MUSIC
PLAYING
Discuss in 10 minutes what information can be
contained in each of the following principles of speech
delivery.
ARTICULATION MODULATION
STAGE
PRESENCE
Facial Expressions, Gestures and
Movements,
Rapport with Audience
WATCH AND
LISTEN
PRINCIPLES
OF SPEECH
DELIVERY
 ARTICULATION
in phonetics, a configuration of the vocal
tract (the larynx and the pharyngeal, oral,
and nasal cavities) resulting from the
positioning of the mobile organs of the
vocal tract (e.g., tongue) relative to other
parts of the vocal tract that may be rigid
(e.g., hard palate). This configuration
modifies an airstream to produce the sounds
of speech.
The main articulators are the tongue,
the upper lip, the lower lip, the upper teeth,
the upper gum ridge (alveolar ridge), the
hard palate, the velum (soft palate), the
uvula (free-hanging end of the soft palate),
the pharyngeal wall, and the glottis (space
between the vocal cords).
EXAMPLE:
If someone is articulate, they speak
words clearly, and speakers should strive
to speak clearly. Poor articulation results
when speakers do not speak clearly.
For example, a person may say dinnt
instead of didn't, gonna instead of going
to, wanna instead of want to, or hunnerd
instead of hundred.
MODULATION
It refers to how you control your voice
when speaking. When we speak, we are able to
change the message by varying the : tone,
stress on words, pitch, and changing the
rate of speech.
Effective voice modulation can mean the difference
between a boring speech, and an audience captivating
speech. However, modulation is not easy, and
needs to be practiced.
Focus on how you speak to people in an individual
setting, the shift in pitch and the tone of your voice. You
can modulate your voice by:
i) Varying the pitch of your voice: Females tend to have
a higher pitch of voice, due to different anatomical
structuring. When delivering speeches, tend to stick to
lower pitches. Microphones are deceiving, as you may
think it amplifies your voice. They do amplify voice, as well
other articulatory mistakes, higher pitches and breathing!
So next time you have a speech using a microphone,
practice with it first.
ii) Speaking slowly:
I cannot emphasize enough, the power of pausing.
When you pause, you are able to catch your
breath. Your pauses will also make your audience
lean forwards in their chair, and wait eagerly for
your next message. Pausing is the best way to
improve audience involvement and attention.
iii) Stress on certain words : When you increase
emphasis or stress on certain words, you draw your
audience’s attention. Choose powerful words to stress on,
so that your message is captivating and clear.
Example:
You are BEAUTIFUL, you are WORTHY!
iv) Speak quietly : Use this effect when you want your
audience to calm down, or to hang to your every word. A
certain way to grab the attention of someone, is through
an assertive voice, rather than a loud authoritative voice.
v)Copy others :
Look at videos of powerful orators,
politicians, celebrities etc. Observe the way
they modulate their voices. Practice, practice,
practice!
Stage presence is expressing your
confidence in front of the audience.
The strong speaker will project a confident
demeanor – demeanor is your overall poise
and the impression that you project. The
strong speaker is knowledgeable about his or
her topic.
How to Establish a Confident Stage Presence
1. Be Thoroughly Prepared
Know your speech so well that you can
concentrate on a smooth delivery.
This preparation includes frequent rehearsal.
If you know that you are prepared to speak you will
find it much easier to relax and present a
comfortable and alert posture.
2. Channel Your Energy
The strong speaker knows how to harness emotional
energy.
Psych your self up to enjoy the thrill and rush of
adrenaline.
Abraham Lincoln once said, “When I see a person talk,
I like to see them talk as though they’re fighting
a swarm of bees”
Use hand gestures that are natural.
3. Strong Eye Contact
Good eye contact communicates both personal confidence
and
warmth.
Nonverbal immediacy
Here and now
Great speakers make a point of engaging their audiences.
Try to connect with individuals in the audience nonverbally
and interact with a facial expression.
Strive to keep away from notes about 80 percent of the
time that you speak.
4. Vocal Variety
According to Robert L. Montgomery,
“some psychologists believe that the voice
is only second to facial expressions in
influencing others.”
Be aware of Paralingustics – how you use the sound of
your voice to communicate.
Articulation — clear and correct pronunciation:
People tend to judge speakers based on the their ability to
pronounce words correctly and clearly.
Variety of pitch levels.
1. Be enthusiastic. Turn up the energy.
This will communicate your interest and excitement
for your topic and help generate audience interest,
too.
You need to be larger than life on stage.
Project your voice and presence to the back of the
room.
• 2. Exaggerate voice inflection and
punch the key word in a sentence.
Exaggerate inflection when you are making points
or demonstrating some kind of emotion
appropriate to the emotions that you are trying to
stir in your audience.
3. Do not speak in a monotone.
Monotone usually means speaking in a low, droning
voice. You can be monotone with a high and loud
voice, too.
5. Avoid Mannerism
These are distracting movements or habits that limit how
the audience perceives your nonverbal credibility.
Think: slightly more formal than daily conversation.
Hands in pocket, tapping foot, leaning on the speaker’s
stand, holding a pen.
Move in Ways that Help Communicate Your Ideas
Do not pace with no purpose, but don’t be static either.
Movement, as well as gestures, is vital to maintaining
speaker and audience enthusiasm for the presentation.
• The good speaker follows three principles in ensuring
lively (but not irritating) movement.
Link the right and left hemisphere of the brain.
a. Be aware of Proxemics – how you use space to
communicate with an audience.
b. If you move about on the stage, make your
movements purposeful. Don’t wander about. Use your
movement to reinforce or emphasize a point. Use it in
concert with gestures.
c. You may try the diamond movement technique.
d. Never turn your back on the audience while you
are speaking.
