1A
simple present and continuous, action and
nonaction verbs
• W e use the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s (not the s im p le present)
fo r a c tio n s in p ro g re ss at the tim e o f s p e a k in g , e.g., th in g s
th a t are h a p p e n in g n o w o r a ro u n d now . T h e s e are u s u a lly
te m p o ra ry , n o t h a b itu a l a ctio n s.
s im p le p r e s e n t : / liv e , h e w o rk s , e t c .
• R e m e m b e r the s p e llin g ru le s, e.g.,
living, studying, getting.
1 I w o r k in a b a n k . S h e s t u d ie s R u s s ia n .
1 10)})
W e d o n ’ t h a v e an y pets. Jack d o e s n ’ t w e a r glasses.
W h e r e d o y o u liv e ? D o e s y o u r b ro th e r h a v e a car?
• W e a lso use the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s fo r fu tu re a rra n g e m e n ts
2 She u s u a lly h a s ce rea l fo r b re a kfa st.
I ’m ne ve r late fo r w o rk .
a c t io n a n d n o n a c t io n v e r b s
(see I B ) .
A W h a t are y o u cooking?
B I’m making pasta.
W e o n ly e a t o u t a b o u t o n ce a m o n th .
1 W e use the s im p le p re se n t fo r th in g s th a t are a lw a ys tru e o r
ha p p e n re g u la rly .
• R e m e m b e r the s p e llin g ru le s fo r th ir d p e rso n s in g u la r, e.g.,
lives, studies, watches.
• R e m e m b e r the w o rd o rd e r fo r qu e stio ns: (q u e stio n w ord ),
a u x ilia r y , subject, base fo rm o f verb. Do you know David?
What time does the movie start?
2 W e o fte n use the s im p le p resen t w ith ad verb s o ffre q u e n c y ,
e.g., usually, never, o r e x p re ss io n s o f fre q u e n cy, e.g., every day,
once a week.
• A d v e rb s o f fre q u e n cy g o b e fore the m a in verb, an d a fte r be.
• E x p re s s io n s o f fre q u e n c y u s u a lly go at the end o f the
A G re a t! I lo v e pasta.
A W h a t are y o u looking for?
B M y c a r keys.
A I 'll h e lp y o u in a m in u te .
B B u t I need th e m now !
• V e rb s th at d e s c rib e actions, e.g., cook, make, ca n be used
in the s im p le p re se n t o r c o n tin u o u s . I’m m aking lunch.
I usually m ake lunch on the weekend.
• V e rb s th at d e s c rib e states o r feelings (not actio n s), e.g., love,
need, be, are nonaction verbs. T h e y are n o t u s u a lly used in
the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s , even i f w e m ean “n o w .”
agree, be, believe, belong,
depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, need,
prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose.
sentence o r verb p h rase.
• C o m m o n n o n a c tio n verbs are
p r e s e n t c o n t in u o u s : b e + v e r b + - in g
A W h o a r c you w a it i n g fo r?
B I ’m w a it i n g fo r a frie n d .
1 ID ))
P
C o m p le t e th e s e n t e n c e s w it h th e s im p le p r e s e n t o r
p r e s e n t c o n t in u o u s f o r m s o f th e v e r b s i n p a r e n th e s e s ) .
We
doii’t go to C h in e s e r e s ta u r a n ts v e r y o fte n , (n o t go)
1 T h e s e d a ys, m o s t c h ild r e n _________ to o m a n y s u g a ry
s n a c k s , (have)
2 _________ y o u __________a n y v it a m in s r ig h t n o w ? (take)
3 D o n 't e at t h a t s p in a c h i f y o u _________ it. (n o t lik e )
4 _________ y o u r b o y f r ie n d __________h o w to c o o k
fis h ? (k n o w )
5 W e _________ ta k e -o u t p iz z a s d u r in g th e w eek, (not get)
6 W h a t _________ y o u r m o t h e r __________ ? It s m e lls
g re a t! (m ake)
7 Y o u lo o k sa d . W h a t _________ y o u __________
a b o u t? ( th in k )
8 T h e d ie t in m y c o u n t r y _________ w o rs e , (get)
9 H o w o f t e n _________ y o u __________s e a fo o d ? (eat)
10 I _________ u s u a lly __________ fis h , (n o t c o o k )
Verbs than can be both action and nonaction
A fe w verbs have an action and a nonaction meaning,
e.g., have and think.
I have a cat now. = possession (nonaction)
I can't talk now. I'm having lunch. = an action
1think this music's great. = opinion (nonaction)
What are you thinking about? = an a ction
A Is y o u r s is te r s t ill g o in g o u t w it h A d a m ?
B N o , they b ro k e up. She i s n ’ t g o in g o u t w ith anyone
rig h t now.
a
1 12)))
b
(C i r c l e ) th e c o r r e c t f o r m , s im p le p r e s e n t, o r c o n t in u o u s .
(T d oift belieyfoj I ’m not believing th a t y o u c o o k e d t h is
m e a l y o u r s e lf.
1 C o m e o n , le t ’s o rd e r. T h e w a ite r
2 K a te
comes / is coming.
doesn’t want / isn’t wanting to h a v e d in n e r n o w .
S h e is n ’t h u n g ry .
3 T h e h e a d c h e f is s ic k , s o h e
doesn’t work / isn’t working
to day.
seems / is seeming v e r y h ig h to m e.
5 W e 'v e h a d a n a rg u m e n t, s o w e don’t speak /
aren't speaking to e a ch o th e r r ig h t n o w .
4 T h e check
thinks / is thinking m y d ie t is a w f u l th e s e days.
7 D o we need / Are we needing to g o s h o p p in g to d a y ?
6 M y m om
I have / I ’m having lu n c h r ig h t n o w .
9 i d id n 't u s e to lik e o ily f is h , b u t n o w I love / I ’m loving it!
8 C a n I c a ll y o u b a c k ?
10 W h a t
do you cook / are you cooking? It s m e lls d e lic io u s !
GRAMMAR BANK
IB
going to sh o w s th a t y o u have m ade a d e cisio n .
We’re going to get married next year.
future forms
-
b e g o in g t o + b a s e fo r m
- the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s e m p h a s ize s th a t y o u have m ade
the a rra n g e m e n ts. We’re getting married on October 12th.
(= w e've o rd e re d the in v ita tio n s , etc.)
future plans and intentions
1 17)))
M y s is te r’s going to adopt a c h ild .
Are y o u going to buy a new' c a r o r a used one?
I’m not going to go to N e w Y o r k C it y to m o rro w . T h e
• W e o fte n use the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s w ith verb s re la tin g
to tra v e l a rra n g e m e n ts, e.g., go, come, arrive, leave, etc.
