lOMoARcPSD|16825264 Hoa 4 prelim reviewer Civil Engineering (University of Louisiana at Monroe) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16825264 1. HOA 4 1. Pre- Hispanic Era 2. 3. Early Philippine shelter Prehistoric Buildings a. b. c. C. Arboreal Shelters Caves Lean to Shelters Arboreal shelters A. Cave Dwellings - Earliest form of human habitation Homo sapiens Excavation rather than construction Pleistocene People – earliest dwellers in PH, Iced age, Theory of land/tulay na lupa 1. - Tabon Cave Largest Ph’s “cradle of civilizations” Lipuun Point, N Quezon, Palawan Philippine Tabon Megapode/Scrufowl bird Complex of 29 explored caves (7 public) Tabon cave, Diwata Cave, Igang cave, and Liyang Cave. Dwelt 30,000 years ago Tabon man discovered Managed by Nat’l museum 2011 Feb. National Cultural treasure Manunggul Jar – burial jar from Neolithic burial site in Manunggul cave in Tabon Caves - Hawong - Pinatubo Aeta, with ridge pole supported by forked stakes or limbs Panahang – Agta & Casiguran damages Aetas from Aurora Dait – dait - Mamanua Aeta from Mindanao used iwhen hunting. Wild banana leaves, coconut fronds with grass of rattan 890-710 BC Figures represent journey of a soul to the after life - Dwelling on high trees of tree houses First shelter – made of interlocking branches 20,30- 60ft above ground /6,12 or 18 meters above the ground - Architectural institution fashioned by nature Gaddang & Kalinga of Luzon Manobo & Mandaya of Mindanao of Lake Lanao Tingguian - in Palan Abra had separate daytime and nocturnal abode Aligang – smaller and rested on the topof a tree 18-24 meters from the ground safe guard from night time ambush Small hut- of bamboo and thatch built on the ground for day abode Rice Terraces – Prehistoric Megastructure - Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordillera (Nat’l Treasure) Carved into the mountains Testament to modern engineering Up to 6 meters high Stone walls Exceeded the amount of stones of Egypt pyramids and Great wall of China Protected by Republic Act No. 10066 3 Basic Elements 2. Tau’t-Batu Cave – “People of the Rock” Last discovered tribe in PH Singnapan Valley, Southern Palawan Fear of thunder Datag – basic sleeping platform Angono Petroglyphs – petro (stone) Glyoh (illustration) - Oldest known work of art in PH, Province of Rizal 127 Human & Animal figures 3000BC 3. - Callao Cave Callao man – fossilized remains discovered in Callao cave, Penablanca Cagayan 2007, found 61mm metatarsals 67,000 yrs.old by Armand Salvador Mijares - 1. 2. 3. Terrace space Embankment Soil Body Bawang – enclosed pond-field surface. The area enclosed by each terrace dike that primarily functions to cultivate rice. Tau’ – fish sump. A low portion in an enclosed pond field that is usually stocked with mudfish. Pumpudungan – property marker. A marker that is intended to identify the limit of one’s property, especially in a rice field. Inado – vegetable mulch mounds. An earthen mound intended for cultivating vegetables. Banong – dike/pond-field rim. The topmost part of the retaining wall (topeng) that is relatively flat and used both as a pathwalk and water confinement at the pond-field. Topeng – stone retaining wall. Quarried angular broken stones laid in a slight angle, one above the other, to serve as terrace walling. Lobong – water. The irrigated water from the forest, naturally distributed to every rice field to foster rice growth. Guheng – spillway. A water outlet constructed at the retaining wall, just above the required water level of the pond-field, as means of passage for surplus water as well as a drainage conduit. B. Lean-to Shelters - Ephemeral Architecture (one of the first artifacts created by humans Temporary shelters Demountable (they carry their shelter, don’t need permanent shelter) Nomads Windbreak (lean to) windscreen, or windshield, wind-sun and rain screen anchored by pole/stick PINANAHANG – lean to of Agta People from Pampanga and Zambales made out of grass and bamboo Lean-to Shelters Luyo – worked pond-field soil. The soil that is ploughed, planted with rice, and provided with proper water irrigation. Haguntal- hard earth fill. Earth soil with pisces of crushed stones or rocks that serve as pond-field soil bedding. Adog – rough gravel fill. Small pieces of rock or gravel that work both a support for the terrace stone walling and the artificial pond-field. Gonad- foundation stone. Huge boulders that serve as foundation of the terraces Áhbubul – submerged water source. The natural source of water for the pond pond-field coming from the ground. Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16825264 Ánul – drainage conduit. An artificial stone conduit for distributing and draining excess water constructed based on the natural topography of the land. - Settlement has direct connection to the bodies of water Bahay Kubo Gangal – course fill/small stones. The space in a stonewalled terrace composed of small, broken stones laid directly on the hill’s bedrock. Áldoh – second-course walling stone. The second layer of stones of the terrace terraces resting above the “gonad “or foundation stones. Pure southeast Asian domestic structure Cube house Non hispanized Three layered structure: Doplah – bedrock/original valley-floor earth 1. 2. 3. PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE “Vernaculus”- domestic, native, indigenous - Folk, indigenous tribal, ethnic and traditional architecture Architecture based on local needs, construction materials and reflecting local traditions Rearranging the environment, it becomes architecture Protection from animals, tribe and natural calamities Demonstrates the achievements and limitations of early technology Utilizing technologies learned only through tradition Addresses the most common of structural problems with simplicity and logical arrangement of elements. 5 principal features: 1. 2. The builders, whether artisans or those who are planning to live in the buildings, are non-professional architect or engineer There is consonant adaptation, using natural materials, to the geographical Bubungan- warm air rises and exits through the shingles Sala – main multi-purpose living space used for sleeping, eating, entertaining and working Silong – storage area, domestic animals Roof – Nipa & anahaw Walls – Sawali & Bamboo Frame – Wood & bamboo Balai/Bahay Archetypal Tropical Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. Elevated living floor Buoyant Rectangular volume Raised pile foundation Voluminous thatched roof - Botanic building materials : Timber Bamboo Thatch Fibers Construction techniques: - Post and lintel Framing; vertical studs slotted into horizontal sills Without nails Tongue & groove mortise, tenon, lapped and notched jointing system REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES: Upland and lowland houses have distinct architectural features bcs. Of difference of environmental conditions and site contexts. Lowland dwellings- open, airy interior Upland/ Highlands – sealed of solid planks, having few or no windows as defense against the cold upland climate 3. 4. 5. The actual process of construction involves intuitive thinking, done without the use of blueprints or any for construction drawings. There is balance between social/economic functionality and aesthetic features. Architectural patterns and styles are subject to a protracted evolution of traditional styles and specific to an ethnic domain. PH vernacular Architecture - inspired the invention of a new structural system; made possible the soaring skyscrapers of Chicago school - - Structural logic and Architectonic principle: steel frame to replace the Philippine wooden frame construction of bahay kubo Tectonic principle: iron steel frame to replace timber and bamboo Southeast Asian culture descendants Water born lifestyle Manifest vernacular Architecture In Philippines, vernacular architecture professes strong allegiance to a greater Austronesian Building heritage Archetypal Austronesian House “ Stilt Houses “ - Ivatan Idjang – defensive engineering of the early Ivatan settlers Aboriginal Ivatan – made up of wood, ba,boo and thatched Rahaung – working area/ place of storage for fishing implements, doesn’t have wall enclosure Cal y Canto technique Austronesian Ancestry - Batanes “Ivatan Architecture” Austronesian legacy Raised wooden structure Rectangular structure Elevated post Thatch pitch roof with extended ridges Aquatic base of life - Dominican friars Stone and mortar construction Fireplace at one end of the house Ivatan House – noth south orientation Cogon grass – main roof materials Fango – mortar fromed by mixing mud and cogon, holds stone together Panpet – roof net Rakuh – two story ivatan house Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16825264 Classified acc. To roof: KALINGA Maytuab – hip roof Sinadumparan – gable roof CORDILLERA REGION A. Binayon Octagonal shaped plan Three divided floorings, lowest in the center SOUTHERN STRAIN Igorot (Mountain chain dwellers) BONTOC THE NORTHERN STRAIN Ili ; 3 Basic Residential Stuctructures Isneg- rectangular plan, high gabled roof Kalinga – octagonal plan & three divided floorings A. 1. Roof framing is independent of the floor framework 2. 