LiAnna Peckenpaugh study guide #3 Chapter 9 1. Pathogens (cause disease) substances Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoa, Prions, and larger parasites 2. How do bacteria cause disease? Through pathogens that kill or damage human cells to rely on the energy cells. 3. How are bacterial infections treated? Treated with antibiotics 4. How do viruses cause disease? Invade the normal cells to reproduce by killing, damaging, or changing cells to make you sick. 5. How do prions cause disease? Consume infected cattle tissue 6. Define contagious (transmissibility) it is easily transferred from one person to another 7. Define virulence how much damage is caused by the infection 8. Lymphatic system functions (slide 9) Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system, Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive system, and Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection 9. The organs of the lymphatic system (slide 10) Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus gland, Tonsils, and Adenoids 10. First line of defense and describe how each works to stop infection ● Skin- an effective deterrent ● Tears and saliva – contain lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme) ● Ear wax – entraps microorganisms ● Mucus – entraps microorganisms ● Stomach – highly acidic, inhibits microorganisms ● Vagina – slightly acidic, inhibits some microorganisms ● Vomiting, urination, and defecation – remove microorganisms ● Resident bacteria – outcompete pathogens 11. Define phagocytic cells white blood cells that surround and engulf invading bacteria 12. Describe inflammation and how it works: Blood vessel dilation and increased vessel permeability characterize a nonspecific defensive body response to tissue injury. Prevent further damage by removing cellular debris and pathogens and laying the groundwork for tissue-repair mechanisms. 13. Second line of defense (nonspecific defenses) complement system, Phagocytes, Inflammatory response, Natural killer cells, Interferons, and fever 14. Third line of defense (immune response) characteristics (slide 16) Recognizes and targets specific pathogens and foreign substances and Has memory initial exposure and responds more quickly and aggressively on subsequent exposures 15. Define antigen any substance that triggers an immune response 16. Define antibody proteins made by B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralize specific antigens 17. Immune response cell types: Mast, Histamine, and Basophils 18. Memory cells function stores information about pathogens 19. Plasma cells function mass produces anti-bodies 20. Active and passive immunity differences. Active: Person develops their own antibodies and Passive: Person receives antibodies from another source 21. Naturally and artificially acquired immunity differences: Naturally: Anti-bodies created by humans and Artificially: Antibodies created from antigens 22. Immunity type examples: ● Naturally acquired active immunity – experience illness ● Artificially acquired active immunity – vaccination ● Naturally acquired passive immunity – antibodies passed from mother to fetus ● Artificially acquired passive immunity – injection of antibodies as a booster 23. Primary and secondary immune response differences ● Primary: Occurs on first exposure to antigen takes 3-6 days for antibody to work and lasts for 10-12 days ● Secondary: Occurs on second and subsequent exposure to antigen works within hours and lasts for days 24. Define allergen any substance (antigen) that causes an allergic reaction not a pathogen, but the body reacts as it is Laboratory 1. Current human population for the world 301,140,000 2. The number of persons added to the population each day 210,000 3. Define Type I, Type II, and Type III population Type 1: U.S population produces a few offspring to increase the survival rate of surviving toward maturity Type 2: Squirrels have a average death rate Type 3: bullfrogs produce more offspring which leads to a faster death rate 4. Identify developing country and industrialized country population pyramid graphs 5. Which type of handwashing is the most effective? Hand sanitizer and soap 6. What is the purpose of agar plates? Chapter 14 1. Liver function: Produces bile and performs various functions associated with processing and storing nutrients 2. Gallbladder functions: Stores and concentrates bile 3. Pancreas functions: Secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine and bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize stomach acid 4. Salivary glands functions: Saliva moistens food, Bicarbonate maintains pH, Amylase digests starch, Lysozyme inhibits bacteria 5. Esophagus functions: Moves food from pharynx to stomach 6. Stomach functions: Stores and moist food and begins the chemical digestion of proteins by enzymes and acids 7. Small intestines functions Digests carbohydrates, fats, and proteins ● Absorbs most of the water and nutrients ● Secretes digestive hormones and enzymes 8. Large intestines functions: Absorbs the last of the water and nutrients and Stores waste materials 10. Peristalsis and segmentation difference: Peristalsis is the beginning of the GI intestine digestion process while, segmentation helps breaks down the food by moving it back and forth in the small intestine 11. Epiglottis function covers the larynx when swallowing food 12. Name where carbohydrate (starch) begins in the mouth. 13. Name where protein and lipid (fat) digestion begin small intestine 15. Sodium bicarbonate function: neutralizes the stomach acid in the small intestine so that further digestion can proceed. 16. Bile function emulsifies lipids into small fat droplets 17. Define emulsify breaks down lipids into smaller droplets 18.Saturated and unsaturated fats food sources. Saturated: Meat, poultry and coconut and palm kernel oil. Unsaturated: olive, canola, safflower, and corn oil 19. Select the best diet plan by example. A healthy diet includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and adequate fiber.