I’m going to Tokyo tomorrow and coming back on Tuesday.
m e e tin g is canceled.
w ill + b a s e fo r m
predictions
1 18)))
instant decisions, promises, offers, predictions,
future facts, suggestions
I ’ l l have the steak, (in s ta n t d e cisio n )
I won’t tell a n y b o d y w h e re y o u are. (p ro m ise )
I ’ l l carry th a t bag fo r y o u . (offer)
are going to win. T h e y 're p la y in g re a lly w e ll.
L o o k at th o se b la c k clo u d s. I t h in k i t ’s going to rain.
T h e Yankees
• W e use going to ( N O T will / won’t) w h e n w e have a lre a d y
d e cid e d to d o so m e th in g . N O T My sister will adop rcrchikh
1 20)))
Y o u ’ l l lo v e N e w Y o r k C it y ! (p re d ic tio n )
• W e a ls o use going to to m ake a p re d ic tio n a b o u t the fu tu re ,
e s p e c ia lly w h e n y o u can see o r have so m e e vidence
I ’ l l b e ho m e a ll a fte rn o o n , (fu tu re fact)
(e.g., b la c k clouds).
I’ll have the steak.
p r e s e n t c o n t in u o u s : b e + v e r b + - in g
future arrangements
1 19)))
L o r n a an d Jam es are getting m a rrie d in O c to b e r.
We’re meeting at 10 :00 to m o rro w in ja c k 's office.
Jane’s leaving o n F rid a y a n d coming back n e xt Tuesday.
W e use will / won’t ( N O T the sim ple present) fo r in stant decisions,
Icarry that bagforyou.
• W e ca n a lso use will / won’t fo r p re d ic tio n s , e.g., I think the
Yankees will win, an d to ta lk a b o u t fu tu re fa cts, e.g., The
election will be on March 1st.
p ro m ise s, o ffe rs, an d su ggestions. N O T
• W e o fte n use the presen t c o n tin u o u s fo r fu tu re a rra n g em e n ts.
• T h e re is v e ry litt le d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n the p re se n t c o n tin u o u s
an d going to fo r fu tu re p la n s / a rra n g e m e n ts, an d o fte n you
can use either.
a
( C ir c le ) th e c o r r e c t f o r m . C h e c k / th e
b C o m p le t e B ’s r e p lie s w it h a c o r r e c t f u t u r e f o r m .
s e n te n c e i f b o t h a r e p o s s ib le .
M y g ra n d p a re n ts
are going to retire / will retire
n e x t year. /
1
We’Uinvite / We’re going to in v it e y o u r
2 A W h a t a re A la n 's p la n s f o r th e fu tu re ?
B H e _________ a d e g re e in e n g in e e rin g , (earn)
3 A C a n I see y o u to n ig h t?
I ’m not having / I ’m not going to have d in n e r
w it h m y f a m ily to n ig h t.
4 T h e exam
will be / is being o n th e la s t F r id a y
B N o , I _________ la te . H o w a b o u t S a tu rd a y ? (w o rk )
4 A W h a t w o u ld y o u lik e f o r a n a p p e tiz e r ?
B I _________ th e s h r im p , p le a se , (have)
o f th e se m e ster.
5 Y o u c a n t r u s t m e.
I ’m not telling / 1 won’t tell
5 A T h e r e ’s n o t h in g in th e r e fr ig e r a to r .
B O K . _________ w e __________s o m e ta k e -o u t M e x ic a n fo o d ? (get)
a n y o n e w h a t y o u to ld m e.
6 M y c o u s in
is arriving / will arrive at 5 :3 0 p.m .
7 I t h in k th e b ir t h r a t e
6 A I d o n ’t h a v e a n y m o n e y , s o I c a n 't go out.
B N o p r o b le m , I _________ y o u s o m e , (le n d )
will go down / is going to
go down in m y c o u n t r y in th e n e x t fe w y e a rs.
8 I ’m not going to go / I won’t go to m y b r o th e r in - la w ’s p a r t y n e x t w e e k e n d .
9
S h e’s going to buy a u s e d o n e , (buy)
B D o n 't w o r r y . I p r o m is e I _________ e v e ry day. (w rite )
I’m going to m ake / I ’ll m ake a c a k e f o r y o u r
m o m 's b irth d a y , i f y o u w a n t.
3
B
1 A I’m g o in g to m is s y o u .
p a re n ts f o r S u n d a y lu n c h ?
2
A W h a t 's y o u r s te p m o th e r g o in g to d o a b o u t h e r c a r?
7 A C a n w e h a v e a b a rb e c u e t o m o r r o w ?
B I d o n ’t t h in k so. O n th e r a d io th e y s a id th a t i t _________ . (ra in )
8 A W e la n d a t a b o u t e ig h t o ’c lo c k .
B
I ’m going to help / I ’ll help y o u w it h th e dish e s.
_________ y o u __________a r id e f r o m th e a ir p o r t ? (need)
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Online Practice
133
2A
present perfect and simple past
s im p le p a s t (w o r k e d , s to p p e d , w e n t, h a d , e tc .)
present perfect: h a v e / h a s + past participle (w o rk e d , s e e n , etc.)
got m a r rie d la st year.
1 43)))
did y o u wake up th is m o rn in g ?
I didn’t have tim e to d o m y h o m e w o rk .
They
W h a t tim e
1 past experiences
I’ve been to M ia m i b u t l haven’t been to T a m pa .
1 42)))
H a v e y o u e ve r lo s t y o u r c re d it card?
S a lly has never met B i l l ’s e x-w ife .
2
• U se the s im p le p ast fo r fin is h e d p ast a c tio n s
(w h e n w e say, ask, o r k n o w w h e n they happened).
with yet and already (for emphasis)
l ’ v e a lre a d Jy s e e n th is m o v ie tw ic e . C a n ’t w e w a tc h a n o th e r one?
M y b ro th e r h a s n ’ t f o u n d a jo b yet. H e 's s t ill lo o k in g .
H a v e y o u f in is h e d y o u r h o m e w o rk yet? N o , n o t yet.
1 W e use the p re se n t p e rfe c t fo r p ast e xp e rie n ce s w h e n w e d o n 't say e x a ctly
w h e n they h appened.
p r e s e n t p e r f e c t o r s im p le p a s t ?
I’ve been to M ia m i tw ice .
1 44)))
(= in m y lif e u p to now )
I went th ere in 1998 a n d 2 0 0 2 .
(= o n tw o s p e c ific o ccasio n s)
• W e o fte n use ever an d never w h e n w e ask o r ta lk ab o u t past
e xp e rie n ce s. T h e y go b e fo re the m a in verb.
• U s e the s im p le p ast ( N O T the p re se n t perfect)
2 In A m e r ic a n E n g lis h , w e use the p re se n t p e rfe c t an d the s im p le p ast w ith
to ask o r ta lk a b o u t fin is h e d a c tio n s in the past,
yet an d already.
• already is used in 0 sentences and goes before the m a in verb.
• yet is used w ith Q senten ces an d [?]. It goes at the end o f the p h rase.
