LCON Student Exam Review Guide
Topic
Focused
Topic Areas
 Fetal
growth and
developmen
t
Key Terms
Summarize growth and development of the embryo/fetus: know different stages of
development
o
Sperm and egg unite in the fallopian tubes to become a zygote. After the sperm
Growth
enters the egg, a zona reaction occurs to keep any other sperm from entering.
and
o
The zygote then grows and becomes a morula- 16 cell zygote.
Developme
o
Fluid then enters the morula to become a blastocyst. The blastocyst is made up of 2
nt
parts: trochoblast- which attaches to the uterine wall, embryoblast- which becomes
the embryo.
(10-12
o
The embryotic phase lasts from 15 days till 8 weeks. This is the most critical time in
Questions)
the pregnancy.
o
Organs are forming in the embryotic phase
 Name teratogens and their effect fetal growth and development.
o
Aminopterin, Androgens, ACE inhibitors, Carbamazepine, Cigarrette smoking,
Cocaine, Coumarin anticoagulants, Cytomegalovirus, Diethylstillbestrol, Ethanol (>1
drink/day), Etretinate, Hyperthermia, Iodides, Ionizing radiation (>10 rad),
Isotretinion, Lead, Lithium, Methimazole, Methyl mercury, Parvovirus B19,
Penicillamine, Phenytoin, Radioiodine, Rubella, Syphilis, Tetracycline, Thalidomide,
Toxoplasmosis, Trimethadione, Valproic acid, Varicella
o
Things the mother is exposed to that can cross the placental membrane and harm the

fetus.
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 Know the development/structure/function of the placenta/umbilical cord/amniotic fluid.

o
Placenta- Begins to form at implantation and complete by the twelfth week.

 Functions: Endocrine gland function- produces 4 hormones necessary to

maintain the pregnancy and support the embryo and fetus.
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 Human Chorionic Villi- can be detected in the maternal serum by

8-10 days after conception, shortly after implantation. This is the

hormone for pregnancy test. Preserves the function of the ovarian

corpus luteum, ensuring continued supply of estrogen and

progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy.

 Human Chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) is similar to a

growth hormone and stimulates the maternal metabolism to supply
nutrients needed for fetal growth. It also increases the resistance to
insulin, facilitates glucose transport across the placental
membrane, and stimulates breast development to prepare for
lactation.
 Progesterone maintains the endometrium, decreases the
contractility of the uterus, and stimulates maternal metabolism and
development of breast alveoli.
 Estrogen stimulates uterine growth and uterplacental blood flow
 Metabolic functions are respiration, nutrition, excretion, and storage. The
placenta functions as lungs for the fetus
o
Umbilical Cord- Contains 3 vessels- Created during the third week. 2 arteries and a
vein. The vein is larger than the arteries and carries nutrients to the fetus. Covered by
Whartons Jelly to keep the cord from becoming compressed. When the chord is
wrapped around the fetal neck, it is called a nuchal cord.
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-05:00
o
Amniotic fluid- consists of fetal urine, tissue, hair. Approximately 1,000ml of fluid.
Functions: maintains a constant body temp., a source of oral fluid and a repository
 Infant
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amnion
amniotic fluid
blastocyst
cephalocaudal
chorion
chorionic villi
decidua basalis
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus
embryo
embryoblast
fertilization
fetus
foramen ovale
hematopoiesis
human chorionic
gonadotropin
(hCG)
implantation
L/S ratio
lanugo
morula
nuchal cord
oligohydramnios
placenta
surfactants
teratogens
trophoblast
vernix caseosa
zygote
Be sure to know the following:
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*** This is NOT all inclusive, please use your individual class learning outcomes and this guide to prepare you for the
exam. Best of luck! Email me any questions.
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