I. LIQUIDS 1.Solution a. Aromatic water- Aromatic waters are transparent aqueous solutions that have been infused with essential oil. b. Aqueous acids- These are dilute aqueous solutions of acids, generally in the 10% range. c. Diluted acids- A dilute acid is one in which the concentration of water added to the acid exceeds the concentration of the acid in its pure state. d. Douches- A douche is an aqueous solution that is directed against a body part or into a cavity. It has antibacterial and cleaning properties. e. Enemas- It is a liquid therapy that is typically used to treat severe constipation. f. Gargles- It is a method of administration in which you cleanse or medicate your mouth and throat by filling your mouth with a liquid, tilting your head back and forcing air through your throat, and ultimately spitting it out. g. Mouthwashes- Mouthwash is an aqueous solution that is used to rinse and clean the mouth. In dental hygiene, liquid mouthwash is frequently utilized. h. Juices- Juices are concentrated juices made from fresh ripe fruits and used in syrups as vehicles. i. Nasal solutions- Nasal solutions are liquid drugs sprayed via the nose. They are used to help relieve nasal congestion. j. Otic solutions- Otic solutions are products that are applied to or placed in the ear to treat problems with the external and middle ear. Ear dermatitis, cerumen buildup, and ear infections are all treated with these items. 2.Sweet or viscid aqueous solutions a. Syrups - Syrup is a drug that is a thick liquid that contains a sugar solution. The cough treatment comes in the form of a thick, sweet syrup. A sugar solution is used to sweeten the thick syrup. b. Honey- Bees produce honey, a thick, sweet fluid made from plant nectars. It is commonly used as a food sweetener, but it should be avoided by infants. c. Mucilages - Mucilage, which is composed of polysaccharides comprising hexose and pentose sugars and uronic acids, is released by root cells when the root develops through the soil. d. Jellies - Jellies are classified as semisolids. transparent, translucent, or translucent preparations non-greasy, intended for internal or external use 3.Non-Aqueous Solutions a. Collodion - Collodion is a flammable, syrupy nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. There are two kinds: flexible and inflexible. The flexible form is frequently used as a surgical dressing or to secure dressings. b. Elixirs - Elixirs are sweetened hydro-alcoholic (water and alcohol) liquids that are consumed orally. When a drug will not dissolve in water alone, alcohol and water are typically used as solvents. c. Glycerin - Glycerin is a moisturizer that is used to treat or prevent dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin as well as mild skin irritations (such as diaper rash, skin burns from radiation therapy). Emollients are ingredients that soften and moisturize the skin while also reducing irritation and flaking. d. Inhalations & inhalants- Inhalants are chemical vapors produced by volatile compounds that can be breathed to cause a psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect. Although other misused chemicals can be breathed, the word "inhalants" refers to a group of substances whose major feature is that they are rarely, if ever, taken by any other method than inhalation. e. Liniments - Liniments are externally applied solutions or mixtures of different ingredients in oil, alcoholic soap solutions, or emulsions. f. Oleovitamins - Oleovitamins are oil-based preparations that include one or more fat-soluble vitamins or derivatives (as a fishliver oil or an edible vegetable oil). g. Spirits - Spirits can be used in pharmaceuticals as a flavoring agent and in medicine for the aromatic solute's therapeutic value. They are used as flavoring agents to impart the flavor of their solute to other pharmaceutical preparations. h. Toothache drops - Toothache drops are used as a local anesthetic to the cavities of the painful tooth to provide brief relief from pain. 2. Emulsion - Emulsion is a combination of two or more liquids that are generally immiscible (unable to be mixed or blended) due to liquidliquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a larger family of twophase matter systems known as colloids. 3.Suspension - Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which some particles settle out after standing. Because the particles in a suspension are much bigger than those in a solution, gravity can draw them out of the dispersion medium (water). II. EXTRACTS 1.Tinctures - Tincture is a type of medication that consists of a chemical in an alcohol solution. Tincture of iodine is an iodine solution in alcohol. To prepare a liquid extract, or tincture, soak plants in a drinking alcohol. A tincture is a medication that is made up of a component in an alcohol solution. 2.Fluidextracts - Fluidextract is an alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic liquid that contains chosen active components of herbal material and is prepared by macerating or percolating the herbal material in alcohol or a water-alcohol combination. 3.Extracts - Extracts are substances created by extracting a portion of a raw material, usually with the help of a solvent such as ethanol, oil, or water. Tinctures can be made from extracts. Absolutes or powders are available. III. INTRAVENOUS ADMIXTURES 1.Intravenous fluids - Intravenous fluids are specifically tailored fluids that are injected into a vein to treat or prevent dehydration. 2.Intravenous admixture - When one or more sterile goods are added to a 50 mL or larger bag or bottle of IV fluid for parenteral administration, the outcome is intravenous admixture. 3.Total Parenteral Nutrition - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is the medical name for injecting a particular kind of food through a vein (intravenously). The treatment's purpose is to address or prevent malnutrition. IV. MEDICATED APPLICATION 1.Ointment - Ointment is a smooth, greasy mixture that is applied to the skin for medical or cosmetic purposes. 2.Cream - A cream is a treatment that is often applied to the skin. Creams for applying to mucosal membranes, such as the rectum or vagina, are also employed. Creams may be called pharmaceutical items because even cosmetic creams are based on pharmacy principles, and unmedicated creams are widely utilized in a range of skin disorders (dermatoses). 