PERSPECTIVES IN
PHARMACY
ACTIVITY #3
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
NAME: Rayyan M. Andi
Instruction: Define the following terms.
I. LIQUIDS
1.Solution
a. Aromatic water- Aromatic waters are transparent aqueous
solutions that have been infused with essential oil.
b. Aqueous acids- These are dilute aqueous solutions of acids,
generally in the 10% range.
c. Diluted acids- A dilute acid is one in which the concentration of
water added to the acid exceeds the concentration of the acid in
its pure state.
d. Douches- A douche is an aqueous solution that is directed
against a body part or into a cavity. It has antibacterial and
cleaning properties.
e. Enemas- It is a liquid therapy that is typically used to treat
severe constipation.
f. Gargles- It is a method of administration in which you cleanse or
medicate your mouth and throat by filling your mouth with a
liquid, tilting your head back and forcing air through your throat,
and ultimately spitting it out.
g. Mouthwashes- Mouthwash is an aqueous solution that is used
to rinse and clean the mouth. In dental hygiene, liquid
mouthwash is frequently utilized.
h. Juices- Juices are concentrated juices made from fresh ripe
fruits and used in syrups as vehicles.
i. Nasal solutions- Nasal solutions are liquid drugs sprayed via the
nose. They are used to help relieve nasal congestion.
j. Otic solutions- Otic solutions are products that are applied to or
placed in the ear to treat problems with the external and middle
ear. Ear dermatitis, cerumen buildup, and ear infections are all
treated with these items.
2.Sweet or viscid aqueous solutions
a. Syrups - Syrup is a drug that is a thick liquid that contains a
sugar solution. The cough treatment comes in the form of a thick,
sweet syrup. A sugar solution is used to sweeten the thick syrup.
b. Honey- Bees produce honey, a thick, sweet fluid made from
plant nectars. It is commonly used as a food sweetener, but it
should be avoided by infants.
c. Mucilages - Mucilage, which is composed of polysaccharides
comprising hexose and pentose sugars and uronic acids, is
released by root cells when the root develops through the soil.
d. Jellies - Jellies are classified as semisolids. transparent,
translucent, or translucent preparations non-greasy, intended for
internal or external use
3.Non-Aqueous Solutions
a. Collodion - Collodion is a flammable, syrupy nitrocellulose
solution in ether and alcohol. There are two kinds: flexible and
inflexible. The flexible form is frequently used as a surgical
dressing or to secure dressings.
b. Elixirs - Elixirs are sweetened hydro-alcoholic (water and
alcohol) liquids that are consumed orally. When a drug will not
dissolve in water alone, alcohol and water are typically used as
solvents.
c. Glycerin - Glycerin is a moisturizer that is used to treat or
prevent dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin as well as mild skin irritations
(such as diaper rash, skin burns from radiation therapy).
Emollients are ingredients that soften and moisturize the skin
while also reducing irritation and flaking.
d. Inhalations & inhalants- Inhalants are chemical vapors
produced by volatile compounds that can be breathed to cause a
psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect. Although other misused
chemicals can be breathed, the word "inhalants" refers to a
group of substances whose major feature is that they are rarely,
if ever, taken by any other method than inhalation.
e. Liniments - Liniments are externally applied solutions or
mixtures of different ingredients in oil, alcoholic soap solutions, or
emulsions.
f. Oleovitamins - Oleovitamins are oil-based preparations that
include one or more fat-soluble vitamins or derivatives (as a fishliver oil or an edible vegetable oil).
g. Spirits - Spirits can be used in pharmaceuticals as a flavoring
agent and in medicine for the aromatic solute's therapeutic value.
They are used as flavoring agents to impart the flavor of their
solute to other pharmaceutical preparations.
h. Toothache drops - Toothache drops are used as a local
anesthetic to the cavities of the painful tooth to provide brief relief
from pain.
2. Emulsion - Emulsion is a combination of two or more liquids that are
generally immiscible (unable to be mixed or blended) due to liquidliquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a larger family of twophase matter systems known as colloids.
3.Suspension - Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which some
particles settle out after standing. Because the particles in a
suspension are much bigger than those in a solution, gravity can draw
them out of the dispersion medium (water).
II. EXTRACTS
1.Tinctures - Tincture is a type of medication that consists of a chemical
in an alcohol solution. Tincture of iodine is an iodine solution in alcohol.
To prepare a liquid extract, or tincture, soak plants in a drinking
alcohol. A tincture is a medication that is made up of a component in
an alcohol solution.
2.Fluidextracts - Fluidextract is an alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic liquid
that contains chosen active components of herbal material and is
prepared by macerating or percolating the herbal material in alcohol or
a water-alcohol combination.
3.Extracts - Extracts are substances created by extracting a portion of a
raw material, usually with the help of a solvent such as ethanol, oil, or
water. Tinctures can be made from extracts. Absolutes or powders are
available.
III. INTRAVENOUS ADMIXTURES
1.Intravenous fluids - Intravenous fluids are specifically tailored fluids
that are injected into a vein to treat or prevent dehydration.
2.Intravenous admixture - When one or more sterile goods are added
to a 50 mL or larger bag or bottle of IV fluid for parenteral
administration, the outcome is intravenous admixture.
3.Total Parenteral Nutrition - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is the
medical name for injecting a particular kind of food through a vein
(intravenously). The treatment's purpose is to address or prevent
malnutrition.
IV. MEDICATED APPLICATION
1.Ointment - Ointment is a smooth, greasy mixture that is applied to the
skin for medical or cosmetic purposes.
2.Cream - A cream is a treatment that is often applied to the skin.