• F o r ir r e g u la r past p a r tic ip le s see I r r e g u l a r v e r b s p.165.
when the time is mentioned or understood.
a
C o m p le t e th e m i n i d ia lo g u e s w it h th e
W e o fte n use a past tim e e x p re ss io n , e.g.,
yesterday, last week, etc.
b
R i g h t o r w r o n g ? W r it e a c h e c k / o r a n /
p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m o f th e v e r b in
n e x t t o th e s e n te n c e s . C o r r e c t th e w r o n g
p a r e n th e s e s a n d a n a d v e r b f r o m th e lis t .
s e n te n c e s .
Y o u c a n u s e th e a d v e r b s m o r e t h a n o n c e .
already
ever
never
I ’v e n e v e r b e e n in d e b t.
</
H o w m u c h h a s y o u r n e w c a m e ra c o s t? X
yet
How much did your new camera cost?
A _________ y o u __________ th e
1 D e a n in h e r it e d $ 5 , 0 0 0 f r o m a re la tiv e .
lo t t e r y _________ ? (play)
2 D id y o u r s is te r p a y y o u b a c k y et?
B T h a t 's w h y I ’m s m ilin g - 1 w o n $ 5 0 !
1 A _________ y o u _____________________a f lig h t o n lin e ? (b o o k )
3 W e b o o k e d o u r v a c a tio n o n lin e a
B Y e s, o f c o u rs e . I’v e d o n e it m a n y tim e s .
m o n t h ago.
2 A W h e n a re y o u g o in g to b u y a m o to r c y c le ?
4 W h e n h a ve y o u b o u g h t th a t le a th e r jacke t?
B S o o n . I ___________________ a lm o s t $ l, 0 0 0 . (save)
5 T h e y 'v e f in is h e d p a y in g b a c k th e lo a n la s t
3 A _________ y o u __________ th e e le c t r ic it y b i l l _________ ? (pay)
m o n th .
B N o , s o rry . I fo rg o t.
6 W e h a v e n ’t p a id th e g a s b i l l yet.
4 A _________ y o u r p a r e n t s ____________________ y o u m o n e y ? (le n d )
B Y e s, b u t I p a id it b a c k as s o o n as I c o u ld .
7 H a v e y o u e v e r w a s te d a lo t o f m o n e y o n
5 A H o w d oes e B ay w o rk ?
s o m e th in g ?
B I d o n ’t k n o w . I ______________________________it. (use)
8 I’m su re I h a v e n ’t b o r r o w e d a n y m o n e y
6 A _________ y o u _____________________to T h a ila n d ? (be)
f r o m y o u la s t w e e k .
B N o , I h a v e n ’t. B u t I'd lik e to s o m e day.
9 I s p e n t m y s a la r y r e a lly q u ic k ly la s t m o n th .
7 A W h y d o n 't y o u h a ve a n y m o n e y ?
10 H a v e y o u se e n th e B a tm a n m o v ie o n T V
B I ___________________ m y sa la ry . I b o u g h t a n e w ta b le t
y e s te rd a y ?
la s t w e e k , (sp en d)
8 A D o y o u lik e H u g h J a c k m a n ?
B Y e s, I ___________________ h is n e w m o v ie tw ic e ! (see)
<
p.!6
GRAMMAR BANK
2B
present perfect + for/since, present perfect continuous
1 W e use the p re se n t p e rfe c t c o n tin u o u s w ith / o r
an d since w it h a c t io n v e r b s (e.g., learn, work, go,
etc.) to ta lk a b o u t a c tio n s th a t sta rte d in the past
present p e rfe ct + f o r / s in c e
an d are s t ill tru e now.
T h e y ’ve
known each o th e r fo r te n years.
1 47)))
• D o n 't use the presen t c o n tin u o u s w it h / o r /
since, N O T l am working h e re fo r twoyears.
J u lia h a s h a d th a t bag s in c e she w as in college.
A H o w lo n g h a v e y o u
B S in ce 1996.
2 W e can a lso use the p re se n t p e rfe ct c o n tin u o u s
worked here?
fo r c o n tin u o u s o r repeated a c tio n s th at have been
h a p p e n in g v ery recen tly. T h e a c tio n s have u s u a lly
A H o w lo n g h a s y o u r b ro th e r h a d h is m o to rcy cle ?
B F o r a b o u t a year.
• W e use the p re se n t p e rfe c t
ju s t fin is h e d .
+for o r since w it h n o n a c t io n v e r b s (e.g., like,
have, know, etc.) to ta lk a b o u t s o m e th in g th a t sta rte d in the p ast a n d is
s t ill tru e now.
They’ve known each other fo r tenyears. (= they m e t ten years ago, an d they
s t ill k n o w e ach o th e r today)
• W e use How long...? + p re se n t p e rfe c t to ask a b o u t an u n fin is h e d p e rio d
o f tim e (fro m the p ast u n t il now ).
use fo r + a p e rio d o f tim e , e.g., fo r two weeks, o r since + a p o in t o f tim e ,
e.g., since 1990.
• D o n 't use the sim p le presen t w it h fo r / since, N O T They know each other
f o r n Iongtime.
• We
present perfect continuous: have / h a s b e e n + verb + -ing
1 H o w lo n g have y o u been learning E n g lis h ?
N ic k has been working here sin c e A p r il.
T h e y ’ v e been going out to g e th e r fo r a b o u t th re e years.
2 Y o u r eyes are red. Have y o u been crying?
N o , I’ve been cutting o n io n s .
a
C o r r e c t th e m is t a k e s .
H a r r y is u n e m p lo y e d s in c e la s t year.
Harry has been unemployed since last y ea r
1 W e 'v e h a d o u r n e w a p a r t m e n t s in c e s ix m o n th s .
2 H i , Jackie ! H o w a re y o u ? I d o n ’t see y o u f o r ages!
I’ve (I have)
You’ve (You have)
He / She / It’s (He has)
We’ve (We have)
They’ve (They have)
been working here
for two years.
I haven’t (I have not)
You haven’t
He / She / It hasn't
We haven’t
They haven’t
been working here
for two years.
Have you been working
here for two years?
Yes,
1 have.
No,
1 haven’t.
Has she been working
here for two years?
Yes,
she has.
No,
she hasn’t.
1 48)))
work and live
Work and live are often used in either present
perfect or present perfect continuous with
the same meaning.
I’ve lived here since 1980.
I’ve been living here since 1980.
b
M a k e s e n te n c e s w it h th e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t o r p r e s e n t
p e r f e c t c o n t in u o u s ( a n d / o r / since i f n e c e s s a r y ). U s e th e
p r e s e n t p e r f e c t c o n t in u o u s i f p o s s ib le .
I
/ w o r k f o r a c h a r it y / e ig h t y e a rs
I ’ve been working f o r a charity f o r eight years.
