1|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA

Unit 2: Unpacking the Self
 Physical self
 Sexual self
 Material/economic self
 Spiritual self
 Political self
 Digital self
Physical Self
 Self as impacted by the body.
 How does our physical self impact the way we view and
handle ourselves?
 Leonardo da Vinci
o "learn how to see. Realize that everything
connects to everything else"
 Is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the
person that can be directly observed and examined.
o Can you tell in the first meeting if a person has self
confidence? Know how to do selfcare? How they
handle themselves?
 William James
o "Physical self/body is an initial source of sensation
and necessary for the origin and maintenance of
personality."

Initial source of sensation: how can we feel
if we are loved by someone emotionally?
 We first hear this through what they
say
 Feel first through their hugs
 Taste their love through the food
they cook
 All that we feel emotionally, it all
starts with physical sensation
 Same thing goes with emotional
sensation
 Before we feel emotionally hurt, we
first feel the pain through someone's
slap
 Saying "i love you" coldly - hear first
before feeling the pain
 necessary for the origin and maintenance
of personality
 Is personality tangible or intangible?
 It is intangible, you cannot
touch, but you can see
 The process of personality
starts inside
 Personality could be inherited
 The following generations tend to
have 10% higher IQ than the previous
generations, according to studies.
 Physical features = inherited

The uniqueness of your personality reflects
on the uniqueness of your appearance
Whatever is on the outside is a
manifestation of the inside
 FACEPTION - Israeli company established on
2004 or 2014
 Helps multinational companies all over
the world to hire best people who will be
the assets of the company
 Through facial profiling: applicants'
photos are sent to this company and they
will get a background if this person will
become an asset or liability to the
company
 There are studies that facial profiling can
also determine if the person will have the
tendency to be a criminal/terrorist, loyal
in a relationship
 HOW: According to some studies, you
have to look for a guy who is baby faced,
circular face, no prominent bony
features if you want to have a loyal
partner
 If a guy has developed prominent
features, they have high levels of
androgen
 higher testosterone = pleasure
seeking behavior, leaning towards
activities which cause adrenaline rush
(cheating: thrill that you could be
caught)
 Correlation with the study

Psychosexual Theory of Development (Sigmund Freud)
o In the Psychoanalytical school, Sigmund Freud's
construction of self and personality makes the
physical body the core of human experience.
 Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stage
 Revolve where pleasure or satisfaction of
the individual generates in the bod
I
2|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA
o
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
1. Oral Stage (Birth-1.5 years)
fixation  Sucking (mom's nipples or feeding bottles)
Weaning
in kinds of
 Have to be satisfied enough so the child will
Foods
grow without any psychological hang-ups
such as oral fixation
 when overly or undersatistfied
 Chan smoking, gum-chewing, nailbiting, talkative or anything that
keeps the mouth active
2. Anal Stage (1.5-3 years)
potty 1-rainy
 Toilet training stage
 If child did not experience harmonious
relationship with the caregiver during toilet
training:
tight/strict: too much
 Overly
retentive
Too strict analcharacteristics
orderliness, cleanliness, OCD or
¥
anal expulsive
OCPD, rigid personality, very
characteristics
Too lenient
obsessive about thoughts or things
Penis envy
µ
father ElectImp 3. Phallic Stage (4-5 years)
daughter
 Phallic fixation, if not satisfied
son to mother Oedipus complex
Problems with exhibitionism, pride,
cutoff 
dilution CASTRATION!
ANXIETY ¥I
vanity
1.
family
identification of role
Always wanting to flaunt something

resolution
4. Latent Stage (5 years – puberty)
5. Genital Stage (puberty)
c
orally Fixated)
-
o
*
-
'
-
o
hey
-
to
Whatever skill that we want to be developed, it's
important that we have a healthy mind to acquire
this. Our brain is a physical aspect, a mass of cells
 Swimming: complete set of upper and
lower extremities
Our physical appearance have a big effect on
creating our personality
-
"
=
=
in
=

Somatic Society (Bryan Turner)
o The sociology of the body become an established
discipline in the 1990’s.
o Bryan Turner, coined the term “somatic society”
which means the new found importance of the
body in contemporary society.
o
o
o
o

