.
• Requires less rainfall between 50-75 cm. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to
western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops.
7. Describe any three main features of 'Kharif crop season'.
A7. • It begins with the onset of monsoon in May.
• Crops are harvested in September October.
• Requires more rainfall between 100-110 cm
• It requires loamy or alluvial soil.
[3M, 2015]
8. What are 'Institutional Reforms'? Enlist various institutional reforms taken by the Indian
Government to bring about improvements in agriculture.
[3M, 2015]
A8. Steps taken by the government to bring about improvements in agriculture are termed as
'Institutional Reforms'.
Some steps are:
1. Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings to make them economically viable.
2. The green revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution to
increase milk production are important strategies which were initiated to improve agriculture.
3. Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari system.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
9. "The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to
improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s." Support this statement with examples. [5M, 2018]
A9. The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms under a
comprehensive Land Development Programme to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s.
Land Development Programme:
• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
• Establishment of Grameen (regional rural) banks, cooperative societies and banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
Other Reforms:
Apart from land development program, the government has initiated many other benefit schemes
for the farmers.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Scheme for giving easy and cheap loans to small farmers.
Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced through
radio and television channels.
• The government also announced Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various agricultural
products like cereals, pulses and others (to check the exploitation of farmers by
middlemen).
10. Compare 'intensive subsistence farming' with that of 'commercial farming' practiced in India.
[5M, 2018]
A10.
11. 'Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian Economy' Explain the statement by giving
reason.
[5M, 2017]
A11. India is an agricultural country because of the following reasons:
1. Two-third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities which provide livelihood.
2 Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains that we
consume.
3. It produces raw materials for our various industries, e.g., cotton textile and sugar industry.
4. Some agricultural products, like tea, coffee and spices, are exported and earn foreign
exchange.
5. The share of agriculture in providing employment and livelihood to the population continued to
be as high as 63% in 2001.
12. (a) Name three pulses each of Rabi and Kharif season. Write their importance for human beings
and for agriculture.
(b) What is India's position in the world with regard to the production of pulses? Name five leading
states producing pulses.
[5M, 2015]
A12. (a) Pulses of Rabi season: Tur (arhar), urad, moong. Pulses of Kharif season: Masur, peas, gram.
Importance of pulses:
• For agriculture. Being leguminous crops, they help in restoring soil fertility by utilising
nitrogen from the air (nitrogen fixation). Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with
other crops.
• They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
(b) India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. Major pulse producing states are: Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
13. What are the major differences between primitive subsistence farming and commercial
farming?
[5M, 2013]
A13.
14. Name one type of agriculture which falls in the category of commercial agriculture. Write the
main characteristics of this type of agriculture.
[5M, 2012]
A14. Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming.
Characteristics of plantation agriculture:
1. A single type of crop is grown on a large area.
2. Plantation is carried out on large estates using lot of capital intensive units.
3. Lot of migrant labourers work on these estates.
4. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. All the produce is used as raw
material in the respective industries.
5. The production is mainly for the market, i.e., commercial agriculture.
15. Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of Maize crop in India. Describe
three factors which have contributed to increase maize production. Write four major
maize producing states.
[5M, 2012]
A15. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize crop in India:
1. It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21° C to 27° C. It requires moderate
rainfall between 50-100 cm.
2. It grows well in old in alluvial soils.
Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. In some states like Bihar, maize is grown in
rabi season also. Maize production in India has increased due to factors like:
• use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds;
• use OT fertilisers; and
• use of irrigation facilities.
• major maize producing state: Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.