3 H o w lo n g a re y o u k n o w in g y o u r h u s b a n d ?
1 w e / k n o w e a c h o th e r / w e w e re c h ild r e n
4 E m ily h a s b e e n a v o lu n te e r f o r te n y e a rs ago.
2 th e c h ild r e n / p la y c o m p u te r g a m e s / t w o h o u rs
5 P a u l d o e sn ’t eat a n y th in g sin ce yesterday because he's sick.
3 y o u r s is te r / have th a t h a ir s t y le / a lo n g tim e ?
6 It h a s n 't r a in e d s in c e t w o m o n th s .
4 1/ lo v e h e r / th e f ir s t d a y w e m e t
7 H o w lo n g h a s y o u r p a r e n ts b e e n m a r r ie d ?
5 m y I n te r n e t c o n n e c t io n / n o t w o r k / y e s te rd a y
8 T h e y ’ re h a v in g t h e ir d o g s in c e th e y g o t m a r rie d .
6 h o w lo n g / y o u / w a it?
9 I h a v e n ’t g o tte n a n y e m a ils f r o m m y b r o th e r fo r
7 I / b e a te a c h e r / th re e y e a rs
la s t w in te r.
10 M y g r a n d m o th e r liv e s in th e sa m e h o u s e a ll h e r life .
8 it / s n o w / f iv e o ’c lo c k t h is m o r n in g
9 S a m / n o t s tu d y e n o u g h / r e c e n tly
10 y o u / liv e in C h ic a g o / a lo n g tim e ?
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comparing tw o actions
comparatives and superlatives:
adjectives and adverbs
faster than m e.
more quickly th a n l do.
A tla n ta p layed w o rse to d a y than la s t w eek.
2 M a x d o e sn 't sp e a k E n g lis h as well as h is w ife does.
I d o n 't e a rn a s much a s m y boss.
1 M y fa th e r d riv e s
comparing tw o people, places, things, etc.
1 M y siste r is a little taller than m e.
2 ID))
S a n F ra n c isc o is more expensive than C h icag o.
T h is test is less difficult than the la st one.
O liv e o il is better fo r y o u than butter.
2 T h e n e w so fa is n 't as comfortable as the
o ld one.
I d o n 't have
2 12)))
Y o u w a lk
1 W e use c o m p a ra tiv e adverbs to c o m p a re tw o a ctio n s.
• R e g u la r co m p a ra tiv e adverbs: s p e llin g ru le s
fast >faster
as many b o o k s as I used to.
slowly > m ore slowly
carefully > m ore carefully
• Ir r e g u la r co m p a rative s:
well > better
badly > worse
2 W e c a n a lso use (not) as + adverb + as to m ake c o m p a riso n s ,
1 W e use c o m p a ra tiv e adjectives to co m p a re tw o
pe o p le, places, th in g s , etc.
• R e g u la r c o m p a ra tiv e adjectives: s p e llin g ru le s
superlatives
old > older
big > bigger
easy > easier
modem > m ore modern difficult > m ore difficul
K e v in is the tallest p la y e r o n the team .
T o k y o is the most expensive c ity in th e w o rld .
T h e s m a ll bag is the least expensive.
• Irre g u la r c o m p a ra tiv e adjectives:
good > better
bad > worse
fa r >farther /
further
• O n e -s y lla b le a d jective s e n d in g in -ed:
bored > m ore bored
stressed > m ore stressed
tired > m ore tired
2 W e c a n a lso use (not) as + a d jective + as to m ake
2 13)))
best student in the class.
W h o d re sse s the most stylishly in y o u r fa m ily ?
T h a t's the worst w e ’ve ever played.
L u c y is the
• W e use s u p e rla tiv e adjectives a n d
a c tio n s w ith a ll o f th e ir group.
c o m p a riso n s .
adverbs to co m p a re p eople, th in g s , o r
-est in ste ad o f -er an d most /
least in ste a d o f more / less.
• W e u s u a lly use the b e fore su p e rla tive s, b u t y o u ca n a ls o use p o ssessive
ad jectives, e.g., my bestfriend, their most famous song.
• W e o fte n use a su p e rla tiv e w it h presen t p e rfe c t + ever, e.g., It’s the best
book I’ve ever read.
• F o r m su p e rla tiv e s lik e c o m p a ra tive s, b u t use
f j Object pronouns (me, him, etc.) after than
and as
After than or as we can use an object pronoun
(me, him, her, etc.) or a subject pronoun (/, he,
she, etc.) + auxiliary verb.
She’s taller than me. OR She’s taller than I am.
NOT -ShHs-tatler-thafrl.
They're not as busy as us. OR They’re not as
busy as we are. NOT -Tkey-'fe-not -aslousy-as-we.
P
the same as
We use the same as to say th a t two people,
places, things, etc. are identical.
Her dress is the same as mine.
a
C o m p le t e w i t h th e c o m p a r a t iv e o r s u p e r la t iv e o f th e
in after superlatives
Use in (NOT of) before places after a superlative.
It’s the longest bridge in the world. NOT o f th e world
It’s the best beach in Florida. NOT of Florida
b C o m p le t e w it h o n e w o r d .
bold w o r d (a n d than i f n e c e s s a r y ) .
G o in g b y m o to r b o a t is
thefastest w a v t o g e t a r o u n d M ia m i? fast
1 I t h in k s k iin g i s _________ h o rs e b a c k r id in g , easy
2 A m o to r c y c le i s _________ a s c o o te r,
powerful
relaxing
4 Y o u w a l k _________ I d o .
3 T h e t r a f f ic w a s w o r s e ______w e e x p e cte d .
4 T h i s is th e lo n g e s t t r ip I ’v e ______b e e n o n.
slowly
5 H e g e ts h o m e la te , b u t h is w ife a r r iv e s la te r t h a n _____
5 _________ tim e t o tra v e l is o n h o lid a y w e e k e n d s ,
bad
6 _________ I've e v e r d r iv e n is f r o m W a s h in g t o n , D . C . to
C h ic a g o ,
1 A b u s is n ’t a s c o m f o r t a b le ______a tr a in .
2 I t’s ______m o s t e x p e n s iv e c a r w e ’ve e v e r b o u g h t.
3 I t h in k th a t t r a v e lin g b y t r a in i s _________ fo r m o f
t r a n s p o r t a t io n ,
far
6 T h e ______in te r e s t in g p la c e I ’v e e v e r v is it e d is V e n ic e .
7 I leave h o m e at th e sa m e t im e ______m y b ro th e r.
8 H e d r iv e s ______c a r e f u lly th a n h is g ir lf r ie n d - he's
7 T h e L o n d o n U n d e r g r o u n d i s _________ th e s u b w a y in
N e w Y o r k C it y ,
old
8 T h i s i s _________ b u s I've e ve r b e e n o n .
136
more e x c it in g th a n tr a v e lin g
b y fe rry .
W h a t ’s
n e v e r h a d a n a c c id e n t.
