GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Development of Science
and Technology in
China
Overview
The Ancient Chinese Civilization is one of the four
early civilizations found around the world. Alongside with
other first ancient societies arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt,
Indus valley region (Pakistan), India, island of Crete in the
Aegean Sea, Central America. It has generally been accepted
that the Chinese 'Cradle of Civilization' is the Huang Valley
also known as Yellow River Valley which gave rise to many
early villages and farming communities sometime around
5000 BCE. It was ruled by influential families called
dynasties which is considered as the oldest continuous
civilization.
The beliefs, practices, inventions ,and discovery made
by the ancient Chinese contributes to their rich culture that
are still evident in the Modern China. They are also great
influencers in many aspects such as in religious teachings
and practices, festivals and customs, garments,
governmental system, agriculture, education system,
mathematical process, writings and languages, traditional
medicine, inventions, and architecture.
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the contributions of China to the history of
science and technology.
2. Examine the emergence of science and technology in
Chinese society historically.
3. Identify the four greatest inventions of China and
their other inventions.
CHINA
History of China
Religion and Philosophies
Astronomy
Mythologies and
Philosophies
Festivals and Traditions
Ancient Clothes
Social Classes
Agriculture
Educational System
Language
System
and
Writing
Number System
Traditional Medicine
Four Greatest Inventions
and Other Inventions
Architecture
Decline
of
Ancient
Chinese Civilization
4. Write the Chinese number systems using Arabic
numerals.
5. Perform and manipulate improvised Chinese abacus.
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
History of China
The name 'China' comes from the
Sanskrit Cina (derived from the name of the
Chinese Qin Dynasty, pronounced 'Chin')
which was translated as 'Cin' by the
Persians and seems to have become
popularized through trade along the Silk
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CHINA
Road from China to the rest of the world.
China is one of the world's four
ancient civilizations, and the written
history of China dates back to the Shang
Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), over 3,000
years ago. China is charted mainly by
legends and prehistoric evidence.
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Chinese Religions and
Philosophies
Confucianism,
Taoism,
and
Buddhism
were
the
three
main
philosophies and religions of ancient China,
which have individually and collectively
influenced ancient and modern Chinese
society.
Taoism was founded during the
Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century by Lao Tzu. He wrote down his beliefs and
philosophy in a book
called the Tao Te
Ching.
Taoism believes that
people should be one
with nature and that
all living things have
a universal force
flowing
through
them.
Taoists
didn't
Lao-Tzu.
Wikimedia Commons
believe in a lot of
rules or government.
In this way they were very different from
the followers of Confucius.
The idea of Yin and Yang comes
from Taoism. They believed that everything
in nature has two balancing forces called
Yin and Yang. These forces can be thought
of as dark and light, cold and hot, male and
female. These opposing forces are always
equal and balanced.
Confucianism
was
founded
by
Confucius. He was born
in 551 BC. Confucius was
a
philosopher
and
thinker. Confucius came
up with ways that people
should behave and live.
Confucius'
teachings
focus on treating others
with respect, politeness,
and fairness. He thought
that honor and morality
Confucuis
Nipic. com
were important qualities.
He also said that family was important and
honoring one's relatives was required.
Unlike Taoists, followers of Confucius
believed in a strong organized government.
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CHINA
Confucius is famous today for his
many sayings. Here are a few of them:





Forget injuries, never forget
kindnesses.
It does not matter how slowly you
go so long as you do not stop.
Our greatest glory is not in never
falling, but in getting up every time
we do.
When anger rises, think of the
consequences.
Everything has its beauty but not
everyone sees it.
Buddhism was based on the
teachings of Buddha. Buddha was born
in Nepal, just south of
China, in 563 BC.
Buddhism
spread
throughout much of
India
and
China.
Buddhists believe in a
"rebirth" of the self.
They also believe that
Buddha
https://ethics.org.au/bigthe cycle of rebirth is
thinker-buddha/
complete once a person
lives a proper life. At this point the person's
soul would enter nirvana.
Buddhists also believe in a concept
called Karma. Karma says that all actions
have consequences. So actions you take
today will come back in the future to help
you (or hurt you) depending on whether
your actions were good or bad.
Ancient Chinese Astronomy
It started from Shang dynasty. The
detailed
records
of
astronomical
observations began during the Warring
States period and flourished from the Han
period onward. Chinese astronomy was
equatorial and is centered on the
observation of circumpolar stars. The
major purpose of the Chinese astronomers
was to chart time, announce the first day of
every month and predict lunar eclipses. If
they were wrong in their predictions, then
they were often beheaded.
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Chinese used
astronomy. These are:
technologies
in
Armillary Sphere.
It was a traditional
Chinese
astronomical
instrument used to
observe
celestial
bodies
in
an
equatorial coordinate
system. To locate
Armillary Sphere
events such that
:https://images.app.goo.gl/BtiTmfR
MDa3EkEuy7
easily,
Chinese
astronomers
took
care to describe the visible stars with great
accuracy. Astronomers first produced lists
of stars with associated numbers using this
simple instrument known as armillary
spheres, a combination of a sighting tube
with graduated circles that enabled
measurement of the positions of stars. It
was composed of two layers: the outside
layer (meridian circle, equatorial circle, and
vertical circle) and the inside layer (polar
axis, right ascension circle, and sighting
tube). The right ascension circle could
rotate around the polar axis, and the
sighting tube could rotate in the right
ascension circle freely so it could point to
everywhere in the sky. Though its origin is
still not very clear, Astronomer Luoxia
Hong (ca. 100 BCE) of the Western Han
Dynasty was probably the first maker of
this instrument which possesses a very
basic form.
Later on, the first star map was
also produced. It showed the relative
positions of the stars as they appeared in
the sky as a drawing. The Chinese star chart
is the earliest known manuscript atlas of
the night sky. Star map has three different
colours – black, red,
and white – that
indicate those stars
observed by three
Chinese astronomers
from ancient times,
over 1000 years ago
Chinese star map
https://www.bl.uk/collectionand are accurately
items/chinese-star-chart
plotted
using
a
projection system to depict the curved sky
on a flat piece of paper. In Cina, the
For SLSU use only
CHINA
movement of the stars in the sky was
thought directly to reflect the actions of the
emperor and the court on the earth; a solar
eclipse, for example, might be interpreted
as a sign of forthcoming coup. The emperor
employed astronomers to make nightly
recordings of all celestial movements, and
the official histories of China’s dynasties
from the 2nd century BC onwards included
in a chapter on astronomy. Star maps are
important sources for astronomers today
as they might hold details of, for example,
sightings of a comet over 2000 years and so
provide information about its periodicity
not otherwise available. The long tradition
of mapping the sky in China continued with
the production of other spectacular star
maps. Preserved today in the city of Suzhou
is a curved stone example that was
designed in AD 1193 as a teaching aid for
young future emperor Ningzong (11681224)
Astronomical Clock.
Timekeeping was a
necessary
preoccupation of the
Chinese
imperial
state
from
its
inception in the third
century BCE. It was
essential
to
the
Astronomical Clock
https://images.app.goo.gl/3GHg6P
effective
performance
A9tW8zVupP8
of
ritual,
which
required the selection of auspicious hours
as well as days, and to the proper
interpretation of the astrological portents
carefully recorded by Astronomical Bureau.
This astronomical data could be related to
the location of the sun and moon, for
example, the moon’s current phase in the
lunar cycle, the sun’s location as it pertains
to the ecliptic, or the zodiac climate
showcasing the months of the year.
Another feature of this astronomical clock
is that, it can show sidereal time, which is
used by astronomers to monitor the
direction in which telescopes should be
pointed to study various stars.it tends to be
geocentric (Earth is at the centre). With the
limitations in technology, astronomical
clocks may not have been as accurate as
desired when first constructed for it could
not be used with complete reliability. In the
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
18th century, people become interested in
astronomy, and the astronomical clock
gained more of a desire and presence in a
culture.
