WWI Test
Test Outline:
15 terms - Choose 5 terms: 2 marks/each
6 multiple choice: 6 marks/each
2 paragraph basic info. - choose 2 out of 4: 3 marks/per each
1 essay question: 8 marks/per question
- 4 main causes (most sig)
>
- Major battles (most sig)
- If the treaty of versaille is fair or not
1. Position (Introduction)
2. Evidence (argument)
3. Position (Conclusion)
Alliances:
● Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
● Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy
Causes of WWI:
Militarism
Alliance
Imperialism
Nationalism
Militarism is the belief
that force is a valid
way to handle
(problems) foreign
policy and that a
nation needs a strong
military force to
Alliances: Nations
were allying with
others to back them
up, in case of war. If
one attacks, all
attack.
Imperialism:
Countries being
greedy for territory,
resources and
money. When a
country takes over
new lands and makes
them their own.
Nationalism: Citizens
had pride for their
countries; willing to
die to show
superiority. The idea
that one country is
better than all the
others
defend or promote its
interests.
Big armies, navies,
weapons and power.
Might make right
Challenges
supremacy of Britain
power. Arms race
For example: the
Triple Entente and
the Triple Alliance.
For example:
Germany was a new
country and late to
the colony race, so
didn’t get a lot of land
since most land was
claimed. They fought
to gain more
countries.
For example: Princip
was a nationalist and
shot the Archduke
and Duchess with
loyalty to his country
Serbia.
For example:
Germany started
building a big army
navy, Britain felt
threatened, causing
the arms race: left
Europe trembling.
The Spark: Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophia were
assassinated on June 28, 1914, by Gavrilo Princip, a nationalist, part of serbian terrorist
organization, “The Black Hand.”
Steps to WWI:
1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophia of Austria by a Serbian
terrorist group, black hand: Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914
2. Austria-Hungary demands entry to Serbia with troops to find the nationalists responsible
for the attack.
3. Serbia refuses, and asks Russia for help.
4. Germany (a Triple Alliance member) offers help to Austria-Hungary.
5. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia with Germany’s help
6. Russia turns to France (a Triple Entente member) for help.
7. German troops attack France through neutral Belgium.
8. So, Britain enters the war. By default, Canada does too.
Schlieffen Plan:
1. Germany is to sweep through neutral Belgium, they are flat and neutral
2. Go around France’s borders, and avoid french defenses
3. Quickly go straight to Paris, the capital of France, and take over France to:
- Avoid splitting their troops
- Avoid fighting in two fronts: the west with France and the east with Russia
- Before Britain had time to mobilize and move forces to france
4. After France is secured, hold off the British on the coast
5. Germany transfers troops to fight on the Eastern front, Russia
6. Plan successful
What Actually Happened:
❖ Didn’t work
1. Belgium fought back since they are neutral and have good relationship with France;
slowed down Germany
2. British mobilized troops quickly to Belgium and Russia entered the war in the Eastern
borders of Germany
3. War on two fronts; Germans stuck; they can’t go forward or move back
● Forced to transfer troops to fight Russia in eastern front; not enough military
power to take france
4. They build highly advanced trenches; WW1 takes place in the trenches on both sides
5. Trench warfare is the characteristic of WWI
Trenches- War at the Front Lines: Western Fronts
❖ Trench Warfare: Soldiers in the trenches faced great suffering
➔ Soldiers had to dig down to avoid being shot at by the enemies. Trenches were
usually dug in a zig-zag pattern rather than a straight line; they couldn't shoot
straight down the line and kill the soldiers.
❖ Difficulty of Trench Warfare:
1. Water and mud come above the knees
2. They were not warm and clean; dirty
3. Bodies had lice and rats swarmed everywhere
4. Dead bodies, smell, noise of explosion and gun fires
5. Constant danger of attack
6. Plagued by cold, hunger and disease
7. Too cold in winter and too hot in summer
8. Gas coming into trenches
Terms in Trenches:
● Shellshock: Disorientation from the constant noise and impact of the big guns, with
● symptoms similar to concussion.