9 W e d o n 't g o a b r o a d ______o fte n a s w e u se d to.
hot
9 O f a ll m y fa m ily , m y m o m i s _________ d r iv e r ,
10
good
W h a t 's th e lo n g e s t f r e e w a y _____ th e U S ?
< p .2 6
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articles: a /a n , the, no article
• W e use
the:
1 w h e n w e ta lk a b o u t s o m e th in g w e ’ve a lre a d y m e n tio n ed .
a / an
2 w h e n it's c le a r w h a t y o u 're r e fe rrin g to.
1 I saw an old man w ith a dog.
2 It's a nice house. Sh e's a lawyer.
3 W h a t an awful day!
4 I have cla sse s th re e tim e s a week.
3 w h e n th ere 's o n ly o ne o f so m e th in g .
2 17)))
4 w ith p lace s in a to w n , e.g.,
movies an d theater.
5 w ith su p e rlative s.
n o a r t ic le
• W e use
a / an w ith s in g u la r c o u n ta b le n ouns:
1 the f ir s t tim e y o u m e n tio n a th in g / p erson.
2 w h e n y o u say w h a t s o m e th in g is o r w h at
so m e b o d y does.
3 in e x c la m a tio n s w it h
What...!
4 in e x p re ss io n s o f frequ ency.
th e
Women u s u a lly ta lk m o re th a n men
Love is m o re im p o r t a n t th a n money
2 Sh e's n o t at home today.
I get b a ck from work at 5:30.
3 I n e v e r have breakfast.
4 See y o u next Friday.
1
2 19)))
• W e d o n 't use a n a rticle :
1 l saw a n o ld m a n w ith a dog.
The dog w a s b a rk in g .
2 M y fa th e r o p e n e d the door.
The children are at sch o o l.
3 The moon goes a ro u n d the Earth.
4 I'm g o in g to the movies to n ig h t.
5 It's the best re sta u ra n t in to w n .
a (Circle) the correct answers.
I lo v e ( w edding )/ the
1 Jess is
I loveflo w ers. (= flo w e rs in general)
I love th eflo w ers in my garden. (= the s p e c ific flo w e rs in m y garden)
2 w ith so m e n o u n s, (e.g., home, work, school) a fte r at / to Ifrom .
3 b e fo re m eals, days, a n d m o n th s.
4 b e fo re
b
B N o n e e d . I 'll p u t
3 M y w if e lik e s
b u t I p re fe r
4 W e g o to
dinner / the dinner w it h so m e
fr ie n d s the next Friday / next Friday.
A W h a t t im e d o e s ______t r a in leave?
B In te n m in u te s . C a n y o u g iv e m e ______r id e t o ______ s ta tio n ?
^
4 A W h a t ’s ______m o s t in te r e s t in g p la c e to v is it in y o u r to w n ?
B P r o b a b ly _____ m u s e u m . I t’s _______o ld e s t b u ild in g in to w n .
5 A W h a t s h o u ld w e d o ______n e x t w e e k e n d ?
B L e t ’s in v it e s o m e fr ie n d s f o r ______lu n c h . W e c o u ld e at o u ts id e
ch ef / a chef. I t h in k h e ’s
the best co o k I best cook in th e w o r ld .
the windows /
windows b e fo re I le ft the hom e / home
7 I ’m n o t s u re i f I c lo s e d
t h is m o r n in g .
A W h a t ______b e a u t if u l d re ss !
B T h a n k s . I b o u g h t it o n ______s a le ______ la s t m o n th .
5 I ’m h a v in g
6 M y b o y f r ie n d is
g o o n _________ F rid a y s .
^
theater / the theater a b o u t
once a month / once the month.
6
i n ______y a rd .
A D o y o u l i k e ______d o g s?
B N o t re a lly . I p r e f e r ______ca ts. I t h in k th e y ’r e ______ b e s t p e ts.
A Is y o u r m o m ______ h o u s e w ife ?
B N o , sh e ’s ______te a ch e r. S h e ’s a lw a y s t ir e d w h e n she g e ts h o m e
dogs / the dogs, b u t I d o n ’t
lik e dogs I the dogs th a t liv e n e x t d o o r to m e.
8 In g e n e ra l, I lik e
9 I g o t to
the school / school la te e v e ry d a y
f r o m ______w o r k .
8 A H a v e y o u e v e r h a d ______p r o b le m in y o u r r e la tio n s h ip ?
B Y e s, b u t w e g o t o v e r ______p r o b le m , a n d w e g o t m a r r ie d ______
la s t year.
the last week / last week.
10
I t h in k
happiness / the happiness is m o re
im p o r t a n t t h a n
the a d d re s s i n the G P S .
B A b o u t th re e t im e s ______w e e k . B u t I n e v e r
love stories / the love stories,
the war movies / war movies.
a m ap.
1 A H o w o ft e n d o y o u g o t o ______g y m ?
a horrible day / horrible dayl W e 'll
the car / a car.
a / an, the, o r - (= n o a r t ic le ) .
A W e ’re lo s t. L e t ’s s to p a n d b u y
nurse / a nurse in a h o s p ita l. A hospital /
ha ve to h a ve o u r p ic n ic in
next / last + day, w eek, etc.
C o m p le t e w it h
weddings!
The hospital is fa r f r o m h e r h o u s e .
2 W hat
1 w h e n w e are s p e a k in g in g e n e ra l (w ith p lu ra l an d u n c o u n ta b le nouns).
C o m p a re :
2 18)))
success / the success.
9 A W h e n i s _____ m e e tin g ?
B T h e y 'v e c h a n g e d ______date. I t 's ______ n e x t T u e s d a y now .
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can, could, be able to (ability and possibility)
Could you open the door
for me, please?
c a n / c o u ld
I can sp e a k th ree langu ag es flu e n tly.
Jenny can’t co m e to n ig h t. S h e's sick.
M y c o u s in could p la y the v io lin w h e n she w as three.
T h e y couldn’t w a it because th e y w ere in a h u rry .
Could y o u o p e n the d o o r fo r m e, please?
2 34)))
can is a m o d a l verb. It o n ly ha s a p re se n t fo rm (w h ic h can be used w ith
fu tu re m e a n in g ) an d a past o r c o n d itio n a l fo rm (could).
• F o r a ll o th e r tenses an d fo rm s , w e use be able to + base fo rm .
•
b e a b le t o
+ b a s e fo rm
1 L u k e has been able to s w im sin ce he w as th re e .
I'd lik e to be able to sk i.
I lo ve being able to stay in b e d la te o n S u n d a y m o rn in g .
Y o u ’ l l be able to p ra c tic e y o u r E n g lis h in the U S .