6. Develop a Style that Fits Your Personality
“The Style is the Man.” — Aristotle
Be authentic and genuine in your nonverbal
demeanor.
Facial Gestures
As you progress as a speaker
from gestures and movement, you
will need to turn your attention to
facial gestures and expressions. Facial
gestures involve using your face to
display feelings and attitudes
nonverbally.
• They may reinforce, or contradict, the spoken
word, and their impact cannot be underestimated.
As in other body movements, your facial gestures
should come naturally, but giving them due
thought and consideration can keep you aware of
how you are communicating the nonverbal
message.
Facial gestures should reflect the tone and
emotion of your verbal communication. If you are
using humor in your speech, you will likely smile to
complement the amusement expressed in your
words. Smiling will be much less appropriate if
your presentation involves a serious subject such
as cancer or car accidents. Consider how you want
your audience to feel in response to your message,
and identify the facial gestures you can use to
promote those feelings. Then practice in front of a
mirror so that the gestures come naturally.
Gestures
involve using your arms and
hands while communicating.
Gestures provide a way to
channel your nervous energy
into a positive activity that
benefits your speech and gives
you something to do with
your hands.
• For example, watch people in normal, everyday
conversations. They frequently use their hands to
express themselves. Do you think they think about
how they use their hands? Most people do not.
Their arm and hand gestures come naturally as
part of their expression, often reflecting what they
have learned within their community.
One of the keys to a successful presentation is
to ensure that you are in rapport with you audience.
Rapport is the trust and connection that a speaker
creates with his/her audience. If you are asking
people to adopt a new way of thinking, an alternate
viewpoint or change their behaviour then it is
crucial to develop trust and connection and rapport.
Here are 9 different strategies that can help you
quickly develop rapport with your audience.
1 Have accommodating body language
This means body language that will help to build rapport
and trust. Have a smile when greeting people and a nice
handshake that matches and mirrors that of the other
person.
• When you are on stage have palms facing up as
you talk to them and have your head bobbing. Take
a risk and get out from behind the lectern or the
table.
• Don’t have any barriers between you and the
audience. Your body language should demonstrate
warmth and that you want to be there speaking to
them. Of course once you are in rapport, you can
change to credible body language.
2 Use a lower rate of speech and use pauses rather
than ums and ahs
By slowing down your rate of speech and modelling
silence and pause, you are showing your audience that you
are relaxed and comfortable (even if you are a little
nervous). This helps put your audience at ease and they
will relax and feel at ease and more readily connect with
you. Reducing ums and ahs and replacing them with
pause also helps demonstrate your confidence and build
this connection and rapport.
3 Talk about the audience and what you hope to give
them
This requires that you take the focus of your
presentation off yourself and make the presentation visibly
and emotionally about the audience. Make the presentation
for the audience and about their needs. Talk about their
issues, their problems and what your hope is for them as a
result of the information you are going to share with them.
Demonstrate that you are there for them. If the audience
can see that you are there solely for their benefit, you will
build rapport
4 Listen to the audience
At the beginning of your presentation ask the
audience what they want from you. What are their
major concerns and needs? Then address them. By
asking questions and then showing genuine interest in
their questions you will build rapport.
5 Reveal some vulnerability
Sometimes you need to give a little trust in order to
receive some trust back. Brene Brown in her TED
talk explains the power of vulnerability. You can
reveal that 2 years ago you were struggling, or 12
months ago you were facing the same dilemma
that many people in the room are facing now.
6 Give more than expected
We have all heard the saying “under promise and
over deliver”. I am not sure about the under promise,
but I like to over deliver. Give a gift or some bonus
information at the end of the presentation. Give an
add-on, over and above your normal presentation such
as free checklist, E-Book or half hour coaching
session.
7 Manage your audience’s expectations
One of the biggest rapport breakers and
reasons for a presentation falling short is when the
audience is expecting one thing, but the speaker
delivers something completely different. This can be
under delivering or delivering off topic.
8 Give the audience a cultural compliment
An audience loves a speaker who has taken
the time to learn about their audience and the
people who are in the room.
9 Manage your audience’s energy level
As you audience tires and fatigues and when a speaker
goes on for too long, rapport can be lost. So as a speaker
you need to manage this energy level. Take breaks, get
people to stand up and speak to the person next to them.
Get people to find someone they haven’t spoken to yet
and move to a new seat. Get audience participation
through questions and sharing and discussions. If you
wish to stay in rapport, then manage the energy level of
the room and a change of pace and differing activities may
be required.
ACT IT OUT!
Work in a group of five and read the following scenes
Scene 1: speaking in public as a running politician
announcing his 2022 candidacy.
Scene 2: Speaking as a Marketing Associate in an
Orientation.
• Weave the scenes together into a story. You are
free to interchange the order of the scenes
Act out your story and present it to the class within
five minutes
QUIZ
DIRECTION: (TRUE or FALSE) Write YOUR NAME if the statement is TRUE
and write MY NAME if the statement is FALSE
1. An outline determines whether your supporting ideas match
your main idea or not.
2. Any speech should include an introduction, body, and
conclusion.
3. In the introduction, you explain the importance of your topic
by giving examples.
4. Knowing the audience and the occasion is crucial in writing a
speech.
5. Rehearsing is a major requirement.
answer choices
6. Speech writing is a linear process.
7.The approach that you will use in your introduction
can determine the success of your speech.
8. The primary objective of speech writing is getting the
right or appropriate topic.
9. The purpose of the speech will help you identify ideas
that will support your main idea or message.
10. Word choice is one consideration in writing a speech.
answer choices
• Assignment
Write a 3 minutes speech applying the various
principles of speech writing and deliver it Infront of
the class.