CHAPTER O1
New Centers
of Power
In this Chapter..
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
European Union (EU)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
BRICS
Nations: Russia, India, Israel and China
Economic
Under the Marshall Plan', the Organisation for European
With the end of bipolarity in the world politics, it became
evident that new centres of economic and political power
acts like a mechanism to aid the West European states.
the
step in the direction of political cooperation was
1993.
Another
of the European Union (EU) in 1992. The European Union was
Parliament. The collapse of Soviet Bloc led to the establishment
European Economic Community in 1957. This process acquired
a political dimension with the foundation of the European
capitalist
Gradually, the process of economic integration of European
countries proceeded leading to the formation of
establishment of the Council of Europe in 1949.
Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 1948. It
could limit the powers of US dominance. The New Centres
of Power emerged in the form of European Union
(Europe), the Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN) in Asia, SAARC, BRICS in different parts of the
world.
These organisations tried to transform the countries in the
region into prosperous economies. On the other hand, rise
of China's economy has also made a great impact on the
world politics.
single currency.
cooperation on justice and home affairs, and the creation of a
EU was founded for a common foreign and security policy.
formally established on Ist November,
After the end of the Second World War in 1945, there was a
Although it doesn't have its owm constitution but it comprises of
European Union (EU)
Europe. The Second World War destroyed many of the
dilemma among many European leaders over the status of
some form of common foreign and security policy in dealing
its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. It also has
with other nations. EU's area of cooperation was expanded
assumptions and struetures on which European states had
Europe after 1945. The European. economy was revived by
based their relations. The Cold War aided the integration ot
Plan'. A new collective security structure under NATO Was
military influence.
Soviet bloc. The EU has economic, political and diplomatic and
financial support provided by USA underthe Marshallwhile acquiring new members especially from the erstwhile
created by the US.
1. Marshall Plan A plan introduced by USA to provide financial help for the revival of European econony.
CBSE Term l|Political Sclence Class
4
Economic Influence of EU
Association of South-East
The economic inlluence of Furopean Union iw discussed
below
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
EU is the world's secondbiggest economy withaGDP
of more than $17 trillion in 2016, next to the United
States of America,
Aseociation of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was
stablisheod in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN decl
(Bangkok Declaration) by its lounding countries. The foldi
members of ASEAN are Indonesia, Malaysla, Philippine
Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of Singapore and Thailand.
US dollar. EU's share of world trade is much larger than Over the years, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR,
that of US
Myanmar (Burma) and Cambolin also joined ASEAN takingi
has an cconomic influcnce
as well as in Asía and Africa.
It
over
its closest
neighbours
Cstablishcd to promote political and social stability amid rici.
I t also functions as an important bloc in international
cconomic organísations such as WTO
tensions among the Asiu-Pacific's post colonial states. The mo
ofASEAN is One Vision, One Identity, One Community,
Political and Diplomatic Influence of EU
The political and diplonatic influence of EU is discussed
below
One member of EU France, holds permanent seat in the
UN Security Council with several non-permanent
members.
.The EU
is
enabled
to
influence
somc
US
policies
strength to ten members.
Thercfor, ASEAN is a regional organisation which was
such as
the current US position on Iran's Nuclear Programme.
I t s diplomacy, cconomic
investments and negotiations
have been cffective with China particularly on issues of
human rights and environmental degradation.
Military Influence of EU
Background of ASEAN
This Asian region faced the cconomic and political
consequcnces of numerous colonialisns, both European and
Japancse, before and during Second World War. It faced isu
of nation-building, poverty and cconomic backwardness, and
the pressure to align with one of the great powers during the
Cold War at
thc end of the
war.
Efforts to unite Asia and the 'Third World, such as the Bandu
Conference and the Non-Aligned Movement, were
unsuccessfiul in establishing informal cooperation and
interaction conventions. As a result, the Southeast Asian
alternative by establishing the Association of South East Asian
The military influence of EU is diseussed below
Nations (ASEAN).
EU's combincd armed forces are the second largest in
In the year 1995, the members of ASEAN signed a deal to
create a nuclear frec zone in South-East Asia. The ASEAN
the world and comes second after US in decfence
cxpenditure,
Britain and France as EU members also possess nuclear
arsenal of 550 nuclear warheads. It is also the world's
second most important source of space and
communication technology.
EU is able to intervene in economic, political and social
arcas. But in many areas member states have their own
foreign and defence policies that are often at odds with
cach other. For instance, Britain was by the side of US
during the Iraq invasion whercas Germany and France
oppose the American policy.
Euro-
skepticism
evident in some parts of Europe
integrationist agenda. For instance,
is
about the Europe's
UK's former PM Margaret Thatcher kept UK out of the
European market. Denmark and Sweden resisted
Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of Euro. Thus, it
limits the ability of EU to act in matters of foreign
relations and defence.
2.
Euro-skepticism
It
refers to a Europcan
adopted Vision 2020 in 1997 and by 2015 it launched ASEAN
Community which comprised of these pillars.
ASEAN Political -Security Community
ASEAN Economy Community
ASEAN Socio-cultural Community
Objectives
of ASEAN
The objectives of ASEAN are as follows
accelerate cconomic growth, social progress and cultura
development for properous and peaccful community of
South-East Asian Nations.
.To
To promote regional peace and
stability
respect for justice and the rule of law.
To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on
matters of common interests in the economic, social, cultur
through abiding
technical scientific and administrative fields.
To create a common market and production base within th
ASEAN states and aid social and cconomic
political doctrine
that advocates
disengagement
from the
European
Union
development.