Chinese Calendar. It is a Lunisolar
calendar which means that it is based on
Astronomical Observations where it's year
coincides with the
Sun's longitude and it's
months on the moon's
phases. It is similar to
the calendar we're
using today which is
the Gregorian Calendar.
At the present time,
even the Chinese uses
Chinese Calendar
the Gregorian Calendar https://www.lunasgrimoire.com
/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/
for civil purposes and Chinese-Zodiac-chinese-zodiac13753486-1024-1024.jpg
their own calendar for traditional purposes
such as measuring the Chinese New Year.
It is mentioned above that Chinese
Calendar is based on astronomical
observations. Take note that it is based on
astronomical not astrological observations
because there are differences between the
two. Astronomy is based on Science which
makes it a widely respected field of study.
On the other hand, astrology deals with the
influence of the movement of heavenly
bodies to human affairs. Therefore, it's a
realm of superstitious belief but it's
respected as well for it's the predecessor of
astronomy. Before scientific methods and
tools existed, astrology was the key to
observing heavenly bodies.
Going back to the Chinese Calendar,
it was invented by Emperor Huang Di on
2637 BCE. The Chinese calendar does not
count years in an infinite sequence. Each
CHINA
year is assigned a name consisting of two
components within each 60-year cycle. The
first component is a celestial stem:
 Jia (associated with growing wood).
 Yi (associated with cut timber).
 Bing (associated with natural fire).
 Ding (associated with artificial fire).
 Wu (associated with earth).
 Ji (associated with earthenware).
 Geng (associated with metal).
 Xin (associated with wrought
metal).
 Ren (associated with running
water).
 Gui (associated with standing
water).
The second component is a
terrestrial branch. It features the names of
animals in a zodiac cycle consisting of 12
animals:
 Zi (Rat).
 Chou (Ox).
 Yin (Tiger).
 Mao (Rabbit).
 Chen (Dragon).
 Si (Snake).
 Wu (Horse).
 Wei (Sheep).
 Shen (Monkey).
 You (Rooster).
 Xu (Dog).
 Hai (Boar/pig).
Each of the two components is used
sequentially. Therefore, the first year of the
60-year cycle becomes jia-zi, the second
year is yi-chou, and so on. One starts from
the beginning when the end of a
component is reached.
Focus Question 1: What is the 4th of the 60- year cycle? 7th ? 9th ? Send your
answer to me thru text or private message.
Chinese Mythologies and
Philosophies
This is a collection of cultural history,
folktales, and religious tradition that has
been passed on for centuries in oral or
written form. It generally concerns moral
For SLSU use only
issues and informs people about their
culture and values. Some of the most
important mythologies and philosophies of
China are Wuxing, Yin-Yang, Chinese Zodiac,
and Sexagenary Cycle. Those mythologies
and philosophies of China reflects their
culture and help them to their everyday
living. In addition, it made them to be
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
known to the world on how they preserve
their beliefs and culture that they inherent
from their ancestors.
Wuxing (Wu-hsing) usually known
as the five elements/five movements, five
phases/five steps. It refers to a fivefold
conceptual scheme that is found
throughout traditional Chinese thought.
Prior to the Han dynasty Wuxing
functioned less as a school of thought and
more as way
of describing
natural
processes
hidden from
ordinary view.
During
the
period of Han
dynasty (202
Wuxing
B.C.E.-220
https://images.app.goo.gl/7PvpNMC9nwd
C.E.), wuxing
thought became distinct philosophical
tradition (jia, “family” or “school”). Since
that time, the wuxing system has been
applied to the explanation of natural
phenomena and extended to the
description
of
aesthetic
principles,
historical events, political structures, and
social norms, among other things. Wuxing
has come to be inseparable from
Chineseness itself and belongs to no single
stream of classical Chinese philosophy.
Arta-Culori-Wu Xing
https://images.app.goo.gl/AZe6WK7KBy3
EBUK1A
The Five elements of Wuxing and
its characteristicss are: jin (metal) Righteousness; mu (wood) - Benovelence;
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CHINA
shui (water) - Wisdom; huo (fire) Propriety; and tu (earth) - Fidelity/Honesty
Yin-Yang. The oldest records of the
yin-yang principle are found in the Zhouyi,
also called the I Ching or Book of Changes
written by King Wen in the 9th century BCE
during the Western Zhou dynasty. This set
is based in the Taoist cosmology. Yinyang is
one
of
the
dominant concepts
shared by different
schools throughout
the
history
of
Chinese philosophy.
It is Theory made
by Zou Yan. The
yin-yang
symbol
Yin and Yang
https://images.app.goo.gl/B
(also known as the
WvQ8btQiZb1V84e6
Tai Chi symbol)
consists of a circle divided into two halves
by a curved line. One half of the circle is
black, typically representing the yin side;
the other is white, for the yang side. YinYang symbol is related to the ancient
method used to track the movements of the
sun, moon, and stars around the year. Yin is
characterized as an inward energy and
yang is characterized as outward energy.
Yinyang is composed of competing and
complementary forces of dark and light,
sun and moon, male and female. All things
exist as inseparable and contradictory
opposites and attract and complement each
other. The balance of the two pole is to
achieve harmony.
Chinese zodiac is also known as
shengxiao
(/shnng-sshyao/
'born
resembling'). It is a repeating cycle of 12
years. Chinese
zodiac animals
have
lucky
meanings.
Chinese people
associate each
animal
with
certain
characteristics.
It's
believed
that
people
Chinese Zodiac Sign
https://images.app.goo.gl/uEVE6QzwV
born in a given
5K33e9
year have the
personality of that year's animal. The origin
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
why the 12 animals were chosen because,
the zodiac animals are either closely
related to ancient Chinese people's daily
lives, or have lucky meanings. They believe
that ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog
are six of the main domestic animals raised
by Chinese people. While, the remaining six
animals which are the rat, tiger, rabbit,
dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by
the Chinese people.
These 12 Chinese horoscope
animals and its characteristics are: Oxdiligent, dependable, strong, determined;
Horse - animated, active, energetic; Goat calm, gentle, sympathetic; Rooster observant, hardworking, courageous; Pig compassionate, generous, dilegent; Dog lovely, honest, prudent; Rat -quick-witted,
resourceful, versatile, kind; Tiger - brave,
confident, competitive; rabbit -quiet,
elegant,
kind,
responsible;
Dragonconfident, intelligent, enthusiastic; Snake enigmatic, intelligent, wise; and Monkey sharp, smart, curiosity.
Sexagenary Cycle. A 60-year or the
stem-branch cycle, the Chinese 60-year
calendar cycle is based on the combinations
of a cycle of ten heavenly stems and twelve
earthly branches. Each year is named by a
pair of one stem and one branch. The Year
of Jia Zi (Jia from the heavenly stems and Zi
from the earthly branches) is the beginning
of the sexagenary cycle. The next Jia Zi Year
Sexagenary Cycle
https://images.app.goo.gl/ksjqFBwGRFDFd7pD8
will come 60 years later. The Chinese
calendar 60-year cycle is also called a Jia Zi.
A new Jia Zi begins from 1984.
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CHINA
The
two
combinations
of
sexagenary cycle are:
 Ten heavenly stems. It is known as
tiangan and it is linked with 5 classical
elements (Wu Xing) which are the
metal, fire, earth, wood, water. The ten
heavenly stems are Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding,
Wuji, Geng, Xin, Ren, and Gui.
 Twelve Earthly Branches. Earthly
Branches can be used to count time of
years, months and hours. When
counting years, people use them with
the 12 Chinese zodiacs and strictly one
Earthly Branch corresponds to one
fixed zodiac. The twelve earthly
branches are: Zi-Rat, Chou-Tiger, YinTiger, Chen-Dragon, Si-Snake, WuHorse, Wei-Goat, Shen-Monkey, YouRooster, Xu-Dog, and Hai-Pig.