Creams for applying to mucosal membranes, such as the rectum or
vagina, are also employed. Creams may be called pharmaceutical
items because even cosmetic creams are based on pharmacy
principles, and unmedicated creams are widely utilized in a range of
skin disorders (dermatoses).
3.Pastes - Pastes are a soft, moist, sticky combination of a material and
a liquid that may be readily distributed. Some pastes are used to hold
objects together.
4.Dressings - Dressings are sterile pads or compresses that are put to a
wound to assist healing and protect it from further injury. A dressing is
intended to come into direct touch with the wound, as opposed to a
bandage, which is typically used to keep a dressing in place.
5.Plasters - Plaster is a medicated or protective dressing made up of a
film (usually made of cloth or plastic) that is spread with a medicated
substance.
6.Suppositories - Suppositories are a type of medication that is
administered via the rectal and vaginal channels.
V.
POWDERS
1.Oral powder - Oral powders are preparations made up of solid, loose,
dry particles of varied fineness. They include one or more active
chemicals, excipients, and, if necessary, permitted coloring and
flavoring compounds.
2.Dentrifices - Dentifrices are oral hygiene products that are used to
clean the teeth and other portions of the oral cavity (gums) using a
finger or a toothbrush. They come in the form of teeth powder,
toothpastes, gels, dental creams, and even dental foams.
3.Dusting powder - Dusting powder is a type of desiccant powder.
Antifungal dusting powder can aid in the prevention of skin diseases
like athlete's foot. Talc's pharmaceutical use as a dusting powder is
dependent on its desiccant properties. Dusting powder is a type of
desiccant powder.
4.Insufflations - The process of blowing something (such as a gas,
powder, or vapor) into a bodily cavity is known as insufflation.
Insufflation has several medicinal applications, most notably as a
medication delivery method.
5.Triturations - The process of grinding one component into another to
dilute one of the constituents, provide volume for processing and
handling, or disguise undesired properties is referred to as trituration.
VI.
ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
1.Tablets - is a pharmacological solid unit dose form or oral dosage
form. Tablets are the solid unit dose form of a medication or
medications.
1.1
Compressed Tablets
a. Sugar-coated tablets - is coated with sugar to hide the
flavor, and includes the repeated deposition of aqueous
sugar solution on the tablet cores as they are spun and
tumbled in a rotating.
b. Film-coated tablets - is a thin polymer-based coating that
is commonly sprayed over a solid pharmaceutical dosage
form such as a tablet, capsule, pellet, or granule.
c. Enteric-coated tablets - is a polymer barrier added to oral
medicine that keeps it from dissolving or disintegrating in
the stomach.
d. Multiple-compressed tablets - are crushed pills that have
undergone more than one compression cycle They are
often manufactured to separate or generate physically or
chemically incompatible substances.
e. Controlled-release tablets - The active ingredient(s) are
released at a specified rate to maintain consistent drug
levels in your body for a specific time period. This enables
for more exact management of medicine levels after
administration and requires fewer doses throughout the
day.
f. Effervescent tablets - these are designed to release
carbon dioxide upon contact with water, promoting their
disintegration.
g. Buccal tablets - are a sort of solid dose form that is
delivered orally in between the gums and the inner cheek
linings.
h. Sublingual tablets - They melt smoothly in the tongue,
dissolve quickly, and leave little or no residue
1.2
Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates
a. Dispensing Tablet - A tablet formed by compression or
molding; utilized by the dispensing pharmacist to get
certain powerful chemicals in a handy form for proper
compounding.
b. Hypodermic Tablet - a water-soluble tablet containing a
predetermined amount of medication and designed for
hypodermic administration
2.Capsules - are the cell's outermost structures of bacteria and fungi. Is
to encase the medicine or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in an
odorless, tasteless, beautiful, simple-to-swallow, and simple-to-fill
shell.
3.Pills - The birth control pill, sometimes known colloquially as "the pill,"
is a kind of birth control that is taken orally by women. Progestin and
estrogen are two essential hormones found in the pill
4.Troches - is a small, hard tablet that dissolves slowly under the tongue
over 30 minutes or so, similar to a long-lasting cough drop.
5.Cachets - an indication or show of approbation, especially from
someone of considerable prestige a no longer available dose form It
was created in the 1800s to make it easier for patients to take bitter
powdered medicine.
6.Pellets - is a little, rounded piece of anything, most often a compacted
nugget of some substance
VII.BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
1.Biologics for Active Immunity
a. Vaccine - is a simple, safe, and successful method of
safeguarding individuals against potentially dangerous infections
before they come into touch with them.
b. Toxoid - is an inactivated toxin (generally an exotoxin) whose
toxicity has been reduced by chemical (formalin) or heat
treatment while other features, notably immunogenicity, have
been preserved.
2.Biologics for Passive Immunity
a. Human Immune Sera - It is derived from an animal that has
been vaccinated via ANTIGEN injection or infection with
microorganisms bearing the antigen. Introduced in 1980.
b. Animal Immune Serum - It is derived from an animal that has
been vaccinated via ANTIGEN injection or infection with
microorganisms bearing the antigen.
*Antitoxin - is an antibody that can neutralize a specific
toxin. In reaction to toxin exposure, certain animals, plants,
and microbes create antitoxins.
*Antiviral Serum - Treatment with antiviral serum after
infection results in the survival of productively infected neural
cells with virulent poliovirus.
*Antivenin - is a sterile, non-pyrogenic preparation made by
drying a frozen solution of particular venom-neutralizing
globulins extracted from blood serum of healthy horses
inoculated against black widow spider venom (Latrodectus
mactans).