Psychosocial Theory of Development (Erik Erikson)
o The role of bodily organs is especially important
in early developmental stages of a persons life.
o Later in life, the development of physical as well
as intellectual skills help determine whether the
individual will achieve a sense of competence and
ability to choose demanding roles in a complex
society.
o
Each stage, we have a certain task
The obsession to have a beautiful face & body
The demand for Cosmetic Surgery and Skin
Whiteners
 The highest consumer of skin whiteners are
coming from Philippines
 According to studies/surveys, morena skin
tone is the most liked skin color
Body Shaming
 Since the society created what is accepted
today, we are put under societal pressure
to fit into this standard, though ideally, we
have different standards
 Criticizing your own appearance, through a
judgment or comparison to another
person.
 Criticizing another’s appearance in front of
them
 Criticizing another’s appearance without
their knowledge.
3|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA


Physical Self Issues and Conflicts
o The pressure is high to maintain an individual's
physical aspect.
o People may have different causes
o Eating Disorders (DSM-5)
 Anorexia Nervosa
 characterized by loss of body weight
and refusal to eat. Appetite is usually
intact.
 Restrictive when it comes to eating
 Example: through the bones/ bones
(movie from netflix)
 Bulimia Nervosa
 characterized by recurrent and
frequent binge eating with or without
vomiting.
 They have this pattern of binging and
purging
 Uses laxative to immediately let out
what they eat
 Some of them are overweight or
normal BMI
 Chipmunk or puffy cheeks due to the
salivary glands are swollen
 The dorsal part of their hands are
injured since most of them use their
fists to purge and the skin surface is
scratched by the teeth
 Teeth enamel have patches of white corroded because of acid
 Some loses gag reflex
o Body Dysmorphic Disorder (DSM-5)
 characterized by a distressing and impairing
preoccupation with an imagined or slight
defect in appearance.
 Anxiety related disorder
 Slight or no defect at all but when they see
a certain part of their body, they may think
that they are defective
 An individual finds it hard to face other
people, loses confidence in showing
themselves wherein it affects their daily
activities
 Wanting to have plastic surgery
 Severe level: they go to great lengths, when
a person does not have the means to have
plastic surgery, they do it themselves
Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder
o Society states the standard but beauty is
definitely in the eyes of the beholder
o Ex: in tribes, the person with the most tattoos is
the most beautiful

We are NOT our bodies. We live in our bodies, but our
bodies do not make up WHO we are.
o We are not just our bodies, we live in our bodies,
but our bodies do not makeup everything about
who we are
o Our bodies is just a part of who we are; it does not
say everything about our personalities and
characteristics
o There are other parts of ourselves, not just our
bodies.
SEXUAL SELF
 Understanding one’s identity and sexuality

Biological Perspective of One’s Sex
o At conception, egg and sperm unite to create a
new organism that incorporates some
characteristics of each parent.
o The first 22 pairs are called AUTOSOMES. The last
pair is known as the SEX CHROMOSOMES.
o Genetic basis for Sex Determination:
 X Chromosome
 Y Chromosome
4|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA


Secondary Sex Characteristics
o
o

Outside manifestations
 Guys: more facial hair, broader shoulders,
built of muscles
 Girls: broader hips, more fat cells around
our breast
Erogenous Zones
o where the libido is centered (according to Freud)
o parts of the body that experience heightened
sensitivity and/or signal sexual arousal of some
kind
o Needs stimulation by engaging the person in
gratifying activities
Both men and women describe the
experience of orgasm in similar and
positive terms
 The vast majority of men experience
one intense orgasm. But many
women are capable of experiencing
multiple orgasms
 Males ejaculate while females
experience vaginal contractions
 Release of tension that was built up during
plateau stage
STAGE 4: RESOLUTION
 Arousal slowly subsides and returns to
normal levels
 Males experience a refractory period
during where they are incapable of having
another erection or orgasm
 Refractory stage
 Body functioning goes back to normal
 Time when you'll feel guilt if you did not
really think about it
l