Chinese Festivals and Traditions
China is a country steeped in
ancient customs and traditions, of which
the native people are proud. Some of the
China’s major traditional festivals which
are all celebrated according to the Chinese
lunar calendar are discuss below .
Spring Festival is the largest
festival and serves as the sign of the
beginning of
Lunar New
Year. Dragon
and Lion
Dance are
performed
on the 15th
Chinese Spring Festival
https://moneyinc.com/guide-to-springday of
festival-in-chin
celebration.
And the most important festival celebrated
across the country just like what Christmas
is for the Western Country.
Lantern Festival ( Yuanxhiao
festival). It is
celebrated at
the first lunar
month,
specifically on
the 15th day. It
is for family
Chinese Lantern Festival
http://www.jumpimmersion.com/blog/c
reunions while
hinese-lantern-festival
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
eating Yuanxhiao (small dumpling balls
made of glutinous rice flour)marks the end
of the Spring Festival celebration. On this
day, there are dragon-dancing and liondancing parades in the morning and
lanterns show at night.
Duanwu Festival (Dragon Boat
Festival) has the most popular and
representative activity, and it is the dragon
boat
racing. It
falls on
the 5th
day
of
the 5th
month of
Duanwu Festival
https://www.chinawhisper.com/wpcontent/uploads
the
/2013/01/China-Duanwu-Festival.jpg
Chinese
lunar calendar (around mid-June). During
this traditional festival, people customarily
eat rice dumplings.
Mid-Autumn Festival celebrated
on August 15 in the Chinese lunar calendar,
which is also
a day for a
family
reunion for
the Chinese.
Sacrificing to
the moon is
Mid- Autumn Festival
a custom for
https://www.chinawhisper.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/01/Mid-Autumnover a
Festival.jpg
hundred
years. People reunite with families, eat
mooncakes, appreciate the bright full moon
and hang up Mid-Autumn lantern. But
before mooncakes have secret code to go
against the Mongols to provoke rebellion
among the Chinese people.
Chongyang
Festival (Double Nine
Festival) number 6
belonged to the Yin
character whereas the
number “nine” belongs
to Yang character in the
theory of Yin and Yang.
It is the perfect event
Chongyang Festival
http://english.sina.com/life/p/
for
outdoor activities
2010/1015/343715.html
and also a special day
for people to pay their respects to the
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CHINA
elderly. There are various activities in
celebration, such as enjoying the
chrysanthemum and its wine, inserting
Zhuyu, eating Chongyang cakes, etc.
As one of the world’s most ancient
civilizations, China is rich in traditions and
unique customs. Foot Binding is a custom
of applying tight binding to the feet of
young girls to modify the shape and size of
their feet. Celebrating two birthdays as a
result of the changeability of two prevailing
calendars in China. Drinking hot water is
due to a belief that hot water can cure
ailments and prevent disease. Offering and
receiving business cards both hands is
actually a Chinese courtesy to show respect
to others. These are some of the customs of
the Chinese people.
Traditional Chinese Clothes
Traditional Chinese clothes were an
evolution of their long, loose, straight-cut
jackets and pants or gowns. It reflected
traditional Chinese aesthetics, values, social
position, and the land they came from. As
they changed through over a thousand
years of history, the development of the
country is manifested through its different
and changing clothing styles.
Tang Dynasty represents (618-907)
the brightest page in the history of the
Chinese dress. People were more open in
following the trend whether local or
international. The rapid clothing-making
and its new style of exposing too much skin
are very popular during that time.
Song Dynasty (960-1279) is simple
and elegant, these were appreciated for
their
comfort
for
casual
wear.
Yuan
Dynasty
(1206Chinese Clothing during Song, Yuan and Ming
1368)
Dynasties
https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/historyrose to
of-chinese-clothing.htm
power
over a nomadic group of Mongols, so the
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
dress of this period has Mongolian features.
The upper class used these clothes for its
luxurious yet simple design.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) created
a new aesthetic covering characterized by a
free and natural style. Qing Dynasty (16441911) clothes became fine, elegant, and
glorious to show one's status and lifestyle.
It is a system commanded by Emperor Shi
Huangdi. China had a closed-door policy to
preserve traditional Chinese clothing as a
precious heritage of the country's culture.
Each country in the world has its
unique traditional clothes, from which
China people can distinguish one country
from another, and so it has been with China.
There are 4 well-known traditional Chinese
clothes types: Hanfu is the oldest of China's
traditional clothes; Zhongshan suit, also
Traditional Chinese Clothing
https://www.ltl-shanghai.com/traditional-chinese-clothing/
known as the Mao suit overseas, is a type of
male attire; Tang suit often refers to a type
of Chinese jacket; Cheongsam (qipao)
evolved from the Manchu women's
changpao ('long gown') of the Qing
Dynasty.
Chinese Social Classes
There are five social classes in
classifying the Chinese people and it
determines one's
financial, social,
and power status.
King & his family
belonged to the
ruling class and
Oligarch
in
the country. That
Ancient China: Social Classes
owned the largest
Diagram
https://o.quizlet.com/zze7awMofc
amount of land
dBP8EqyRs-SA_b.png
and ruled the
people in the entire kingdom. Also, the
military leaders, and heads of some
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CHINA
monopoly, political officials. They're the
most respected and important in the social
hierarchy. Shi Class were upper-middleclass which composed of aristocracy
scholars who
have
some
privileged
than
other
people.
Its
purpose is to
squeeze into
the
upperclass society.
Chinese Social Hierarchy
https://www.hierarchystructure.com/wpPeople in this
content/uploads/2012/10/Chinese-SocialHierarchy.jpg
class possess
knowledge, scholarship, and administration
abilities. Nong Class were considered as
part of higher ranks which comprised of
peasant farmers.
From
the
state
perspective, farmers sustain the whole
society by producing enough food and
crops for the society. Gong Class was
composed of a group of people, specifically
the craftsmen and artisans, considered as
the laborers. This is the foundation of the
modern Chinese economy, and creates
value through intellectual outputs. But does
not possess any land of their own, thus they
investing themselves in developing good
and crafts instead. Shang Class is lowerclass which composed of traders and
merchants. Though they had vital resources,
they trade and transport goods by buying
its product from others. Thus, these people
are not respectable within the society.
Chinese Agriculture
Ancient Chinese farming has been
really important for more than 10,000
years now
as well as it
has
also
been
considered
one of the
most
important
stage
China’s oldest civilization—cultivate rice.
:https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclope
developme
dia/crops/
nts
in
human history. It is known as the oldest
civilization to cultivate rice in ancient China,
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GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
thus, it has been the primary food source
since then up to now. When the ancient
Chinese began farming rice, life became
easier because people no longer had to
travel to hunt animals for they could grow
their food on where they live. Rice and
millet were the two main crops grown in
Ancient China. There are different farming
techniques.
Row Crop Farming. It was
invented in 6 B.C. Seeds are planted in rows
rather than following other methods of
sowing
like
broadcasting or just
scattering the seeds
on the ground and
that's how they
grew.
This
facilitated
the
ancient farmers to
irrigate the fields
easily and derive
China’s row crop method
maximum
yield of
farming
Source:http://www.ancient
crops. Row crop
chinalife.com/ancientfarming is planting
chinese-farming.html
seeds in straight rows with even spaces
between each plant. Seeds are planted in
rows so that there is a walk way through
the crops instead of having a bunched-up
set of crops.
Crop Rotation Farming. It is the
practice of growing a series of dissimilar or
different types of crops in the same area in
sequenced seasons. It is done so that
the
soil
of
farms is not
used for only
one
set
of
nutrients.