2 F o rtu n a te ly , I am a b le to a ccep t y o u r in v ita tio n .
M y co lle a g u e s weren’t able to co m e to yesterday's m ee tin g .
a
C o m p le t e w it h th e c o r r e c t f o r m o f
be able to ( 0 , E L
1 W e use
2 35)))
be able to + base fo rm fo r a b ilit y and
p o s s ib ility , e s p e c ia lly w here th ere is n o fo r m o f
can, e.g., fu tu re , p re se n t p e rfe ct, in fin it iv e and
g e ru n d , etc.
2 W e s o m e tim e s use be able to in the presen t and
past (in ste ad o f can / could), u s u a lly i f w e w a n t to
be m o re fo rm a l.
b ( C ir c le ) th e c o r r e c t f o r m . C h e c k / i f b o t h a r e p o s s ib le .
or[?]).
I ’ve n e v e r
been able to s c u b a d iv e .
1 H e r c e ll p h o n e h a s b e e n tu r n e d o f f a ll m o r n in g , s o I
t a lk to h e r vet.
2 I d o n 't lik e n o is y re s ta u ra n ts . I l i k e _________________
ha ve a c o n v e r s a tio n w it h o u t s h o u tin g .
3 I _________________le a v e h o m e w h e n I get a job .
4 W e 'r e h a v in g a p a r t y n e x t S a tu r d a y ._________________
can /(be a b le lcjid a n ce sa lsa .
1 M y lit t le b o y couldn't / wasn’t able to s p e a k u n t il he w a s
I ’v e a lw a y s w a n te d to
y o u _________________c o m e ?
5 Y o u n e e d ________________ s w im b e fo re y o u c a n g o in a
a lm o s t t w o y e a rs o ld .
ca n o e .
can /
be able to w a lk a g a in in a fe w m o n th s .
3 H e h a s n 't could / been able to f i x m y b ik e yet. H e ’ ll d o it
2 S h e ’s m u c h b e tte r a fte r h e r o p e r a tio n . S h e ’ l l
6 I'm g o in g to F ra n c e n e x t w e e k , b u t I d o n 't s p e a k
F re n c h . I h a t e _________________c o m m u n ic a t e w it h
p e o p le .
7 F o r t u n a te ly , f ir e f ig h t e r s _________________re s c u e a ll o f
to m o r r o w .
4 I t’s th e w e e k e n d a t la st! I lo v e
th e p e o p le tr a p p e d in s id e th e b u r n in g h o u s e .
w it h m y frie n d s .
8 I ’m v e r y s o r r y , b u t w e _________________g o to y o u r
5 W h e n w e liv e d o n th e c o a s t, w e u se d to
w e d d in g n e x t m o n th . W e 'll be o n v a c a tio n .
can / be able to
g o to th e b e a ch e v e ry day.
9 I'm fe e lin g a lit t le w o r s e ._________________y o u
6 I c a n ’t / ’m
_________________c o n ta c t th e d o c t o r yet?
not able to se n d a n y e m a ils r ig h t n o w .
M y c o m p u te r is n ’t w o r k in g .
10 T h e m a n a g e r ________________ see y o u r ig h t n o w
b e c a u se h e 's in a m e e tin g .
can / being able to g o o u t
7 I could
I was able to re a d b e fo re I s ta rte d s c h o o l.
8 W e w o n ’t
can / be able to g o o n v a c a tio n t h is y e a r
b e c a u s e w e n e e d to s p e n d a lo t o f m o n e y o n th e h o u s e .
9 L in d a
10
A le x
hasn't been able to / couldiih f in d a job .
can / is able to s p e a k K o r e a n f lu e n t ly a fte r liv in g
in S e o u l f o r te n y e a rs.
< p
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GRAMMAR BANK
4B
have to, must, should
d o n 't h a v e to
have t o / m u s t (+ base form)
You
You
1 Y o u have to w e a r a seat b e lt in the car.
D o y o u have to w o r k o n S a tu rd ays?
2 4 2 )))
I had t o w e a r a u n if o r m at m y e le m e n ta ry sch o o l.
I’ l l have t o get u p e a rly to m o rro w . M y in te rv ie w is a t 9:00.
must be o n tim e to m o rro w because there's a test.
must re m e m b e r to c a ll E m ily - it's h e r b irth d a y .
3 I lo ve the L o u v re ! Y o u have t o g o w h e n y o u 're in P a ris.
Y o u must see th is m o v ie — it's a m a zin g !
2 You
You
have to an d must are u s u a lly used to ta lk a b o u t o b lig a tio n o r
•
m ust not
You
have to is a n o r m a l verb a n d it e x ists in a ll tenses a n d fo rm s ,
must is a m o d a l verb. It o n ly e x ists in the p resent, b u t it ca n be
used w it h a fu tu re m e a n in g .
3 Y o u c a n a lso use
P
don’t have to w h e n th ere is n o o b lig a tio n to do
s o m e th in g , a n d must not w h e n s o m e th in g is p ro h ib ite d .
• don’t have to a n d must not are c o m p le te ly d iffe re n t. C o m p a re :
You don't have to drive - we can take a train. (= Y o u c a n d riv e i f
You must not drive along this street. (= It's p ro h ib ite d , a g ain st
the law, N O T Yo u don’t-kaveto-drive along this street.)
• Y o u c a n o fte n use can’t o r not allowed to in ste ad o f must not.
You must not / can ’t / ’re not allow ed to park here.
have to o r must fo r s tro n g re co m m e n d a tio n s .
s h o u ld / s h o u ld n 't (+ b a s e fo rm )
have to or must?
Have to and must have a very similar meaning, and you
can usually use either form.
Have to is more common for general, external obligations,
for example rules and laws.
Must is more common for specific (i.e., on one occasion)
or personal obligations. Compare:
I have to wear a shirt and tie a t work. (= It’s the rule in this
company.)
I must buy a new shirt - this one is too old now. (= It’s my
own decision.)
have got to
Have got to is often used instead of have to in spoken
English, e.g., I’ve got to go now. It's very late.
a
2 44)))
y o u w a n t to, b u t it ’s n o t n e ce ssa ry / o b lig ato ry.)
e.g., a lso as a g e ru n d o r in fin it iv e .
2
must not p a rk here.
• W e use
s o m e th in g th a t is n e ce ssary to do.
1
don’t have to pay - th is m u se u m is free.
2 4 3 )))
don’t have to go to the p a rty i f y o u d o n ’t w a n t to.
C o m p le t e w i t h th e c o r r e c t f o r m o f
You
should ta ke w a rm c lo th e s w ith you to Q u ito .
I t h in k the g o v e rn m e n t should d o s o m e th in g ab o u t
u n e m p lo y m e n t.
•
should is n o t as s tro n g as must / have to. W e use it to give ad vice
o r an o p in io n - to say i f w e t h in k s o m e th in g is the r ig h t o r
w ro n g th in g to do.
•
should is a m o d a l verb. T h e o n ly fo rm s are should / shouldn’t.
have to ( 0 , Q , o r [7]).