The Sexual Response Cycle
o model that describes the physiological responses,
that occur during sexual activity.
o STAGE 1: EXCITEMENT
 The beginning of sexual arousal;
preparation for intercourse
o STAGE 2: PLATEAU
 Physical arousal builds
 Tension builds up especially around the
genital area, higher heart rate, deeper
breaths
o STAGE 3: ORGASM
 Third and shortest phase of the sexual
response cycle
Chemistry of Lust, Attraction and Attachment
Lust
Attraction
Attachment
o
o
o
Testosterone
Dopamine
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Norepinephrine
Vasopressin
Serotonin
Lust and attraction shut off the prefrontal cortex
of the brain, which includes rational behavior.
 Responsible for decision making and logical
thinking
 Influence on emotional regulation
 Last to develop to maturity
The hypothalamus regulates the function of the
pituitary gland to secrete hormones.
The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big role in
stimulating the production of the sex hormones
testosterone and estrogen from the testes and
ovaries
5|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA

o
When we are lusting over someone, the
production of hormones comes from the
sex organs
Attraction involves the brain pathways that
control “reward” behavior, which partly explains
why the first few weeks or months of a
relationship can be so exhilarating and even allconsuming.
 High
levels
of
dopamine
and
norepinephrine, are released during
attraction. These chemicals make us giddy,
energetic, and euphoric, even leading to
decreased appetite and insomnia.
 DOPAMINE: Reward or pleasure
hormone when you are experiencing
pleasure or does something that
makes you happy
 When you see that person and you
had an interaction, dopamine surges,
norepinephrine also surges which
makes you feel happy and euphoric
 The feelings involved in this cannot be
considered love, it may just be a starting
point of developing real feelings, but is not
considered falling in love
 Nature's way of luring us to reproduce
 Not love until attachment is present
 Attraction and lust are pleasurable and
does not require any effort




o
Neurotransmitter of addiction: higher
surge of dopamine
Surge of dopamine when eating: 100
Surge of dopamine during sex: 300
Surge of dopamine during drugs: 800-1000
- that's why its hard to recover from
addiction
 When they come down from their
high, they need to immediately use
the drugs again as there would a
crash in the amount of dopamine in
the body; if not followed, depression
can follow
 Twice the sadness when it is not
followed
Attachment is the predominant factor in longterm relationships. While lust and attraction are
pretty
much
exclusive
to
romantic
entanglements,
attachment
mediates
friendships, parent-infant bonding, social
cordiality, and many other intimacies as well.
 Not just any funny feelings; a feeling when







you're in a steady relationship
Primary hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin
Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) is produced by
the hypothalamus and released in large
quantities during sex, breastfeeding, and
childbirth.
Despite not being pleasurable all the time, we
stay because there is love in each
relationship
Falling out love is not true, it's not love in the
first place
Falling out of attraction could happen but not
falling out of love
Love is actually boring and mundane, but is
consistent, it remains as it comes from a
person's conscious efforts and decision
every single day.
Sex vs. Gender
o SEX
 Sex (sometimes called biological sex,
anatomical sex, or physical sex)
 A person’s identity based on their physical
characteristics, genes and hormones.
 Male: Penis
 Female: Vagina
 Intersex: chromosomes and hormones
of a female/male but external genital is
like that of a male/female (defect;
hormonal imbalance during the
mother's pregnancy; Klinefelter's
syndrome)
 Also refers to sexual acts, as in ‘having sex’
 Primary and Secondary Sex characteristics
 What can be seen or what you are born with
o GENDER
 Gender is the structure of social relations that
centers on the reproductive arena, and the
set of practices that bring reproductive
distinctions into social processes.
 A term that refers to social or cultural
distinctions associated with a given sex; it is
generally considered to be a socially
constructed concept.
 Gender underlies assumptions regarding
‘Masculine’ or ‘Feminine’ behavior
 Refers to the attitudes, feelings and behaviors
that a given culture associates with a person's
biological sex.
 Behavior that is compatible with cultural
expectations is referred to as gendernormative
6|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA



 Men wearing makeup,
 haircut or voice
 Women can have bob cut, men can
Behaviors that are viewed as incompatible
with these expectations constitute gender
non-conformity (APA, 2012).
 Gender normative: males wear
pants, provides for the family
 Gender normative: females wear
skirts, take care of children, stay at
home
 Gender non-conformity: does not
conform to the labels made by the
society
Cultural, societal
Sexual Diversity
o Sex and gender are often thought of as binary
categories; that is, we can be either male or female,
or feminine or masculine. However, this is a FALSE
assumption.
 Sex and gender are in the same continua
 No one can be 100% female, 100% male; thus we
still crave for a characteristic in which the other sex
has
 If we are 100% of our sex, we cannot relate
with the persons of the opposite sex
o Although sex can be quantified by DNA and genetic
testing, sometimes the results are difficult to make
sense of with regard to their social implications
o GENDER IDENTITY
 Who you think you are
 One's innermost concept of self as male, female, a
blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive
themselves and what they call themselves which
can be the same or different from their sex
assigned at birth.
 Regardless of biological sex that you are born with
 Gender identity, in nearly all instances, is selfidentified, as a result of a combination of inherent
and extrinsic or environmental factors.
 CISGENDER – A person whose gender identity
matches his or her assigned sex
 TRANSGENDER – A person whose lived
experiences do not match their assigned sex
 Transwoman - person whose assigned sex is
male and identifies as a woman
 Transman - person whose assigned sex is
female and identifies as a man
o GENDER EXPRESSION
 How you demonstrate who you are
 Refers to the ways that humans choose to display
their gender identity to the world usually
expressed through:
 Behavior
 Clothing
o