It
helps
in
reducing soil
erosion
and
Crop Rotation in China
increases soil
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kai_Zhan
g146/publication/308724028/figure/fig2/AS:4
fertility
and
11643226935299@1475154801774/Examplesof-crop-rotation-in-China-A-a-corn-soybeanyield
crop
wheat-rotation-in-Northeastern.png
because
growing the same crop in the same place
for many years in a row gradually depletes
the soil of certain nutrients.
of
Paddy Field. It is a flooded parcel
arable land used for growing
For SLSU use only
CHINA
semiaquatic crops, most notably rice and
taro. It originates from the Neolithic ricefarming
cultures of
the Yangtze
River basin
in southern
China,
associated
Paddy Field inYuanyang,
with
preChinahttps://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/lYQGs4Z
T9iPZgxTYeYZgGYVQRy0nGulq490to95UqlT0gipvItUoifdFgroOIejvOktG6u8VlVko8asuZAjYDurSAW_zqPAAXn02jy9rm
ll_jXHQ1nmCJkmmNpVzedRMaeVTGMMLSWgKc
Austronesian and Hmong-Mien cultures.
Fields can be built into steep hillsides
as terraces and adjacent to depressed or
steeply sloped features such as rivers or
marshes. They can require a great deal of
labor and materials to create, and need
large quantities of water.
Irrigation System. Rice has always
been the staple Chinese food. Rice requires
a lot of water for its growth. So, irrigation
and wet farming methods were vital parts
of ancient Chinese farming.
Dujiangyan irrigation system was
built as an ancient
farming technique
to
control
the
floods
of
the
Minijiang River in
the
west
of
Chengdu.
This
marvelous
irrigation system is
the only reason
Irrigation Control Technique
:http://www.ancientchinalife.com/
why Chengdu is
ancient-chinese-farming.html
called the “Land of
Abundance”. This is the oldest irrigation
system in the world which was built over
2,200 years ago. This is only surviving
monumental non-dam irrigation system
from the ancient past which is still used to
irrigate over 668,700 hectares of farmland
and drain floodwater. It provides water
resources to more than 50 cities in the
Sichuan province today.
The irrigation system of Dujiangyan
is composed with three water projects, the
Yuzui, Feishayan and Baopingkou.
77
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Yuzui is a water-dividing dike,
which was designed to divide the Ming
River into two parts. The western part is
called Outer River, which is used to drain
off the floodwaters. The eastern part is
called Inner River, which is used in
irrigation.
Feishayan is a flood discharge
project, and it’s the key to protect Chengdu
Plain from flood. It mainly works as flood
discharge, desilting and regulating water
flow. When the water flow has excessed the
upper limit of Baopingkou, the excess
water will overflow from Feishayan.
9 is a diversion project, which
works as a control valve. It can control the
water flow of Inner River automatically.
The natural scenery of Baopingkou is
stunning, and it’s a famous attraction in
ancient time.
Dujiangyan Irrigation
https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient
technology/dujiangyan-2200-year-old-chinese-irrigation-system-stillused-today-021816
Building of Leeves. Building of
leeves is like a mini-dams that the Ancient
Chinese build leeves to protect the crops,
grew
population,
and decreases
death
or
scarcity. Since,
every
year
fields would
The southwest corner of the brick quarry dig site at
submerge in
Anshang shows remnants of the bank/levee in the
sedimentary record [Credit: Journal of
water that is
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences]
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/why building
wXPvEFtOgC4/U6btfeOR1QI/AAAAAAABC4o/evuO7pQo
bvg/s1600/China_03.jpg
of leeves is
necessary. Farming for ancient Chinese is a
form of art that needs efforts and creativity
to continue the culture and living. Though
lacking livestock, resourcefulness, and
making use of what they have made them
survive through the years.
For SLSU use only
CHINA
Farming Tools
In the beginning, planting and
harvesting was done by hand. This takes a
lot of time and requires many people to
farm. Later, the Chinese created tools to
make it easier, such as the spade and plow.
The Chinese people used these efficient
farming tools which made their farming so
successful.
Iron Plows.
known as kuan
Chinese
farming
tool used to dig up
dirt for the soil to
become more fertile.
Seeds could be
sown much easily
with
them
to
furrow.
Waterwheels
Source::https://earthbuddies.net/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/Waterwheel.jpg
Iron Plows used in farming
http://www.ancientchinalife.com/anc
ient-chinese-farming.html
Waterwheels.
Grains were
ground with the
help of
waterpower. In
2nd century BC,
China was much
more dependent
on water power
for the purpose of
milling its grains.
Chinese Educational System
In the 16th Century B.C. was the
start of the great history of education in
China. It was believed that it was a privilege
of the elites from upper-class families to
study in school, but the commoners can
also use education as a path to become a
better man, known as gentleman.
Confucianism greatly affects the education
curriculum during Spring and Autumn and
Warring States periods which the bases are
The Four Books and the Five Classics. It
serves as subjects of the Confucian culture
in the feudal society in ancient China.
The Four Books refers to The Great
Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean,
Confucian Analects, The Works of Mencius.
78
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
The Five Classics comprised of The Book of
Poetry (also known as The Book of Songs,
The Book of Odes), The Book of History,
The Book of Rites, Book of Changes, The
Spring and Autumn Annals.
During Han Dynasty, a public
education system was established and
divided into two classifications such as
private school education and official school
education. Ancient private school education
was first introduced by Confucius to
influence
and
disseminate
the
teachings
of
Confucianism.
But,
Emperor Qin Shi
Huang prohibited the
private schools and
commanded to burn
the books and even
buried
Confucian
scholars alive. So that
he could exert strict
control over the
Ancient China education – a
Chinese school (actually
common
people.
from the 1500s AD)
https://quatr.us/wpWhereas,
ancient
content/uploads/2017/06/sc
official
school
hool-190x300.jpg
education
began
during the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was
sponsored by the central and local
authorities to have a whole set of education
system in the society. Its purpose is to
enhance the abilities of different kinds for
the ruling classes because it was believed
that rise and fall was related to social and
political developments in ancient China.
Predecessors of schools known as
chengjun aimed to teach knowledge that
replaced the old way of teaching which is
done orally by elders to the next generation.
During Xia dynasty (2070-1600 BC) formal
schools were established. It has two kind
which separate the children of nobility to
the children of commoners. While, Han
Dynasty it forms a public education system
for elites from upper class families and
common man can study in school and the
first ever civil service exam was set up.
Then, the Taixue (Imperial Colleges) or
Guozijian
(Imperial
Academies)
is
considered as the highest institutions of
learning.
For SLSU use only
CHINA
Chinese Language and Writing
More than 3,000 years Chinese
practiced and enjoyed writing language
that used characters or the most significant
unit composed of single-syllable words. It is
known as the Monosyllabic language that
consists of 450 syllables, more than 1200
words, then these words tend to have
about 50 meanings. That resulted in more
than 80, 000 signs in the Chinese writing.
During the Shang dynasty (1766 – 1027 BC)
a legendary emperor who lived 5 millennia
ago named Emperor Fu-Shi attributed the
invention of the Chinese writing system
that is significant in the history of China.
The Earliest Chinese Writing
It appeared during the Shang
dynasty. The oracle bone script is earliest
form of Chinese writing
used from 1500 to 1000
BCE. This script was
etched onto turtle shells
and animals bones, which
were then heated until
Oracle Bones
cracks would appear.
Source:https://www.chi
nasage.info/oracleThrough its pattern of the
bones.htm
cracks, the Shang court
officials would make divinations of future
events, hence giving the name "oracle
bones" to these animal bones.
Stages of Chinese Writing System
Eras have passed and the Chinese
Writing system continued to evolve, and
after it's early evolution during Shang
Dynasty it became more linear, more
stylized, and less resembling to the natural
objects. Tracing the first 1,500-year history
of Chinese, the first four phases of Chinese
writing emphasized the evolution from
pictographs into a standardized system.
Jiaguwen, or Oracle Bone Script this is the earliest form of Chinese
writing(1500 BCE to 1000 BCE) wherein
the script was etched onto turtle shells and
animals bones, which were then used for
divination in the royal Shang court, hence
the name "oracle bones".