● No man’s land: territory between the trench lines of opposing forces – full of barbed wire,
bomb craters, mud and dead bodies
● Over the top: – order to climb out of the trenches and attack the enemy across “no man’s
land” – if you refused to go you would be shot by your officers as a coward
● Bully beef: Canned tins of beef sent to the soldiers for protein
● Hardtack: hard wheat biscuit, staple food of soldiers in WWI, sig-feed soldiers they can
fight the war
● Poison gas: used as a weapon to defeat the enemies, sig-major aspect of WWI, new
technology, gas masks response
●
●
●
●
●
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No. 2 Construction Battalion: Canadians segregated black battalion in WWI, sig-racism
in Canadian forces in WWI
Lice:
Rats:
Trenchfoot: foot rots, cold, skin shreds; you can’t walk: use whale oil
Trench Mouth: Infection of the gums caused by poor diet and hygiene in trenches.
Duckboards: wooden walkways placed in the trenches to get men’s feet out of the mud
and wet, and also used to make pathways across swampy areas of battle
Ross Rifle: Manufactured in Canada, good for sharp shooting, but
poor in trench warfare because it didn't work when it got muddy
●
★ How long men would spend in trenches:
➔ 48 hours support
➔ 4 days rest
Total War:
Definition
How did all Canadians contribute to WWI
Everyone is contributing to the war effort, at
the warfront and homefront.
All Canadians are helping with the war.
Soldiers are fighting at the war front, while
Canadians at homefront are running the
country, civil society, farms, rationing, and
there are government policies to help with the
war. For example, taxes, victory bonds,
conscription, etc.
War Effort: all that is being done to win a war
Victory Bonds: A loan from the government
that is given to help win the war and
redeemed after 5 or 10 years
Homefront:
➢ Canadians at home worked hard on farms and in factories, they produced food,
uniforms, and care packages for soldiers
➢ Canadians at home used fewer resources: Rationing, they contributed to reduce
consumption of food, clothes, metal, fuel to the war effort
➢ Factory owners to industrialists made massive profits, called war profiteers (lots of
resentment) during the war
➢ Government policies support the war effort: policies encouraged cooperation, high
production, victory bonds, taxes on businesses, income tax
➢ French Canadians joined the Canadian war: offered farming since quebec is rural, food
production, few enlisted, most conscripted
➢ Kids collected stamps; find metals, raise money for war
➢ 4 things collected and never wasted:
1. Wheat
2. Beef
3. Bacon
4. Butter
5. Strawberry
➔ How women helped: ran the country
1. Blue birds; nurses
2. Farmers
3. Rationing
4. Work in factories
5. Make socks; care packages
Price of war through taxes, victory bonds, stamps:
- 1918: 1 000 000/day
- 1919: 1 300 000 000 total cost in Canada
Battles of WWI:
Battle
Battle of Ypres
Battle of
Somme
Vimy Ridge
Passchendaele
Year/place of
battle
Belgium - April
1915
France - July
1916
France - April
1917
Belgium November
1917
Problem
associated with
the battle
First use of
poison gas in
history
Germans dug
in on the
heightsmachine guns,
tanks used
The French
and British
failed to take
the ridge.
(Canadians
now have to
take it- told by
Currie)
Sea of mud
First use of
mustard gas
Solution
Many die, most
None- Known
Plan, maps,
Build
retreated
Canadians
soaked
hankies in
urine to filter
gas
as “das
Blutbad” >
Bloodbath
uses “a
creeping
barrage”.
duckboards to
help carry
troops across
mud
Who fought in
this battle
Canadians
under British
Canadians
under British
Candians
under OWN
command for
the first time
Canadians
under Currie
Who/how
many
casualties
6000 killed
Highest
casualties
ever. Over
600,000
casualties of
allies
(Canadians,
British, etc.)
24,000
Canadians
over 5 months
10,000-14,000
16,000
Outcome of
Battle
Canadians
were the only
ones to hold
ground and
counter attack
Big losses very
little gain
-Canadians
take the ridge
-Currie
knighted
7km of mud
was taken then
soon lost
again. -idk this
is what she
wrote
★ Creeping Barrage – the new strategy used at Vimy Ridge for soldiers following directly
behind the line of fire from the artillery guns to attack the German trenches.
★ To create a line of shellfire just in front of the Canadian troops and then keep it moving
forward like a shield so that the soldiers could move behind it, across the battlefield.
Aspects of WWI:
●
Collapse of Russia: Russia wanted to leave the war, signed the armistice March 3,
1918 and left war
●
War at Sea: Germany built the largest navy (dangerous U-boats)
- A convoy system was used to bring troops and supplies across the Atlantic
ocean from Canada
- In 1917, Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare on any ships going
near Britain and their allies
●
War in the Air: suicide mission, Red Baron was Canada’s pride(shot down 80 planes),
war air craft was dangerous and fairly new, flying Ace: fighter pilot who has 5 “kills” or
more in aerial fighting
●
US Enters the War: The US joined the war on April 2nd, 1917: declared war on
Germany because Germany was sinking US ships, and Britain intercepted the message
Zimmerman Telegram where Germany offered to take land from the US and give back to
Mexico.