prefer long hairs
and which may/may not conform to socially
defined behaviors and characteristics
typically associated with being either
masculine or feminine.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION/ATTRACTION
 Who you are romantically and sexually into
 Sexual orientation is all about who you are
physically, spiritually, and emotionally
attracted to (specifically into sexual and
romantic attraction), and the labels tend to
describe the relationships between your
gender and the gender types you’re
attracted to.
 Straight (Heterosexual) - Attracted to
people of the opposite gender
(Homosexual)
 Gay/Lesbian
Attracted to people of the same
gender
 Bisexual - Can be attracted to both
men and women
 Romantic or sexual preference
 Can be defined as:
 A female who is a female biologically,
sees herself as a female, can also say
that she is attracted to the same sex
or different genders; can apply to
men
The Church and Sexuality
o Sexual Intercourse
 the two primary purposes of sexual intercourse are:
 “UNITIVE” (unite the couple) and
 “PROCREATIVE” (create more people)
 Manifestation of God's love to the Church could
be seen in different families
o Pope Francis on Sexuality
 Pope Francis has repeatedly spoken about the need
for the Catholic Church to welcome and love all
people regardless of sexual orientation.
 He radicalizes; embodies Jesus
:

Sexually Transmitted Infections
o 1 million STI cases everyday worldwide (WHO,
2016)
o Estimated 357 million each year are infected by 1
of 4 STIs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis,
Trichomoniasis (WHO, 2016)
o Drug resistance is a challenge esp. For Gonorrhea
(WHO, 2018)
7|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA
o
o
Poor young females more vulnerable than welloff counterparts (Abrigo, n.a.)
 Have no access to education and no money
to buy contraceptives; no means to protect
themselves
Most people are not sex workers; just people who
loved their partner who did not become true to
them

o
o
The most reliable way to avoid infection is
to not have sex (i.e., anal, vaginal or oral).
VACCINATION
 Vaccines
are safe, effective, and
recommended ways to prevent hepatitis B
and HPV.
 Active or not, it is best to be vaccinated
 HPV: one of the most common HIV
 Not 100% protection, just raises your
immunity against the disease
MUTUAL MONOGAMY
 Mutual monogamy means that you agree
to be sexually active with only one person,
who has agreed to be sexually active only
with you.
 Since lately, open relationships are
becoming common
MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
 The Self in association to his/her possessions
o

HIV and AIDS
o TRANSMITTED THROUGH:
▪ Unprotected sex
▪ Drug addicts
▪ Blood transfusion
▪ Pregnancy
▪ Non-sterile instruments
o NOT TRANSMITTED THROUGH:
▪ Touching
▪ Food
▪ Kissing (have to drink at least 1 gallon of saliva
of a person with HIV to contract it)
▪ Insect bites
▪ Swimming in pools
o
 Viral; could be self-limiting
 HIV: Could be active or not
 Medicines are available, though they do not
cure HIV, they prolong a person's life by
strengthening a person's immune system