79
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Dazhuan, or Greater Seal flourished from the Late Shang to the
Western Chou dynasties (1100 BCE to 700
BCE). Dazhuan mainly appeared on cast
bronze vessels and might have been the
same script of Jiaguwen but written on
different surfaces.
CHINA
Caoshu, or Grass Script - is the
most cursive Chinese script. It appeared
during the Qin dynasty.
Jiantizi - the most important
change in Chinese writing. It was
introduced in 1949 by the People's
Republic of China (PRC) to replace the
traditional Kaishu characters.
Chinese Number System
Stages of Chinese Writing system
http://www.ancientscripts.com
Xiaozhuan, or Lesser Seal- the
direct parent of the modern, unsimplified
Chinese script. Xiaozhuan characters are
more stylized and less "pictographic". It
also exhibits systematic and extensive use
of radicals much like modern Chinese.
Lishu, or Clerkly Script - it was
used by government bureaucrats. It
appeared at approximately 500 BCE. Li Shu
characters have less strokes and a more
flowing style, therefore easily adaptable to
brushes and pens. After Li Shu, the
Evolution of Chinese writing trends of
increasingly cursive scripts and primarily
used in calligraphy.
Kaishu, or Standard Script - is
essentially the traditional script used today.
It is very similar to Lishu, but slightly more
cursive and contains hook-like elements at
the corners and end of strokes.
Xingshu, or Running Script considered a cursive version of Kaishu.
Often several strokes are merged into one,
especially sequential dots or two strokes
perpendicular to each other.
For SLSU use only
The earliest number system of
China was found on the village of Xiao-dun
in the An-yang district of Henan province
from the 14th century BC. Thousands of
bones and tortoise shells were discovered
which had been inscribed with ancient
Chinese
characters and
used as part of
religious
ceremonies.
Many of the
inscriptions
contained
numerical
information
about men lost
in
battle,
prisoners
taken in battle,
the number of
Earliest Chinese Numerals
https://mathshistory.stsacrifices made,
andrews.ac.uk/Diagrams/oracular.gif
the number of
animals killed on hunts, and the number of
days or months. The number system which
was used to express this numerical
information was based on the decimal
system and was both additive and
multiplicative in nature.
The additive nature of the system
was that symbols were juxtaposed to
indicate addition, so that 4359 was
represented by the symbol for 4000
followed by the symbol for 300, followed
by the symbol of 50 followed by the
symbols for 9. Here is the way 4359 would
appear:
80
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
CHINA
Focus Question 2: Write the equivalent Arabic numerals for letters A and
B while earliest Chinese numerals for C and D. Take picture of your answer
and upload this to google form your instructor will be provided.
A.
C. 48
B.
D. 2020
Rod Numerals. A counting board
consisted of a checker board with rows and
columns. Numbers were represented by
little rods made from bamboo or ivory. A
number was formed in a row with the units
placed vertically in the one place. Over time,
the rods eventually became written
numerals and were written using very clear
spacing. Red rods were used to represent
positive numbers (zheng 正) and black rods
to represent negative numbers (fu 負).
There was still no need for a zero
on the counting board for a square was
simply left blank. The alternating forms of
the numbers again helped to show that
there was indeed a space. For example
60390 would be represented as:
Counting Board
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Diagrams/60390.gif
placed in the right most column, the tens in
the next column to the left, the hundreds in
the next column to the left etc. The ancient
Chinese rod numeral system is additive and
positional, yet does not have a zero or a
place holder. They were placed on a
counting board, like a checkerboard, which
allowed for a very clear delineation of the
Chinse Rod Numerals : Positional Representation
https://grahamshawcross.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/spaces1.jpg?w
=512&h=373
place values. The orientation of the rods
also alternated between being placed
vertically and horizontally from one place
value to the next, beginning with being
For SLSU use only
81
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
CHINA
Focus Question 3: For letters A and B, rewrite the rod numbers using our
numerals while letters C, D and E in Chinese rod numerals. Take picture of
your answer and upload this to google form your instructor will be
provided.
A.
C. 2345
Abacus (Suanpan). In about the
fourteenth century AD the abacus came
into use in China. It was similar to the
counting board, except instead of using
rods to represent numbers, they were
represented by beads sliding on a wire. A
traditional suanpan or Chinese abacus
consists of a rectangular wooden frame
divided by a horizontal bar into upper and
Diagram of Chinese Abacus
Physics d radio Electronics
lower sections. A series of vertical wires or
rods strung with beads extend from the top
to the bottom of the frame. The part of the
wire above the bar is known traditionally
as “Heaven” but is also referred to as the
upper deck. The area below the bar,
traditionally known as “Earth,” is the lower
deck. Each wire in the abacus frame has
seven beads, with two in the upper deck
and five in the lower deck. Each of the two
upper deck beads has a value of 5, while the
lower deck beads each have a value of 1.
The wires represent the powers of ten.
Beginning at the right of the abacus, the
first wire represents values below 10, the
second wire represents values from 10 to
99 and the third wire represents 100 to
999. This pattern continues across the
For SLSU use only
B.
D. 1086
E. - 437
remaining wires, allowing a traditional
abacus with 13 wires to represent very
large numbers.
To use the abacus or suanpan, lay it
on a flat surface and set it to zero by
making sure no beads are touching the
reckoning bar. To count on the abacus, start
on the far-right side of the abacus, and slide
one earthly bead up to the reckoning bar
using your thumb finger. One bead
touching the reckoning bar makes the
abacus equal 1. Slide three more beads up
makes the abacus value four (3 + 1 = 4).
Because the modern abacus only
has four Earthly beads, if you wanted to
count to five, move the heavenly bead
down to the reckoning bar using your index
finger and at the same time move all
Earthly beads down. If you wanted the total
to be twelve, move two earthly beads up to
the reckoning bar in ones and one bead in
tens (2+ 10 = 12).
Simple addition is performed on the
abacus by counting the beads for the first
number and then counting the beads for
the number to be added.
Subtraction is done on the abacus
by counting out the first number and then
clearing beads that represent the second
number.
82
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
CHINA
For examples:
Focus Question 4: Make your own improvised Chinese abacus and try to
manipulate it with the pictures below. Then, determine each equivalent in
Arabic number system. Write your correct answer under each picture.
Take a photo of your work and upload this to google form your instructor
will be provided.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Traditional Chinese Medicine
It is a broad range of medicine
practices sharing common concepts which
have been developed in China and are
based on a tradition of more than 2,000
years, including various forms of herbal
medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tui na),
exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
is based on Yinyangism (i.e., the
combination of Five Phases theory with
For SLSU use only
Yin-yang theory), which was later absorbed
by Daoism. Yin and yang symbol for
balance. In Traditional Chinese Medicine,
good health is believed to be achieved by a
balance between yin and yang.
Five Phases Theory
Phases, sometimes also translated
as the "Five Elements" theory, presumes
that all phenomena of the universe and
nature can be broken down into five
elemental qualities – represented by wood,
83
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
fire, earth, metal, and water. In this way,
lines of correspondence can be drawn.
Strict rules are identified to apply to the
relationships between the Five Phases in
terms of sequence, of acting on each other,
of counteraction etc. All these aspects of
Five Phases theory constitute the basis of
the zàng-fǔ concept, and thus have great
influence regarding the TCM model of the
body. Five Phase theory is also applied in
diagnosis and therapy.
Acupuncture means insertion of
needles into superficial structures of the
body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles) –
usually
at
acupuncture
points
(acupoints) –
and
their
subsequent
manipulation;
this aims at
Traditional Chinese Acupuncture
https://p1.img.cctvpic.com/photoworksp
influencing
ace/contentimg/2017/12/22/201712221
6205098457.jpg
the flow of qi.