★ Arm Race: competition in which two or more enemy nations each try to outdo the others
to produce the largest possible arsenal of weapons.
★ Armistice: an agreement in which both sides agree to stop fighting, rather than a
surrender
Propaganda:
Definition
An organized scheme to convince people to
do something they might not otherwise do
How did it contribute to WWI
-
Advertisements to try and convince
the citizens (men)
Some shaming, e.g “Your chums are
fighting, why aren't you”
Conscription:
- Caused divided nation
Definition
-
All able-bodied men are required to
join the army
No choice
Enlistment is no longer voluntary
based
Item
Military Service Bill - 1917
Military Voters Act
How did it contribute to WWI
-
Running out of soldiers
Conscription enlisted more people
More soldiers to fight
Descriptions
-
Made conscription a law
Military service became compulsory
for all males between the ages of 20
and 45
-Allowed soldiers overseas to vote
Wartime Elections Act
-Gave the vote to female relatives of soldiers
-These women were expected to vote for
conscription and a government that promised
to support their loved ones overseas
-Took away the vote from enemy aliens or
people who spoke the language of any
enemy countries
Pacifists
-Were against war on the basis of spiritual or
moral beliefs
Conscientious Objectors
-People who refused to go to war
Halifax Explosion:
- Halifax harbor was a convoy building spot. Lots of ships, for troops, and munitions
- On december 6, 1917: French munitionship (full of explosives) collides with a Belgian
ship and catches fire:
➔ 3000 tons of explosives-biggest artificial explosion ever. Tidal Wave in harbor and
most of harbor was flattened
➔ Fire all across the city
➔ 2 000 dead
➔ 9 000 injured
Enemy Aliens:
-People from countries, or with roots in countries, that were at war with Canada.
- war measures act: removed their civil rights, enemy aliens forced to register with police or be
put in internment camps
- WWI: mostly Ukranians put in camps
- ukranians sent to highways, build parks; take advantage of the labor
French Canadians:
Racialized Groups in WWI
●
French-Canadian vs English:
English Canadians
-
French-Cnds didn’t do enough for
their country
Duty to serve: Quebec was resented,
not doing their part
French Canadians
-
Consciprtion: mad and angry-protests
Quebecers are mostly farmers and
needed to produce food for war -did
not see the point of European War
Didnt feel loyalty to english-cnds
French-speaking rights were taken
away
Treated like second class citizens
-
Discriminated; training was not in
french
french canadians didn’t feel the loyalty to fight for war, they were discriminated and felt like
second-class citizens, trained in English, not respected
● East Asian: discriminated
● Sikh
● Indigenous: good at shooting, still discriminated but important
➔ Francis Pegahmagabow
-A sniper
-Credited with 400 hits
-Considered to be the deadliest shot in any army in the Western Front
-Given fewer benefits than the whites
-Very little recognition for his courage and bravery
-Until june 2001 (Aborignial Soldiers Monument was unveiled in Ottawa)
-Later was an Aboriginal spokesperson for the rights of First Nations
●
●
Treaty of Versailles:
The Big Three: US, British, France
➔ The final peace settlement of WWI.
➔ league of nations: preserve peace and avoid going to war- Canada was part of it
as their own country
➔ 4 Aspects:
1. Military:
-
Germany’s army was reduced to 100 000
Germany not allowed tanks or n air force
50 km east of Rhine River was demilitarized zone: NO GERMAN
SOLDIER OR WEAPON allowed
2. Territorial:
-
Germany’s strip of land given to Poland
Germany lost control of overseas colonies
Germany returned land to Russia
Germany had to accept independence of few countries
3. Economic
-
Germany responsible for all war damage; had to pay for all
reparation (especially France and Belgium)
4. General
-
Clause 231 - War Guilt Clause: Germany had to take full
responsibility of starting the war
To prove compliance: Germany’s west territory in Rhine River,
occupied by Allied Forces for 15 years
The 100 days: military campaign lasted 100 days, last battle for Canada
●
New Weapons in WWI:
➔
➔
➔
➔
Machine guns
Poison gas (first used by Germans-chlorine and mustard)
The tank
Submarines: (German “U-boats”)