I’ll have to c a ll b a c k la te r b e c a u se th e lin e 's b u sy . 0
b (^C i r c l e ) th e c o r r e c t f o r m . C h e c k / i f b o t h
a r e p o s s ib le .
don’t have to / (jnust'nop use y o u r p h o n e
1 P a s s e n g e r s _________ t u r n o f f t h e ir la p to p s d u r in g t a k e - o f f Q
You
2 _________ y o u __________d o a lo t o f h o m e w o r k w h e n y o u w e re in
in q u ie t z o n e s.
1 D o y o u t h in k w e
s c h o o l? CO
2 Y o u d o n 't
4 _________ y o u e v e r __________h a v e a n o p e r a t io n ? [7]
have to / must not se n d te x t
m e ssa g e s w h e n y o u a re d r iv in g .
5 S a tu r d a y s a re th e b e s t d a y o f th e w e e k . I lo v e _________ g e t u p
3 A p ilo t
e a rly . Q
has to / must w e a r a u n if o r m w h e n
h e ’s a t w o rk .
6 I _________ leave a m essage o n h e r v o ic e m a il beca u se sh e w a s n ’t in . 0
7 In th e fu tu re , p e o p le _________ go to sc h o o l; t h e y 'll a ll s tu d y at
should j have to te x t D a d to
t e ll h im w e ’ l l b e la te ?
3 M y s is te r is a n u rs e , s o s o m e w e e k s s h e _________ w o r k n ig h t s . 0
4 You
shouldn’t / must not ta lk o n y o u r c e ll
p h o n e w h e n y o u 're f il lin g u p th e c a r w it h gas.
hom e. G
5 I have
8 W it h o ld c e ll p h o n e s , y o u u s e d t o _________ c h a rg e th e b a tte r y
to / should s p e a k to m y p h o n e
c o m p a n y . M y la s t b i l l w a s w ro n g .
m o re o fte n . 0
6 W e d o n 't
9 _________ y o u r b o y fr ie n d _________ a n sw e r h is w o r k e m a ils o n
have to / shouldn't h u rry . W e h a ve
p le n ty o f tim e .
w eekends? |T]
10 T h e e x h ib it io n w a s fre e , s o I _________ pay. QJ
2 45)))
It m ig h t be c o ld at n ig h t.
Y o u shouldn’t d r in k so m u c h coffee. It is n ’t g o o d f o r you.
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5A
past tenses
p a s t p e r f e c t : h a d + p a s t p a r t ic ip le
s im p le p a s t : w o rk e d , s to p p e d , w e n t, h a d , e t c .
W h e n they tu rn e d o n the
She was b o r n in S e o u l.
T h e y got m a r rie d la st year.
3 10)))
O n the w a y to R o m e w e stopped in F lo re n c e fo r the n ig h t.
T h e p la n e didn’t arrive o n tim e .
W h a t tim e
did y o u get up th is m o rn in g ?
• W e use the s im p le p ast fo r fin is h e d a c tio n s in the p a st (w hen
w e say, ask, o r k n o w w hen they happened).
• Rem em ber
TV, the gam e had a lre a d y
3 12)))
finished.
A s so o n as I sh u t the d o o r, I re a liz e d th at I ’d
the table.
left m y keys on
W e c o u ld n ’t get a table in the re sta u ra n t because w e
hadn’t
booked one.
• W e use the p ast p e rfe ct w h e n w e are t a lk in g a b o u t the past
an d w e w a n t to ta lk a b o u t an e a rlie r past a c tio n . C o m p a re :
When John arrived, they went out. (= f ir s t Jo h n a rriv e d an d
Irregular verbs p. 165.
th en th ey w e n t out)
When John arrived, they had g on e out. (= th e y w e n t o u t b e fore
p a s t c o n t in u o u s : w a s / w e r e + v e r b + - in g
Jo h n a rriv e d )
1 W h a t were y o u doing at s ix o ’c lo c k la st n ig h t?
3 ID))
2 1 was driving a lo n g the freew ay w h e n it starte d sn o w in g .
3 W h ile 1 was doing the h o u s e w o rk the c h ild r e n were
playing in the yard.
4 It w as a c o ld n ig h t a n d it was raining. I was watching T V
in the liv in g ro om ...
u s in g n a r r a t iv e t e n s e s t o g e t h e r
It w as a c o ld n ig h t a n d it was raining. 1 was
3 13 )))
watching T V in the liv in g ro o m . S u d d e n ly 1 heard a k n o c k
at the d o o r. 1got up a n d opened the d o o r. B u t th ere w as
n o b o d y there. T h e p e rso n w h o had knocked o n the d o o r
had disappeared...
1 W e use the p ast c o n tin u o u s to ta lk a b o u t an a c tio n in p ro g re ss
at a s p e c ific tim e in the past.
• U se the p ast c o n tin u o u s
2 W e o fte n use the p a st c o n tin u o u s to d e s c rib e a p a st a c tio n in
p ro g re ss th a t w as in te rru p te d b y a n o th e r a c tio n (expressed in
the s im p le past).
3 W e o fte n use the p a st c o n tin u o u s w ith
while fo r tw o a c tio n s
(was mining, was watching) to set
the scene.
(heard, got up, etc.) to say w h a t happened.
• U s e the p ast p e rfe ct (had knocked, had disappeared) to say
• U s e the s im p le p ast
w h a t ha p p e n e d b e fo re the p re v io u s p ast a c tio n .
h a p p e n in g at the sam e tim e .
4 W e o fte n use the p ast c o n tin u o u s to d e s c rib e the b e g in n in g o f
a s to ry o r anecdote.
b C o m p le t e w it h th e s im p le p a s t, p a s t c o n t in u o u s , o r
>th e c o r r e c t f o r m .
a
T h e te a c h e r gave R o b b ie a z e r o b e c a u se h e
cheated /
<Juld~cheate$> o n th e e x a m .
T h e m a r a th o n r u n n e r
1 T h e y d id n ’t w in th e g a m e a lth o u g h th e y
were training /
had trained e v e ry e v e n in g .
drove / was driving
to w o rk .
lo o k e d g re a t.
(h a p p e n , d riv e )
started / had started. W e go
th e re ju s t in t im e a n d sa w th e w h o le g am e!
didn’t score / hadn’t scored a n y g o a ls w h e n
th e re fe re e e je c te d h im .
6 M y s o n g o t in ju r e d w h ile he
played / wasplaying
4 T h e p o lic e _________ h e r o n th e fre e w a y b e ca u se she
_________ a se a t b e lt, (sto p , n o t w e a r)
s n o w s t o r m s ta rte d . W e w e re a lr e a d y b a c k at th e h o te l.
losing / h a d n ’t lost a n y o f t h e ir
g a m e s d u r in g t h e ir t r ip to th e E a s t C o a s t.
9 T h e re fe ree su sp e n d e d th e g a m e b e ca u se it
to th e m , (n o t lis te n , ta lk )
6 W e _________ use th e s k i s lo p e b e c a u s e i t __________
stopped / had stopped s k iin g w h e n the
mined to o h a rd t o play.