3. SOUTHERN STRAIN - Bontoc ili – Bontoc Village Ato – men’s meeting place/ council/dormitory for the young and old unmarried males Ulog / olog – dprmitory for female, public where young women sleep family residence or Bontoc house house within a house Ifugao Bontoc Ibaloi Kankanay shelter for people, rice, chicken, pigs Square plan, high gabled roof Roof framing is dependent of the floor framework Northern Strain ISNEG (Apayao Province) A. - B. - Isneg and Apayao Austronesian ethnic group native to Apayao Province in the Philippines’Cordillera Administrative Region Binuron Windowless Low walls & roof (warm) 0.9 above ground Boat like Apayao, only region in Cordillera with a NAVIGABLE RIVER Rectangular plan High gable roof bowed to a shape of a boat (BARANAY) Roof framing INDEPENDENT from the floor framework Largest among ROLL UP FLOOR- practical feature, made from long reeds Can be converted, to be used for rituals/ceremonies TARAKIP – extension structure ALANG (Rice storage/granary) House as WOMB; Space concept Basket like Comparison to the tudong or rain cape Interior ; womb Occupants; Husband, wife,& children - Symbol of fertility Afong windowless with attic B. - Bontoc - Katyufong / kol-lob for the poor smaller & enclosed stone walled residence for widows and unmarried old women C. Bontoc - Fayu B. - Foruy Elevated rectangular, one room house Timber materials Roof; 8-10 layers of cut bamboo laid one above other Removable wall panel for ventilation Elevated wall along perimeter of the wall D. E. F. G. Bontoc – Akhamang – rice granary Bontoc – Al-Lang – Repository of food and other supplies Bontoc – Falinto-og – pigpens Bontoc – pabafunan – open court where people gathers to rituals IFUGAO A. - 12 to 30 houses amid rice terraces and near spring /groove Fale/Bale For wealthy family 3-layer structure Square plan Pyramidal or conical roof Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16825264 B. - Windowless 12-15 SQM HALIPAN – rat guard, 1.2 – 1.8 from ground 2years Construction & can be dismantled in a day 5-6 generations Gateways made of vertical sharp edges stones Abong house for the poor - Evolution of the Mosque typology in the Philippines 1. Bul-ul – carved granary guardians 2. Kankayaw - any ritual dancing by indigenous peoples of cordillera Pig and carabao skulls, remains of the sacrificial animals Hagabi – prestige bench of upper class KANKANAY - 3. Typical village with 700 inhabitants Slopes are flattened so that houses can be built A. B. 1.Binangiyan – abode Crescent and Star Ornament – these ancient celestial symbols were in use by the peoples of central Asia and Siberia in their worship of the sun, moon and sky gods. Okir carving and Burak (a mythical winged creature, halfhuman, half horse) Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque 2. Apa/Inapa & Allao – for poorer family B. - Much of the earliest types of Mosques constructed by early missionaries were made of temporary materials like wood, bamboo, and cogon which do not last for years. The remaining earlier types were either demolished, destroyed during earthquakes, or were reconstructed/ remodeled to conform to modern architectural types sourced from middle- Easter designs. The yearly pilgrimage to Mecca radically changed all earliest types. PHILIPPINE MOSQUE FEATURES: Main tyoes of dwelling: A. - Pathways to heaven Endangered art form, as most mosques are now built in the Domed/Arabianstyle Binangiyan Kankanay abode Resembles Fale Piramydal in form Box like compartment- a single room dwelling with spacious attic (baeg) Babayan Baey Elevated, square, one room house of kankanay and ibaloi - Oldest Mosque in the Philippines Brgy. Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi-tawi Built on 1380 Square in plan Undergone lot of construction Masjid Al-Dahab / Golden Mosque - Modernized style of Mosque Built on 1976 Maranao Okir Patterns I SLAMIC PLACES OF PRAYERS: a. b. c. MUSLIM SPACE - Sulu 14th Century Islam in Mindanao, 15th century Religion Congregational worship Permanent and separate Architecture “TWAHID” means unity of Allah Masjid – daily prayer Jami – congregational Friday prayer Idgah/Musalla – worship on special occasions MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE Forts and Royal Residence Philippine Mosque - Five Pillars (pattern of a quincunx) Architecturally derived from early Christian Churches Two types: 1. 2. - Masjid Place of worship Bulbous dome – vault of heaven Minaret Ablution area or wudu Large and permanent construction Stone foundation Near bodies of water where faithful perform rituals of ablution Originally multi-tiered bamboo To accommodate light and air Langgal/ Ranggar (Tausug and Yakan) & Ranggar (Maranao) Smaller place of worship Light and semi permanent Rural areas These mosques are the oldest form of mosques in the Philippines Still being built and used in Islamic areas in the Philippines, especially in rural area. Chinese Pagoda and Japanese Temple Inspired - Ex. 1. 2. Kota of Raja Sulayman in Manila Kota of Sultan Kudarat in Lamitan Mindanao and Sulu Vernacular Houses - Distinct archipelagic features of Sulu and the Mindanao Terrestrial and Naval Architecture 3 house Categories of Muslim Community 1. 2. 