3.Pastes - Pastes are a soft, moist, sticky combination of a material and a liquid that may be readily distributed. Some pastes are used to hold objects together. 4.Dressings - Dressings are sterile pads or compresses that are put to a wound to assist healing and protect it from further injury. A dressing is intended to come into direct touch with the wound, as opposed to a bandage, which is typically used to keep a dressing in place. 5.Plasters - Plaster is a medicated or protective dressing made up of a film (usually made of cloth or plastic) that is spread with a medicated substance. 6.Suppositories - Suppositories are a type of medication that is administered via the rectal and vaginal channels. V. POWDERS 1.Oral powder - Oral powders are preparations made up of solid, loose, dry particles of varied fineness. They include one or more active chemicals, excipients, and, if necessary, permitted coloring and flavoring compounds. 2.Dentrifices - Dentifrices are oral hygiene products that are used to clean the teeth and other portions of the oral cavity (gums) using a finger or a toothbrush. They come in the form of teeth powder, toothpastes, gels, dental creams, and even dental foams. 3.Dusting powder - Dusting powder is a type of desiccant powder. Antifungal dusting powder can aid in the prevention of skin diseases like athlete's foot. Talc's pharmaceutical use as a dusting powder is dependent on its desiccant properties. Dusting powder is a type of desiccant powder. 4.Insufflations - The process of blowing something (such as a gas, powder, or vapor) into a bodily cavity is known as insufflation. Insufflation has several medicinal applications, most notably as a medication delivery method. 5.Triturations - The process of grinding one component into another to dilute one of the constituents, provide volume for processing and handling, or disguise undesired properties is referred to as trituration. VI. ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS 1.Tablets - is a pharmacological solid unit dose form or oral dosage form. Tablets are the solid unit dose form of a medication or medications. 1.1 Compressed Tablets a. Sugar-coated tablets - is coated with sugar to hide the flavor, and includes the repeated deposition of aqueous sugar solution on the tablet cores as they are spun and tumbled in a rotating. b. Film-coated tablets - is a thin polymer-based coating that is commonly sprayed over a solid pharmaceutical dosage form such as a tablet, capsule, pellet, or granule. c. Enteric-coated tablets - is a polymer barrier added to oral medicine that keeps it from dissolving or disintegrating in the stomach. d. Multiple-compressed tablets - are crushed pills that have undergone more than one compression cycle They are often manufactured to separate or generate physically or chemically incompatible substances. e. Controlled-release tablets - The active ingredient(s) are released at a specified rate to maintain consistent drug levels in your body for a specific time period. This enables for more exact management of medicine levels after administration and requires fewer doses throughout the day. f. Effervescent tablets - these are designed to release carbon dioxide upon contact with water, promoting their disintegration. g. Buccal tablets - are a sort of solid dose form that is delivered orally in between the gums and the inner cheek linings. h. Sublingual tablets - They melt smoothly in the tongue, dissolve quickly, and leave little or no residue 1.2 Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates a. Dispensing Tablet - A tablet formed by compression or molding; utilized by the dispensing pharmacist to get certain powerful chemicals in a handy form for proper compounding. b. Hypodermic Tablet - a water-soluble tablet containing a predetermined amount of medication and designed for hypodermic administration 2.Capsules - are the cell's outermost structures of bacteria and fungi. Is to encase the medicine or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in an odorless, tasteless, beautiful, simple-to-swallow, and simple-to-fill shell. 3.Pills - The birth control pill, sometimes known colloquially as "the pill," is a kind of birth control that is taken orally by women. Progestin and estrogen are two essential hormones found in the pill 4.Troches - is a small, hard tablet that dissolves slowly under the tongue over 30 minutes or so, similar to a long-lasting cough drop. 5.Cachets - an indication or show of approbation, especially from someone of considerable prestige a no longer available dose form It was created in the 1800s to make it easier for patients to take bitter powdered medicine. 6.Pellets - is a little, rounded piece of anything, most often a compacted nugget of some substance VII.BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS 1.Biologics for Active Immunity a. Vaccine - is a simple, safe, and successful method of safeguarding individuals against potentially dangerous infections before they come into touch with them. b. Toxoid - is an inactivated toxin (generally an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been reduced by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment while other features, notably immunogenicity, have been preserved. 2.Biologics for Passive Immunity a. Human Immune Sera - It is derived from an animal that has been vaccinated via ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms bearing the antigen. Introduced in 1980. b. Animal Immune Serum - It is derived from an animal that has been vaccinated via ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms bearing the antigen. *Antitoxin - is an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin. In reaction to toxin exposure, certain animals, plants, and microbes create antitoxins. *Antiviral Serum - Treatment with antiviral serum after infection results in the survival of productively infected neural cells with virulent poliovirus. *Antivenin - is a sterile, non-pyrogenic preparation made by drying a frozen solution of particular venom-neutralizing globulins extracted from blood serum of healthy horses inoculated against black widow spider venom (Latrodectus mactans).
