Genetics:
It is a branch of biology and is derived from the Greek word Genetikus meaning genetics
Genetics discusses the nature of the factors that create the vital characteristics of living organisms, how
they function at different stages of life, how the characteristics are transmitted from parents to children,
and the effects of various factors on the human genome.
In other words, genetics studies the similarities and differences between parents and their babies and
follows the mechanics of this transfer.
Gamete: A haploid cell or chromosome that transmits traits from parents to children. A male gamete is
called a sperm and a female gamete is called a seed.
Heredity: Inheritance information that parents pass on to their children through gametes is called
inheritance. And parental traits are transmitted by genes on top of chromosomes.
Of course, the transfer of properties takes place during cell divisions.
There are several factors that need to be considered in the discussion of genetic studies:
Variation: The differences that are sometimes observed between parents and infants, the observation of
these differences emerges between successive generations and causes diversity between generations
and is called diversity.
Mutation: An instantaneous change and a completely new difference based on genotypic changes is
called mutation. Such changes have not been observed in any of the parents before. These changes
occur either spontaneously as a result of internal factors or as a result of environmental factors.
Environmental factors:
The factor that originates from the environment is called environmental factors. These factors are very
complex and complex because it is composed of substances, powers and organisms and is effective on
people throughout its life.
Genetic Uses
A: In the breeding of animals and plants
B: Medicine
A: In the breeding of animals and plants
Genetic methods can be used to reproduce modified animals and plants that are of great economic
importance, such as cattle, sheep, and domestic animals, which are good sources of access to meat
among humans. Meat is made and the promotion of modified plants, which have a special value in
terms of agricultural products, has been developed with this scientific method.
B:Medicine
The role of genetics in medicine has a very important and major role, if knowing this science helps the
physician in diagnosing inherited diseases, and special measures are taken for the patient by diagnosing
the disease. For example, Xanthoma tuberosum or heart disease or Xanthoma tuberosum, which occurs
with the appearance of a number of tumors and nodules in the body and cholesterol secretions in blood
vessels, which is considered an inherited disease. It facilitates the diagnosis of inherited diseases.
Whenever it is diagnosed that the disease-carrying genes are present in a family, the patient’s blood
cholesterol level should be controlled and if it is high, a diet should be set.
Genetic counseling
Most inherited diseases are directly related to genetic counseling, and if these diseases are diagnosed,
healthy counseling can be provided using family history. In this regard, family history is of particular
importance. Or increase in the number of chromosomes and cause various diseases It is inherited, for
example. Inherited diseases such as mongolism or Down syndrome, which are characterized by mental
retardation, short stature and heart problems, the presence of angles in the corner of the eye and a
small cap on one side inside the eye. Some diseases that infants carry with them from the mother’s
womb are called congenital birth defects.
Genotype:
The collection of prominent and hidden genes in an organism called the genotype is inherited from
parents.
Phenotype (appearance):
The set of signs and physical characteristics of a living body such as hair color, eye color, height and
height, etc. Are called phenotypes. For example, the black rabbit phenotype is black, while the xenotype
is Bb.
Heterozygous (impure traits):
When two genes of the same trait are not similar, they are called Heterozygous, like the Bb genotype for
the trait of black. This means that Heterozygous has a phenotype that is different from Homozygous.A
phenotype can be the physical characteristics, behaviors, traits and development of an organism.
Homozygous (pure traits):
If two genes are identical, they are called homozygous, such as genotype BB for black phenotype or
genotype bb for white phenotype.
Allel:
Allel are a type of genes that are located in the same or objective parts of the locus on top of
homologous chromosomes and transfer hereditary opposing factors or act opposite to each other, or in
other words, two genes that are located on top of the same chromosome Act the other way around and
create different characteristics in the baby. Alleles are said to be different, for example, in a fruit fly
called Drosophila millanogaster.
Drosophila Melanogaster A genus that is responsible for determining the flies’ wings is located on
chromosome 2 at a distance of 1/3 of that chromosome.One allele defines the gin wing of the fly as
normal, but the other allele causes the formation of short wings in the fly. The jeans that make up the
normal wing of a fly The jeans that make up the short wings are called the hidden or defeated jeans.We
show prominent jeans in capital letters and recessed jeans in small letters
Hybridism methods in genetic studies:
The constitutions of genetics were discovered by Mendel and he based his scientific research on a new
method called Hybridism and defined it as follows:
Hybrid
Living things that come from dissimilar parents that have different genes are called hybrids.
Monohybrid:
Marriage A Monohybrid Characteristics Marriage is one in which parents differ from each other solely in
terms of the adjective or denim.
For example, in pea plants, he wore a tall (T) and a short (t) plant. Which is the T-shirt of Dominant and
the t-shirt of Recessive. Mendel acquired all tall plants by mixing tall and short plants in the first
generation or F1. When these tall plants were mated, they obtained 25% of pure tall plants in the F2
generation and 25% of short pure plants but 50% of tall tall plants. There was a 1: 2: 1 ratio between
them in terms of genotype and a 1: 3 ratio between them in terms of phenotype.