3. Land based Stilted dwellings – situated along shoreline Oceanic Dwellings – built completely over the sea and entirely detached from shoreline. Houseboats – serves as both home and fishing boat for Badjao. MARANAO Maranao Houses “People of the lake” indigenous group in Mindanao Largest 3 types of Maranao House: Pagoda- style Mosque - Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA A fortified settlement bordered by a palisade, which series of long strong timber stakes pointed at the top and set close to each other to form a defense wall Mindanao Sulu Archipelago Manila used by Muslims, Prior to the importation of ArabianStyle mosque Architecture. Have 8, 5 or 3 tiers 1. - Lawing small house Raised above the grounds with stilts Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16825264 - Outdoor cooking area Mainly used for sleeping Usually single-family unit dwelling 2. - Mala-a-walai large house single room and partition less structure house of a well to do family okir decorations are generally to be found on the baseboards, window sills and doorjambs Without panolong - - MAGUINDANAO Maguindanao Houses : - Close resemblance to Maranao dwellings One room House without partition and ceiling Nine posts Okir decorations, steep and graceful roofs Handcrafted ornaments TAUSUG Tausug Houses: - Tausug means “People of the current/taong dagat or alon” 2nd largest group of Muslim Filipinos and foremost indigenous people of Sulu archipelago Tau gimba – Inland community Tau Higad – shoreline community 3. Torogan Residence of Datu and his extended family House for Sultans & Datus Arranged in a line along river Multi family dwelling Torogan continuation… Mangingita or Imam – will choose the luckiest site Tausug Houses – BAY SINUG - Traditional Tausug house TAJUK PASUNG - - Made of 9 post symbolized the human body They believe should built it as if a person were being formed. If you don’t follow the proper order in assembling the posts, it is believed that the house will not last. Wall slits as windows to conceal their unmarried woman inside YAKAN Yakan Houses: - - Panalong a. Noticeable feature of torogan Richly carved and colorful end beam design that flares upward into sculpted wings Naga – sea serpent/ dragon Lumah - - b. Pako Rabong – growing fern Yakan lives in the mountainous interior of Basilan island Houses individually owned and occupied by one family. Clustered around Langgal - Traditional yakan house Rectangular, ridged roof, single room pile structure of varying size and elevated from the ground 50-100 SQM No ceiling and few or no windows because of belief that the bad spirits could easily in through those openings TINDAWAN – often only one beside the long bench for bench for guest Walls are made in horizontally positioned wooden planks or sawali Lumah can last up to 15 years Lumah Three Parts: 1. - Naga and Pako Rabong are alternately placed on the section of the house to symbolically capture the sun’s energy Gibon /Paga – room for datu’s daughter Lamin or tower built atop the house hiding the sultan’s daughter 2. Kokan/Tindakan – main house w/ rituals and entertainment Kosina -kitchen 3. Pantan/simpey – porch – for clothes SAMAL Samal Houses: Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16825264 - Samal mix on various islands with the Tausug who are dominant group in Jolo island but more in Borneo Pile – driven support Connected to the shore and linked to one another by a catwalk Silong is Boat Storage area for bathing Single level for sleeping, cooking and eating No partitions of ornamentations Pantan – open porch or terrace receiving area, working area, hold rituals and playground Samal community in coastline BADJAO Badjao Houses: - Sea gypsies from Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo provinces, Tawitawi and Palawan Samal Luwaan (outcast) Sama Dilaut (people of the ocean) Boat house use their shelters as a means of Travel Whether Nomadic or settled Badjao boats vary in length and depending on the economic status of the owner When all children have left, the old man of the house is Expected to marry again or attempt to join another boat The death of the family head transform the boat into a coffin, making a symbolic mortuary piece to transport to dimension of afterlife Bajao two types of Boat: 1. Dapang/ Vinta- used for short fishing trips 2. Palaw – permanent dwelling place or temporary lodging during fishing trips. a. Lepa – lighter and faster houseboat (NO KATIG) b. Jengning – bigger and heavier houseboat (WITH KATIG) LUMA - “Harun”(ladder) serves as wash area Mirror are belieed to drive away evil spirits T’BOLI HOUSES GUNU BONG - - South Cotabato Home for the extended family ranganing 8- 16 persons Contrusted with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in heightfrom the ground - Addition post on side 3 Interior Spaces: 1. 2. 3. Area of Honor Sleeping Area Vestibule Downloaded by ANDREA Gomez (min9yu.0406.kim@gmail.com)
