ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY
WEEK 9
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT (I)
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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Able to fundamentally propose sustainable strategies
based on given situation
Able to describe various pollution control methods
Able to discuss the effectiveness of existing
environmental policies
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
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Able to integrate sustainability into business plan and
development project.
Able to identify the appropriate pollution control strategy
while given a situation
Able to relate environmental policies to environmental
issues
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Sustainable development means development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs.
It also means progress in human well-being that can be
extended or prolonged over many generations.
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INNOVATION STRATEGIES FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Renewable energy sources to replace non-renewable
energy resources
Organic farming
Natural pollution treatment processes
Cleaner production
Clean development mechanism
Improved sanitation system
Improved healthcare services
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CHARACTERISTICS OF INNOVATION
STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
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Add value to the life of people much beyond the
immediate use of the product or services
Create a product or service of an uncompromising
quality at a price that is affordable
Address the challenge of resource use efficiency to
manage drastically low cost structures
scalable and replicable to suit requirements of local
circumstances and complexities.
(Source: http://www.livingprinciples.org)
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STRATEGIES FOR BUSINESS
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Practicing sustainable strategies for business creates
continuous profits to the stakeholders and benefits to the
environment, which indirectly promises continuous
production and business opportunities.
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EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR
BUSINESSES
• Sustainable marketing & communications strategies
• Education on sustainability, climate change and
environmental issues
• Green IT strategies
• Greening of supply chain
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STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
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Use of renewable resources. i.e. Installation of solar
panels
Biological control in farming
Organic farming/ Composting
Eating lower on the food chain
Open-space design in towns
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NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
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Class activity
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Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using the
following technologies:
• Renewable energy
• Non-renewable energy
Instruction
1. Identify one (1) energy source for each of the above.
2. State THREE (3) advantages and THREE (3)
disadvantages for each of the energy source.
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Class activity
Instruction
1. Define the technology
2. State advantages and disadvantages for each of the
energy source.
3. Compare
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1.
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Active solar system
Passive solar system
Hydro energy (dam)
Micro-hydro energy
Biomass
Geothermal
Tidal
Waves
Wind energy
Nuclear energy
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NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
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Coal
Crude oil
Natural gas
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COAL
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Coal is a metamorphic rock produced by partial
anaerobic decomposition of buried terrestrial vegetation,
usually at near-shore swampy environment.
Exists in a large variety of geologic forms and quality
Has different specific heating value
Classification based on carbon purity: peat  lignite
(brown coal)  bituminous (soft coal)  anthracite (hard
coal)  graphite
Classification based on vegetation original vegetation –
sapropelic coals, humic coals
Heating value is one of the key properties
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CRUDE OIL
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Petroleum is a biological product derived from the
organic debris of former life that has been buried,
transformed and preserved.
Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
90-95% is hydrocarbon compounds
5-10% is non-hydrocarbon compounds
Held in pores of sandstone.
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NATURAL GAS
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Natural gas is formed from the thermal decomposition of
crude oil and the original material
Typically, it contains 50 – 90% of methane
Other components include ethane, propane, butane,
along with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
Conventional source – lies above most reservoirs of
crude oil.
Unconventional source – found by itself in other
underground sources. e.g. coal seams
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USES
Coal
Fuel for heating and power generation. Can
indirectly produce pharmaceuticals, shampoo,
furniture oil, fertilizers, etc.
Crude oil
No use in its raw form. Must be refined by
primary distillation. Source of a lot of organic
chemicals. Products include petrol, kerosene,
lubricating oils, waxes, etc.
Natural
gas
Known as premium fuel. Used for generating
electricity for power stations, power motor
vehicles, cooking, etc.
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ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
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Water pollution at sea due to oil spillage
Air pollution and acid precipitation due to coal burning as
most coals contain 2 – 6% sulfur
Natural gas is more environmental friendly
Exaggerated greenhouse effect  global warming
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RENEWABLE RESOURCES
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RENEWABLE RESOURCES
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Solar
Hydroelectric
Wind
Biomass
Tidal
Geothermal
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SOLAR POWER (1)
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Passive solar energy:
• Promotes cooling in hot weather
• Retains heat in cold weather
Active solar energy
• It requires mechanical power to store and pump the
heat
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SOLAR POWER (2)
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Solar thermal electricity
• Sunlight is focused onto water-holding containers
causing the water to boil and generate stream. The
steam is used to run steam-driven electrical
generators
Solar photovoltaic electricity
• Photovoltaic cells are used to convert sunlight directly
into electricity. Well-suited to low-specific-energy
needs such as heating and cooling individual
buildings
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HYDROELECTRIC
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Use water stored behind the dams and allow water to fall
at a controlled flow rate from the reservoir
Requires no burning and produces no wastes
A clean energy resources
But, silting at the dam limits a station’s life time to 50-200
years
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WIND
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Atmospheric wind power rotates a rotor-blade propeller
on a wind tower rotator shaft that turns a wind turbine
Cheapest form of alternative energy
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BIOMASS
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Oldest fuel used by human
Can be in wood forms, crop forms or waste forms
Combusted to generate energy
Has low content of sulfur and does not emit much sulfur
dioxide
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TIDAL
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The kinetic energy from the moon’s gravitational pull on
the oceans under the earth’s rotation produces a diurnal
tidal effects. There is potential to utilize the kinetic
energy of waves that hit the continental shores
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GEOTHERMAL
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Thermal energy is available in the upper 10km of the
earth’s crust
Hydrothermal – trapped steam or hot water contained in
geologic strata that is reachable by drilling and is
extractable
Petrothermal- high-temperature dry rock formations
Geopressured – sedimentary formations that contain
high-pressure hot water and natural gas that is
extractable by drillng
Magma – bodies of lava that is reachable (<20km)
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ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
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Large dam alter landscapes and landuse, blocks
migration of aquatic organisms and traps sediments that
should otherwise reach the sea
Windmills kill birds, use large area of land and degrade
an area’s scenic resources
Biofuel/ biomass burning pollutes the air and degrades
the land
Geothermal development may produce thermal pollution
from hot wastewater which may be saline or highly
corrosive
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POLLUTION CONTROL
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WATER TREATMENT
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Wastewater treatment plant
• Primary treatment process (physical treatment) –
remove inorganic material
• Secondary treatment process (biological treatment) –
remove organic matters
• Tertiary treatment process (chemical treatment) – to
remove microbes or bacteria
Natural treatment process
Law and policies (control method)
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
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Baghouses
Engines with higher efficiency
Catalytic converter
Gas scrubber
Gasification
Law and policies (control method)
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SOIL TREATMENT
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Bioremediation
Incineration (incineration of solid wastes reduces the
need for landfilling and toxicity of solid wastes)
Law and policies (control method)
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REFERENCE
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Paul Kruger (2006), Alternative Energy Resources: The
Quest for Sustainable Energy. John Wiley.
Botkin, D.B. and Keller, E.A. (2010), Environmental
Science: Earth As a Living Planet, 7th ed., John Wiley.
http://www.wbcsd.org. Accessed on 20/07/2011,
2.30p.m.
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KEY TERMS
• Renewable resources: Resources that cannot be used
up and are able to sustain for a long time
• Non-renewable resource: Resources that can be used
up and cannot be replenished or takes a very long
duration to be replenished
• Biomass: organic substances which are often the
photosynthetic products
• Bioremediation: treatment procedures that utilize
biological means
• Thermal energy –heat energy
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