According to
TCM it relieves and treats (and prevents)
various diseases.
Cupping ( 拔 罐 ) is a type of
Chinese massage, consisting of placing
several glass "cups" (open spheres) on the
body.
A
match is lit
and placed
inside
the
cup and then
removed
before
placing the
Cupping
cup against
https://www.farwestchina.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/11/Chinese-Cuppingthe skin. As
Baguan.jpg.webp
the air in the
cup is heated, it expands, and after placing
in the skin, cools, creating lower pressure
inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to
the skin via suction. When combined with
massage oil, the cups can be slid around the
back,
offering
"reverse-pressure
massage". It has not been found to be
effective for the treatment of any disease.
Gua Sha is abrading the skin with
pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks
For SLSU use only
CHINA
or horns or smooth stones; until red spots
then bruising cover the area to which it is
done. It is believed to release toxins from
the body and improve blood circulation and
that this treatment is for almost any
ailment including cholera. The red spots
and bruising take 3 to 10 days to heal, there
is often some soreness in the area that has
been treated.
Tui Na means “push and grasp.” It
is a form of massage akin to acupressure
(from which shiatsu evolved). Oriental
massage
is
typically
administered
with
the
patient fully
clothed,
Tui na
https://media.wsimag.com/attachments/d5ecb9fb5
without
the
0f2f13156a27aa2bf8da2f0389ce07e/store/fill/930/
523/f8bfc0b6b289b1a4e463cf1422049c3fb467733c
application
of
4d9f27b2c18233b99d0a/Tuina-is-the-grandmotherof-all-forms-of-massage-and-body-work-that-existgrease or oils.
today.jpg
Choreography
often involves thumb presses, rubbing,
percussion,
and
stretches.
These
techniques are often used to treat
musculoskeletal conditions.
Ear Candling involves placing one
end of a hollow candle into the ear canal
and lighting the other end to create
negative pressure. The goal of this
technique is
to clean the
ear
by
drawing ear
wax
and
debris out of
the canal. The
rumor
that
ear
China Natural Beeswax Candle
https://image.made-incandling is a
china.com/202f0j00gDFRLHqdrBcs/Natur
good
al-Beeswax-Ear-Candle-for-HealthcareMassage.jpg
detoxification
method has since been debunked. Studies
have shown that not only is it ineffective at
getting ear wax out, but it can also be
dangerous as the hot wax can drip into the
ear and burn. Unfortunately, this may not
be the best method to treat allergies,
headaches, and colds, which are all
symptoms that ear candling was believed
to be a cure for.
84
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Famous People in the field Of Chinese
Medicine
Bian Que is traditionally credited
with the founding of the four methods of
diagnosis in Chinese medicine—looking,
listening/smelling, asking, and pulse-taking.
Li Shizhen (1518–1593) was a
famous medical scholar who has sort of the
same stature as Leonardo da Vinci in the
West. He was born in Hubei in 1518 at a
time of relative prosperity in the middle of
the Ming era. Known for publishing an
encyclopedia of natural medicine called the
Bencao Gangmu.
Zhang Zhongjing known as the
Chinese Hippocrates. He paid close
attention to the physical signs, symptoms,
kind, and course of a disease, and he
carefully recorded the results obtained
from any drugs that he prescribed.
China’s Four Greatest Inventions
China’s origin had passed to several
dynasties before it became an era of of
Modern China . Every dynasty had left
something memorable particularly to Song
Dynasty. The period is known for most
advanced civilization during its reign. It
gave birth to the four greatest inventions
that are now used worldwide. These are:
Compass At the
time the Warring
State Period (221
BC – 207 BC),
people of China
invented a device
and called it “Si
Compass
Nan”. A device
https://www.pinterest.it/pin/156
077943319765080/
with a ladle that is
used to point
directions – North and South. Later on
become an inspiration to a modern device
which is compass. It is not only for locating
places but also for aligning buildings with
directions (north, south, east or west), and
as a tool used in fortune telling.
For SLSU use only
CHINA
Gunpowder During
850 – 919 AD,
Chinese alchemists
invented
gunpowder when
they
were
attempting to make
an
elixir
of
Gunpowder
immortality.
The
http://www.silkroad.com/artl/gun.shtml
gunpowder has a
mixture of charcoal,
saltpeter and sulfur. The Song Dynasty and
its near dynasty used gunpowder widely
and pair off with rockets, primal guns,
small
cannons,
incendiary
devices,
chemical weapons, bombs, grenades,
landmines, and smoke-making devices for
camouflage as well as fireworks and
blasting powder for mining purposes, in
short, it was useful in military affairs.
Paper
was
invented in 105
AD by Cai Lun.
Cai Lun was an
eunuch of Han
Dynasty (206
BC – 220 AD).
Paper
https://dkfindout.com/us/history/an
He made a
cient-china/
sheet of paper
by using mulberry and other fiber of bast
along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp
waste.
This is the process of making a paper:
Process of making a paper
https://songdynastyinventio
ns.weebly.com/paper.html
a. Gather and clean
materials
b. Cut the materials
c. Marinated in lime
d. Boil materials
e. Grind up materials
f. Mix pulp paper
screen
g. Pull up paper
screen
h. Dry each sheet in
the sun
i. Keep paper in stock.
Printing
Technique.
Before
the
occurrence of any printing technique like
modern printer, books and other type of
document were all written by scholars. This
85
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
printing technique was invented by Bi
Sheng around 200 AD and also called ‘wood
block
printing’. Bi
Sheng
is
also known
for “father
of
typography”.
For it to be
Printing invention in China
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/etched,
a
6MetATlQICs/UHhMjrb33YI/AAAAAAAAEMw/
wooden
rRerqRwOX7o/s1600/printing-china.jpg
board/wooden block, should be smear with
ink and then printing it on each paper. This
was also used to print textiles and increase
the texts of Buddhist.
China’s Other Inventions
Aside from the four greatest
invention which are the paper, printing
technique, gun powder and compass., there
are also other inventions that is also
originated from China that even until today
are being used not just on this country but
even in different parts of the world.
Silk. The invention of
silk dates back to the
fourth millenium B.C.
during the Neolithic
period. The earliest
evidence of silk was
discovered at Yangshao
Silk
culture site in Xiaxian
:https:www.google.com/searc
h?q=silk
County, Shanxi Province,
China where a silk
cocoon was found cut in half.
Legend has it that the process of
making cloth was first invented by the wife
of the yellow emperor, Leizu. The idea for
silk first came to Leizu while she was
having tea in the Imperial gardens. A
cocoon fell into her tea and unraveled. She
noticed that the cocoon was actually made
from a long thread that was both strong
and soft and right away she discovered
how to combine the silk fibers into a thread
and used for clothing.
For SLSU use only
CHINA
Abacus.The
original Chinese
name for abacus
is
“suanpan”
which
means
counting board. It
was invented in
Abacus
China
around
http://interestingengineering.com
1300 B.C. and has
been a very popular calculating device ever
since. This was a calculator that used
sliding beads to help compute Math
problems quickly. Since written numbers
has not been invented yet, the abacus was
the solution. It allowed people to add and
subtract large numbers that they couldn’t
do in their head.
Umbrella. It was
invented
for
protection from the
sun as well as the
rain. The invention
of umbrella can be
Umbrella
traced back as early :https://www.google.com/search?
as 3500 years ago q=umbrella+from+ancient+china&
tbm
in China. Legend
has it, Lu Ban, a Chinese carpenter and
inventor created the first umbrella. He was
inspired by children using lotus leaves as
rain shelter. He created umbrella by
making a flexible framework covered by a
cloth.
Kites
as
another
invention
were
invented in the early
Warring States Period
(475-221 B.C.) Chinese
philosophers Lu Ban
and Mozi documented
the first kite in Ancient
Kites
China. The earliest https://www.google.com/se
arch?q=kite+from+ancient+c
kites were made of
hina&tbm
wood, called “Muyan”
(Wooden Kite). In early times kite were
mainly used for military purposes such as
sending a message, measuring distances,
testing the wind and signaling. Overtime,
Kite flying developed into play things and
is enjoyed worldwide.