(n o t r e c o g n iz e , ch a n g e )
5 S o m e o f th e p la y e r s _________ w h ile th e c o a c h ________
b a s k e tb a ll la s t S a tu rd a y .
8 T h e L a k e r s w eren’t
f in a l w h is tle , (cheer, b lo w )
3 I _________ h e r a t f ir s t b e c a u s e s h e __________ s o m u ch .
4 W h e n w e a r r iv e d , th e g a m e
7 L u c k ily , w e
th e f in is h lin e , (sw eat, c ro s s )
2 T h e c r o w d _________ w h e n th e r e fe r e e __________ th e
cleaned / had cleaned th e h o u s e w h e n I g o t h o m e . It
5 T h e c a p ta in
was sweating w h e n sh e crossed
1 T h e a c c id e n t _________ w h e n t h e y __________h o m e .
2 M ik e h a d a n a c c id e n t w h ile h e
3 I
p a s t p e r fe c t.
e n o u g h , (n o t c a n , n o t sn o w )
7 T h e y _________ p la y t e n n is b e c a u s e t h e y __________ a
c o u r t, (n o t a b le to , n o t b o o k )
8 T h e p la y e r _________ a y e llo w c a rd b e ca u se h e ________
was mining /
h is s h ir t , (get, ta k e o f f )
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present and past habits and states: usually and used to
used to or s im p le p a s t?
We can use used to or simple past for
repeated actions or states, and the meaning
is the same.
I used to live in Miami as a child. / I liv e d In
Miami as a child.
But if the action happened only once, or we
mention exact dates or number of times, we
have to use simple past.
I went to Paris last year. NOT / used to go to
Paris last year.
Jack caught the train to Chicago four times
last week. NOT Jack used to catch the train to
Chicago four times last week.
1 I usually get up at 8 :0 0 d u r in g the w eek.
3 17)))
I don’t normally go out d u r in g the w eek.
H o u s e s in the s u b u rb s usually have yards.
Do y o u normally walk to w o rk ?
2 W e used to go to the beach fo r o u r v a ca tio n s w h e n I w as a ch ild .
H e didn’t use to do an y exe rcise , b u t n o w he r u n s m a ra th o n s.
I never used to like hockey, b u t I w a tc h it every w eek now.
W e used to be clo se frie n d s , b u t w e d o n 't ta lk to each o th e r an y m o re .
T h a t b u ild in g used to be a re sta u ra n t, b u t it clo se d d o w n la s t year.
Did they use to live d o w n to w n ?
Didn’t y o u use to have lo n g h a ir?
1 F o r p re se n t h a b its w e ca n use
N O T I used to get tip at 8:00.
anymore and any longer
We often use not...anymore / any longer
(= not now) with the simple present to
contrast with used to.
I used to go to the gym, but I don't (go)
anymore / any longer.
usually o r normally + s im p le present.
used to / didn’t use to + base fo rm .
• used to d o e s n o t e x is t in the p re se n t tense. N O T f t tse f o-get tip at 8:0 0
during the week.
• W e use used to fo r th in g s th a t w ere tru e o v e r a p e rio d o f tim e in the
past. Used to o fte n refers to s o m e th in g th a t is n o t tru e now .
I used to play a lot o f sports. (= 1 p layed a lo t o f s p o rts fo r a p e rio d o f tim e
2 F o r past h a b its w e use
be used to and get used to
Don't confuse used to / didn't use to (do
something) with be used to or get used to
(doing something).
I am used to getting up early every day.
(= I am accustomed to it. I always do it, so it is
not a problem for me.)
Lola can't get used to living in the US.
(= She can’t get accustomed to it. It is a
problem for her.)
in the past, b u t now' I d o n ’t.)
used to I didn’t use to ca n be u sed w it h a c tio n verb s (e.g., go, do) an d
n o n a c tio n verb s (e.g., be, have).
•
• W e can a lso use th e s im p le p a st to d e scrib e p ast h a b its (o ften w it h an
ad verb o f frequ ency).
(often) went to the beach fo r our vacations when I was a child.
I lived downtown until I got married.
We
a
C o m p le t e w it h
used to (0 . E l o r |T|) a n d a v e r b f r o m th e lis t .
b
A r e th e h ig h lig h t e d v e r b f o r m s r ig h t / o r
w r o n g X ? C o r r e c t th e w r o n g o n e s .
argue be get along go out have
like hve speak spend wear work
Sonya
used to live in N e w Y o r k C it y , b u t la te r she m o v e d to
N e w Jersey. 0
d iffe r e n t. 0
3 _________ y o u r f ia n c e __________glasse s? H e lo o k s d iffe r e n t n o w . [T]
m y c la s s m a te s , b u t n o w I s p e n d a ll m y t im e w it h
m y b o y fr ie n d . 0
5 W h e r e _________ y o u r h u s b a n d __________b e fo re h e g o t th e jo b i n
th e b a n k ?
U]
6 M y s is te r lo s t a lo t o f w e ig h t. S h e _________ s o s lim . 0
7 _________ y o u __________ a lo t w it h y o u r p a re n ts w h e n y o u w e re a
te e n a g e r? [7]
8 I _________ Jap an e se fo o d , b u t now ' I e at a lo t o f s u s h i. GO
9 L a u r a _________ w e ll w ith h e r ro o m m a te , b u t n o w th e y d o n ’t ta lk to
each other. 0
10
1 H is p a re n ts used to s p lit u p a fte r he w a s b o rn .
p r o b le m s ?
3 M y s is te r d id n 't u s e to w a n t c h ild r e n , b u t
2 I _________ m u c h tim e o n lin e , b u t n o w I’m a d d ic te d to F a c e b o o k . 0
I _________ w it h
used
to see
2 D o y o u u s u a lly t e ll a c lo s e f r ie n d a b o u t y o u r
1 W e _________ a lo t in c o m m o n , b u t n o w w e ’re c o m p le te ly
4
S o n y a use to see M ic h a e l e v e ry day. X
M y e x _________to m e, b u t n o w he c a lls m e a lo t. Q
n o w she h a s fo u r!
4 I d id n 't u se d to lik e m y m a th te a c h e r w h e n 1
w a s in s c h o o l.
5 T h e y u se d to g o o n v a c a tio n e v e ry year.
6 T h a t c o u p le h a s th re e k id s , s o th e y d o n ’t use
to g o o u t a t n ig h t.
7 W h e r e d id y o u r p a re n ts u se to m e e t w h e n
th e y f ir s t w e n t o u t?
8 M y h u s b a n d u se to w o r k f o r a b a n k , b u t n o w
h e 's u n e m p lo y e d .
9 W e lo v e th e th e a te r. W e u s u a lly g o to a p la y
at le a s t o n c e a m o n th .
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