How to avoid STIs and AIDS
o ABSTINENCE
William James on the “Self”
from his book The Principles of Psychology (1890)
 “A man’s self is the sum total of all that he can call his,
not only his body and his psychic powers, but his
clothes and his house, his wife and children, his
ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his
lands and horses, and yacht and bank-account. All
these things give him the same emotions. If they wax
and prosper, he feels triumphant; if they dwindle and
die away, he feels cast down,—not necessarily in the
same degree for each thing, but in much the same way
for all.”
Material Self
 Refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry
the designation my or mine.
 BODILY SELF
o refers to any part of our body. These entities are
clearly an intimate part of who we are
 EXTENDED SELF
o refers to anything that is beyond our body
(Psychological ownership)
Functions of Possessions
 Possessions can go beyond their functional value.
o Influence
o Power
o Sympathy
o Social status
o Emotions
8|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA
Materialism
 The importance a consumer attaches to worldly
possessions.
 The extent to which consumption becomes the
primary source of satisfaction, as well as the dominant
mode of motivations
Symbolic Communication Model:
 Possessions as Symbolic Expressions of Identity
 There’s an observation that one’s possessions are
considered a part of oneself. They are symbols and
extensions of the personal and social aspects of her
identity/personhood.
 Possession help people define themselves.
 Possessions can enhance one’s image and develop a
positive sense of self.
 It can be a reassurance that one is the person one’s
wishes to be.
 Goods and possessions are used to fill in or to
compensate for the person lacks
Possessions as Unstable Meanings
 Meaning is in a constant state of flux.
 Cultural categories of person that help shape identity
are subject to constant manipulation by individuals,
social groups, and marketing agents.
 Meanings of objects that are used to make visible and
stabilize the categories of culture are also subject to
frequent change through their appropriation in
advertising, in television programming, and among
social subgroups.
Pets as Extensions of the Self
 Pets have become parts of the extended self. Pets
belong to the top 5 possessions.
 Positive relationship between self esteem and owning
pets (Covert et al, 1985)
 The dog as “co-therapist” (Levinson, 1962)
Material Self-care
Possessions and Self-Identity
For example:
 A recent Ph.D., for example, may prominently display
his diploma in an attempt to convince himself (and
others) that he is the erudite scholar he aspires to be.
Even though you are not too smart or not qualified, so
long as you wear an expensive watch, an high-class
pair of shoes and you have the latest model of
cellphone.
Conspicuous Consumption
 Consumers own high-priced, status-oriented goods to
impress others and to convince them of their high
social status.
“It is the preoccupation with possessions, more than anything
else, that prevents us from living freely and nobly.”
― Bertrand Russell
Loss of Possessions
SPIRITUAL SELF
 The practice of religion: belief in supernatural being
and power
Religion and Spirituality
 Religion
o an organized system of ideas about the spiritual
or supernatural realm, that is accompanied by
rituals. Through rituals, people attempt to
influence things that they think are beyond their
control.
 Spirituality
o also concerns an aspect of the divine and
supernatural but is often times limited to the
individual, with no need for any formal
organization. This is the search for meaning and
direction in life and the ways
9|UTS Unit 2 Merida, MVC 1PTA

The two are related: Although not separate from one
another, spirituality is much more profound than
religion.
Religion: Rituals
 Religions have rituals/ritu.
 What ever is done repeatedly.
 2 types of ritual
o According to the Calendar (Calendric)
o Based on crisis
 Examples of Catholic Rituals
o Fasting (Pag-aayuno)
o Healing (Panggagamot)
o Offering (Pag-aalay)
o “Panalanging walang patid”
o Attending mass (Pagmimisa)
o Praying a novena (Pagnonobena)
o Praying the rosary (Pagrorosaryo)
o Senakulo
The Meaning of Spirituality
 (Yabut, 2013)
 It is phenomenological experience.
 This has to do with the human being.
Stages of Faith Development for Adolescence
 (Fowler, 1981)
 SYNTHETIC CONVENTIONAL STAGE (age 12 and up)
o conformity to authority and the religious
development of a personal identity. Any conflicts
with one's beliefs are ignored at this stage due to
the fear of threat from inconsistencies.
 INDIVIDUATIVE-REFLECTIVE STAGE (age 21 and up)
o stage of angst and struggle. The individual takes
personal responsibility for his or her beliefs and
feelings. As one is able to reflect on one's own
beliefs, there is an openness to a new complexity
of faith, but this also increases the awareness of
conflicts in one's belief
Logotherapy (Victor Frankl)
 aids individuals to find personal meaning of life,
whatever life situation they may be.
1. Someone – special someone, friend, children,
and family
2. Deed, Act or Work – finding fulfilment and/or
being passionate about one’s work/deed
3. Suffering – through rumination/contemplation,
we get to have a deeper sense of our self and
experiences.
POLITICAL SELF
 Developing a Filipino Identity
 an increasing awareness of the deeply dysfunctional
and divisive nature of many of our traditional political
and economic institutions
Politics, Citizenship and the Self
 Politics
o refers to the actions or activities concerned with
achieving and using power in a nation or society.
o Politics as imbibed by man implies several things:
 Concerned with power
 Functions based on a particular social
economic and cultural context
 Based on one’s personality
 Goes hand in hand with the society
Active Citizenship
 Structured forms of engagement with political
processes and everyday forms of participation in a
society.
 Engaging in such activities can also enhance efficacy
and competence of the younger generation, as they
are considered to be the “future leaders of the
society”
Political Self among Filipinos in the Present
 The SWS survey was conducted through face-to-face
interviews with 1,440 adults 18 years old and above.
 One out of 4 Filipinos looks for senatorial candidates
who "will not be corrupt"
10 | U T S U n i t 2 M e r i d a , M V C 1 P T A
o
Political Preferences and Socio-economic Status