86
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
The porcelain or virtrified, translucent
ceramics was first
appeared in China
during
the
Tang
Dynasty. It is a great
invention in China.
Porcelein production
technology reached an
Porcelain
unprecedented height
http://interestingengineering.com
due to its focus on
shape and the tactile
experiences of the glaze. Chinese porcelein
was highly prized in the world and many
artworks had been introduced to the west
to the silk road.
The first seismograph
was invented in 132 A.D.
It was invented in
Ancient China during th
Han Dynasty by Zhang
Heng. He was a brilliant
inventor
and
the
Seismograph
:https://www.google.com/searc director of astrology in
h?q=seismograph+from+china& the late Han Court. The
tbm
seismograph is used for
locating earthquake. It was important
because devastating quakes happened in
many remote regions of China so a
detection device helped the emperor know
when and where to send timely aid from
the capital.
All in all, these invention are only
some of the other inventions that Ancient
China had been invented. They are been
popularized since then until today. They
have their own functions and usage in
different ways. They are considered as the
second after the four greatest invention in
China therefore, it should be also preserved
and protected.
Chinese Architecture
It is an important component of the
world architectural system. It gradually
formed into a style which featured
timberwork combining stone carving,
rammed earth construction, bucket arch
buildings and many other techniques.
The main characteristics of Chinese
architecture are its good anti-seismic
function, high degree standardization,
For SLSU use only
CHINA
bright colors, and the use of motise and
tenon structure.
These are some of the Chinese
architectures:
Great Wall of China. It was located
in Northern China with approximately
21,196.18 km (13,170.7 mi) long with a
height of
5–8
meters
(16–26
feet).
More
than
2,300 years ago, the Great
Great
of China
wall ofWall
China
https://cropper.watch.aetnd.com/public-contentalso known asaetn.video.aetnd.com/video-thumbnails/AETNthe "Long Wall" built to
History_VMS/21/184/History_Deconstructed_The_Gr
provides protection
to territorial borders.
eat_Wall_SF_S3_2500_16x9_1920x1080_1190413891
It also serves as a military
defensive system
689.jpg?w=1440
to monitor and signal towers for
communications. It takes a lot of dedication,
enlightenment, blood, sweat, and tears to
build this majestic architecture. Due to
unwanted events such as separation of
families and numerous death of workers
that buried also as part of the Great Wall
itself.
Courtyard layout is unusual that
can be found only in China since it applied a
symmetrical design and uses different
architectural
materials
which include
civil
construction,
bricks work,
timber
Ancient Chinese Courtyard
construction,
https://cdnimd.worldarchitecture.org/e
xtuploadc/003courtyard.jpg
and bamboo
construction. Its central axis where the
main structure can be found and in the left
or right placed the less important
structures.
Imperial Architecture shows the
exceptional intelligence and work of the
diligent ancient Chinese that greatly
influence the design of local and
international architecture. It highlights the
highest attainment of ancient Chinese that
includes imperial palace, mausoleum, and
garden architecture. Most of the structures
87
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
applied the principle of axial symmetrical,
where
the
grand
buildings
being at the
middle axis
and smaller
attached
houses
Imperial Architecture
located
along
https://www.travelchinaguide.com/images/p
both sides. Its
hotogallery/0000500/forbidden%20city%20
10000224tm2.jpg
purpose is to
satisfy the emperor’s extravagant lifestyles
and protect their reign.
Forbidden City (1406-1420 AD)
was established in the middle of Beijing. It
was known as
the
Purple
Forbidden City
because it was
forbidden
to
enter the palace
without
the
Forbidden City
special
https://images.chinahighlights.com/all
permission of
picture/2018/04/ce2d523acf6d46dfb5
e265ff.jpg
the
emperor.
Based on the ancient Chinese Astronomers
the heart of heaven was the Purple Star
(Polaris) and therefore the Heavenly
Emperor lived in the Purple Palace. The
outer court emphasized the domination of
the emperor while the inner court is the
place where the imperial family lived.
Today, it was referred to as The Palace
Museum.
Imperial
Mausoleum
Architecture exhibits the dignified manner
of royalty hope to continue their luxurious
imperial life
after death.
And to satisfy
their
greed
they
built
many
imperial
tombs
into an
Early Imperial Mausoleum at Qing
earth
Dynasty
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/coGkUqng
tq41YOSjbXUsply6NdrpIEXla7NlDP1pyramid with
rmiHQ09fCUc2onLOU8RWkxA2Pqucx61ylbbzgQoyYJ
RBlQ
a wide base.
With a sacred
pathway before the tomb and at the
underground palace.
For SLSU use only
CHINA
Eastern Qing Tombs. A sacred
burial ground and the largest tomb
complex near Beijing, China. One of the two
tomb
areas
dedicated to
the emperors,
empresses,
and imperial
concubines of
the
Qing
Dynasty.
Eastern Qing Tombs
https://www.travelchinaguide.com/images
Based on the
/photogallery/0024500/eastern%20qing
traditional
%20tombs%2010024414tm.jpg
concept
of
placing the most senior and most
distinguished is in the center. It is worth
visiting to see the mausoleum culture of the
Qing Dynasty.
Imperial Garden Architecture
mainly has three features: stylish, super
splendor scales,
and
harmonious
unity of humans
with nature. An
elegant
sight
during sunset
indeed
since
Imperial Garden
https://www.travelchinaguide.com/i
beautiful
mages/photogallery/0021500/forbidd
en%2010021238tm.jpg
flowers
are
displayed.
Traditional Chinese Residence. A
traditional bizarre folk house in the
hutongs
also called
'Siheyuan'
in Chinese.
'Si' ('Four')
refers to
the
four
sides (east,
Traditional Chinese Residence
west,
http://www.nouahsark.com/data/images/infoc
north, and
enter/culture/architecture/residence_01.jpg
south. 'He'
('surrounding'), meaning the four sides
circle into a square. There is only one
entrance and garden located at the center.
The purpose is to make household
members experience and enjoy the peace.
88
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Farmers Caves. It is a type of
dwelling that uses a wooden framework,
grass, and soils. Built into the mountain cliff
of the loess plateau: 6-8 meters’ long; 3
meters’ wide;
3 meters’ high
and in arcshape.
Semicircular
door
and
windows cool
Farmer’s Cave
in
summer,
https://www.chinadragontours.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/Farmers%E2%8
warm
in
0%99-Caves-Yaodong-inYan%E2%80%99an-08.jpg
winter.
3-5
caves
per
household, the middle one is the principal
residence (grandparents, parents live),
bottom right for their pets. There are about
40 million people still living in dwelling
areas that exist only in China.
Earthen Building of Hakkas is
considered as a wonder of oriental
architecture of oriental architecture also
known as "tu lou" is made of rammed earth
and timber with neither concrete nor steel
that
are
usually
formed as
two
or
three
circles.
The outer
circle has
Hakka earth Buildings
https://live.staticflickr.com/8225/8488318586_
four
56b0407b4e_b.jpg
stories
may hold between one and two hundred
rooms. While the inner circle is 2-storied
with 30 to 50 rooms which function as a
guesthouse. It serves as a defense from
enemies and provide thermal insulation
and preservation. The buildings are not just
quite breathtaking but act as protection
also in any calamities.
Chinese Garden Architecture The
first-ever appearance of the real concept of
a traditional Chinese garden architecture
was during the Tang Dynasty. It mainly
composed of man-made outputs such as
man-made hills, pools, and fountains. That
able to mix well with the natural beauty of
For SLSU use only
CHINA
the natural environment that enhanced the
overall architecture.
Chinese Garden
https://m.espacepourlavie.ca/sites/espacepourlavie.ca/files/styles/
gal-photo-large/public/jbm023914_0.jpg?itok=lnqS5PQu
Wooden Buildings builts with
rammed earth stone or brick, load-bearing
wooden pillars that allowed to survive the
frequent
earthquake,
typhoon
and
flood disasters.
It also allowed
for
expansion
and
Wooden Building
reconstruction if Traditional
https://www.intechopen.com/media/
the
buildings chapter/53126/media/F2.png
were damaged it will be easier to rebuild,
replaced or reused to make other
structures.
Heavy Overhanging Roofs Ancient
Chinese architecture was designed to be
attractive, especially the distinctive roofs.
Traditional Chinese roofs had different
forms at different stages of history. It is a
heavy ceramic tiled roofs with wide eaves
and slightly upturned corners to protect
the building from weathering since wood
rots much
faster when
it is wet.
The
wide
eaves also
provided
shade in the
summer,
Ancient Chinese Roof
https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimgand
in the
163be0a2efa93bc05e9b4880f47a8372
winter, the
slanted sunlight warmed the buildings. This
kind of roofs have exquisite details for
aesthetically and safety purposes. were
various roof styles with functional features,
a hierarchy of designs, and exquisite
details.
89
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Rammed Earth Buildings has
thick walls rammed earth made from bricks
and stone in a circle form that have no
windows, then
they built
residence
inside it. This is
to protect the
clan's
compound
Rammed-Earth Building
from an
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/56/88/a4
/5688a417d69b314610ed4bb13944b6e3.
outside
jpg
invasion.
Buddhist Temples symbolize long
history and rich culture of China, and are
regarded as valuable art treasures. It is the
holy place where the Buddhist doctrine is
maintained. The general layout has a
courtyard
with
a
domeshaped
structure,
lecture
Baoxiang Buddhist Temple
hall,
https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/images/20
refectory,
12jining/attachement/jpg/site1/20120906/0013
729e4ad911b284ec0a.JPG
sutra
depository, and monks' rooms are
distributed along the central axis. It simply
follows Chinese traditional type with an
atmosphere closer to worldly life.
Pagoda is made of
stone, wood, colored glaze,
or metal and placed in an
octagonal form without
using any screw or
anything. Usually, it has
an odd number of layers
such as Seven-layer and
Nine-layer
that
are
commonly built.
Longmen Grottoes
https://www.onmarkproductions.com/asse
ts/images/db_images/db_fengxian-grottolongmen-7th-century5.jpg
For SLSU use only
Ancient Chinese Pagoda
https://rampages.us/gars
tai/wpcontent/uploads/sites/14
992/2016/04/chinapagods-216x300.jpg
Grotto
is
another type of
Buddhist
architecture that
is decorated with
painted
sculptures,
carvings
and
frescos, and other
religious art to
CHINA
exercise their religion. These caves were
developed as places for Buddhist journey. It
mostly draws attention from the visitors
from the Silk Road to recognize the cultural
relics that they have.
Decline of Ancient Chinese
Civilization
China was called the Land of the
Dragon or "The Red Dragon" since it is a
strong nation and a communist country.
But even before the Empire was powerful
yet in the 1500s the ancient civilization
began to decline. Due to the Second Opium
War,
corruption,
invasion
of
the
Huns/Xiongnu, etc.
During the Ming dynasty, silk was
only traded for gold but the British refused
and sent opium instead. At first, Chinese
people accept the offer but later on it the
Chinese government outlawed opium. Since
it was highly addictive that led to illegal
export and smuggle drug of the British into
the country. This caused the Opium Wars,
which seriously affected China and the start
of the fall of the Chinese Empire. Though
the decline of Chinese civilizations
continued due to the population decrease,
weak government, a frail economy, and
invasion. A combination of these unwanted
factors contributes to a slow decline of
these once great empires.
The end of the Han Dynasty
signaled the inception of a chaotic era, a
period that full of civil war and warlordism,
then followed by the deterioration of
climate conditions. In addition to the
decrease in population it cannot produce a
strong military to protect from outside
intrusions. In which a weakened central
government
made
it
easy
for
Huns//Xiongnu invasion. Since around 300
B.C. until 215 B.C., General Meng Tien of the
Qin Dynasty, the first empire of China, has
been threatened by the Huns tribe. That is
currently known as Ningxia, an ethnic
minority autonomous region of PRC, the
Great Wall of China was built to defend
against them.
90
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Also, overtaxing peasants caused
social conflict therefore when the invasion
happened the Chinese subjugated or
defeated themselves under the control. And
during that time Daoism gained new
territories led by a group known as the
Yellow Turbans who spoke of a golden age
due to declination of Confucianism
teachings. However, it only speeds up the
rate of decline.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty change
the previous form of government into
democracy. Unfortunately, it was corrupted,
votes were easily bought, and resulted in
another collapse. The idea of democracy
created a dysfunctional government that
caused a civil war, the Xinhai Revolution,
and the downfall of the Qing/Manchu
Dynasty.
But during the Sui Dynasty, they
tried to revive the societies and this
temporarily
lessened
decline
but
eventually did not last. After 350 years the
CHINA
China does not reunite again, and during
the Sui Dynasty(581–618 CE), the country
ultimately agreed to divide into the Three
Kingdoms period: the kingdoms of Wei in
the north, Shu in the southwest, and Wu in
the center and east.
In conclusion, the collapse of the
powerful Chinese empire was due to
different circumstances that led to its
destruction. But the culture of the ancient
Chinese civilization still lives on until today.
Due to its rich culture and strong people
who continue to live in their ancestor's
beliefs, practices, idealism, and discovery.
Clothes, language, writings, and customs
are shouting for their identification and
individuality as a person. To identify one
personal identity is to simply look the way
they speak, behave, and respond regarding
any issue because it will determine what
kind of culture they lived and respectfully
followed as it is a part of them already.
Self Assessment Quiz (SAQ): Instructions: For each question there are four possible
answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider correct and send your answers thru
text/private messaging or via e-mail. Observe honesty while answering this quiz.
1. Ancient Chinese civilization started along the
(A) Himalayan Mountains
(B) Yangtze River
(C)Huang He River
(D) Loess River
2. What dynasty built the Great Wall of China, invented the compass, and had emperor
Shihuangdi?
(A) Qin
(B) Tang
(C) Zhou
(D) Shang
3. What were the three major religions of Ancient China?
(A) Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism (B) Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism
(C) Buddhism, Islam, and Taoism
(D)Confucianism, Christianity, and
Hinduism
4. What was Confucius’ most important goal?
(A) gain fame and fortune for himself
(B) cause the people of China to overthrow the Han dynasty
(C) bring peace and stability to Chinese society
(D) help people get rich
5. Which of the following would the Ancient Chinese consult to receive answers to
questions they had for ancestors?
(A) Bible
(B) teachers
(C) oracles
(D) priest
6. Ancient Chinese writing consisted of two basic types of characters:
(A) pictographs and ideographs
(B) mimeographs and hectographs
(C) pictographs and hectographs
(D) ideographs and mimeographs
For SLSU use only
91
GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
CHINA
7. How many beads per rod/column does a Chinese suanpan have on the top level and the
bottom level, respectively?
(A) 3 and 6
(B) 3 and 5
(C) 2 and 6
(D) 2 and 5
8.
What is the corresponding number of this Chinese number into Arabic
number?
(A) 8276
(B) 6728
(C) 2324
(D) 4232
9. What are considered the four great inventions of the Ancient Chinese civilization?
(A)Printing, silk, kites, and fireworks
(B) Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the compass
(C) Wheelbarrow, boat rudder, matches, and acupuncture
(D) Printing, kites, seismograph, and gunpowder
10. How were kites first used by the Ancient Chinese?
(A) As a toy for young children
(B) A way to celebrate at festivals
(C) As signal warnings for the army
(D) As a contest during the emperor`s games
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