COVID-19 Pandemic and Implications of Government’s
Response
“In fact, this is an acid test of every single country’s
 quality of healthcare,
 standard of governance and
 social capital.
If any one of this tripod is weak, it will be exposed, and
exposed quite unmercifully by this epidemic.”
-Dr. Vivian Balakrishnan (Singapore Foreign Minister)
how our psychological states can be affected by
technologies
Mainly focused in the world wide web specifically
Social Media
Other technologies involved:
o Online and offline gaming such as video games
o Mobile computing
o Artificial intelligence
o Virtual reality
o Augmented reality
Self and identity in the cyberspace
 Identity
o development of one’s self-concept, including
one’s thought and feelings about oneself
DIGITAL SELF
 Self and identity in the cyberspace
Cyberpsychology
 New field within applied psychology
 Branch of psychology that examines:
o how we interact with others using technology
o
how our behaviour is influenced by technology
o
how technology can be developed to best suit
our needs
Environments affecting the online behavior
 Identifiable Offline world
o any deviance from established social norms may
be punished or ridiculed.
o A person’s true self is often inhibited
 Anonymous Online World
o the masks people wear offline are often
discarded and their ‘true’ selves allowed to
emerge.
o E.g. negative rants in Twitter, Facebook freedom
walls
 Identifiable Online world
o People may tend to express their “hoped-for
possible selves” (socially pleasing identities)
o e.g. Edited and filtered photos in Facebook,
posting of achievements
The role of anonymity in impression management
 Impression management
o selectively-self presenting or editing messages to
reveal socially desirable attitudes and
dimensions of the self
 Positive effect in the role of privacy or the amount of
contact that someone has with others
11 | U T S U n i t 2 M e r i d a , M V C 1 P T A


o
Negative effect
o increased aggression and antisocial behaviour
Autonomy
o where people can try out new behaviors without
fear of social consequences
Responsible use of social media
 Setting Boundaries to your online self: Smart Sharing
o Guide Questions to consider before posting:
 Is this post/story necessary?
 Is there a real benefit to this post – is it
funny, warmhearted, teachable – or am I
just making noise online without purpose?
Netiquette
The ABCs of Online School Etiquette (Reiner, 2020)
 A is for Avoid Acronyms
 B is for Brevity
 C is for Courtesy
 D is for Ditching Distractions
 E is for Early
 F is for Focus and Friendships
 G is for Good Intentions
Digital Citizenship
(Council of Europe, 2019)
 Being Online
o Information related to how we engage and exist
online, it comprises three digital domains: access
and inclusion, learning and creativity and media
and information literacy.
 Well-being Online
o Information related to how we feel online,
comprising another three digital domains: ethics
and empathy, health and well-being, and epresence and communications
 Rights Online
o Information related to being accountable online,
comprising the final four digital domains: active
participation, rights and responsibilities, privacy
and security and consumer awareness.
Digital World issues and conflicts
 Fear of missing out (FoMO)
o exists when an individual is anxious of being left
out and feels the constant need to know what
the others are doing
o It is an anxiety that emanates from the feeling
that you are not up to date because of the phase
social media and news pass very quickly
 Screen Dependency Disorder
o Emerging problem (not yet included in DSM-5
and/or ICD-10)

dependent, problematic behavior, including
withdrawal symptoms, increasing tolerance (for
screen use),
o failure to reduce or stop screen activities, lying
about the extent of use, loss of outside interests,
and continuation of screen use despite adverse
consequences.
Internet gaming disorder
o is a pattern of excessive and prolonged Internet
gaming that results in a cluster of cognitive and
behavioral symptoms, including progressive loss
of control over gaming, tolerance, and
withdrawal symptoms, analogous to the
symptoms of substance use disorders.
o Conditions for further study (DSM-5)