(EU)
CBSE Term lI|
Political Science
5
Class 12th
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
realising
Socio-Cultural Community is all about
ot AsEAN citizens. It is working towards the
the full potential
The ASEAN
following aims
and other
and
socially responsible
A committed, participative
for the benetit of ASEAN people.
community
.
A sustainable
.
.
South Asian Association for
community that promotes social
equitable access
human
environmental
to opportunities tor all and promotes and
rights,
etc.
was
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
on
Dhaka
in
charter
SAARC
established with the signing the
the
initiative
by
8th December, 1985. It was a major regional
through multilateral
means.
was based on the notion
The ASEAN Security Community
so
that
it would not develop into
to avoid territorial disputes,
to
and
uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference
respect for national differences and sovereign rights.
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1994
carry out coordination of security and foreign policy.
Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
South Asian States to evolve cooperation
ASEAN Security Community
armed confrontation. For this, ASEAN had several
agreements into force by which member states promised
major powers
concerns.
protection.
development and
that
promotes high quality of life,
An inclusive community
protects
interaction
lies in its policies of
However, ASEAN's strength
with discussion partners
and consultation with member states,
is the
organisation. Further, it
and with other non-regional
political forum for Asia
to
only regional association provide
to discuss political and security
to
ASEAN EConomic Community
ASEAN is principally an economic association, while the
ASEAN region is much smaller economy than US, the EU
and Japan's economy is growing much faster. The objectives
in
The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was raised
of
November 1980. After consultations, the foreign secretaries
the seven founding countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka met for the first
in Colombo in April 1981.
headquarters and secretariat of the association are at
Kathmandu, Nepal. Afghanistan became the newest member
The
of SAARC at the 13th annual summit in 2005.
There are currently nine observers to SAARC namely
China
Australia
Iran
.The European Union
of ASEAN Economic Community are
Japan
The Republic of Korea
To create a common market and production base within
Mauritius
.Myanmar
ASEAN states to aid social and economic development in
the region.
To improve the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement
Mechanism for resolving economic dispute
To create a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) for investment,
labour and services.
ASEAN Vision 2020
ASEAN is rapidly growing into an important regional
organisation with its Vision 2020, to define an outward-
time
The United States of America
Objectives of SAARC
The objectives of SAARC are as follows
To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to
improve their quality of life.
To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural
development in the region and to provide all individuals the
opportunity to live in dignity and to realise their full
potential.
looking role for ASEAN in international community. It is
build upon its existing policy to encourage negotiations
To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among
the countries of South Asia.
end of the Cambodian conflict, East Timor crisis and meets
To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and
over conflicts in the region. Thus, ASEAN had mediated the
annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
appreciation of one another's problem.
The current economic strength of ASEAN is especially its
To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the
economic relevance as a trading and investment partner to
the growing Asian economies such as India and China,
To
a makes this an attractive proposition. India's foreign policy
did
not gave much attention to ASEAN during Cold War
years, but in recent times, it has tried to amend it and have
signed FTA's with three ASEAN members, Singapore,
Thailand and Malaysia.
economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields.
strengthen cooperation with other developing countries.
To strengthen cooperation
among themselves in
international forums on matters of common interests.
To cooperate with international and
with similar aims and
purposes.
regional organisations
CBSE Termm ll Political
6
sdeceoa
SAARC and its
primarily to
The key objectives
distribute mutual economic benefits
besides non-interterence in the
the intermal3
intenal polic
of BRICS
Importance
SAARC omprises Tof the world's area. 21% of the world s
are
Nbtiom ad AS of the gobal economy.
nation and mutual equality. The 12th COm
Oating Synergies It is theworld's mast densely populated
concluded in Russia in 2020.
President Vladimir Putin. The 13th Confer
was held in India in June 2021 under the
o
and one of the most fertile areas. SAARC countries
hae
nnmon tradition. dress, fiod and culture and political
symengisng their actions. SAARC has
ss
SAFTA o fee trade zones for whole South Asia for
m
Structure of BRICS
The structure of BRIcS comprises of
Comon Sohutions All SAARC countries have common
obems and issues like poverty. illiteracy, malnutrition,
natual disasters internal conflicts îndustrial and
BRICS does not exist in the form of organie
an annual summit between the supreme leai
tehnoogical backwardness low GDP and poor
.
Thee countries uplift their living standards thereby creatins
mnon arras of development and progress having common
region.
Gobal Leadership Role It offers India a platform to
showease its leadership in the region by taking up extra
esponsibihties
Limitations of SAARC
The imitations of SAARC are disscussed below
SAARC is growing at a slow pace due to the political
chfereces among its member states.
bebveen Inda and Pakistan led to bilateral issues
Coaticts
Eke Kashmir issue.
India's neighbours feared that India intends to dominate
them by infiuencing at the political and societal level.
members in majority beong to
least
SAARC
deveoping countries which creates insufticiency of funds
developing or
BRICS
BRICS s an acronym for five emerging economies of the world
- Brazil Russia India China. South Africa The term BRIC
was coined b» Jim O' Nei. the then Chairman of Coldman
Sachs in 2001 BRIC was founded in 2006 in Russia BRIC
turned into BRICS after the inchusion of South Africa in its first
eeting in the vear 2009
has epadu
0 sectord
meetings.
The sigmifcance of SAARC for India is disscussed below
trast and peace within the
the aTn
BRICS cooperation in the past decade has
include an annual programme of over 100s
Significance of SAARC for India
engaing Nepal, Bhutan. the Maldives and Sri Lanka in
The Chairmanship of the forum is rotated ar
among the members in accordance with the
B-R-I-C-S.
sohutions
deveopent process and economic cooperation.
Regional Stability SAARC can help in creation of mutual
leaders dio
nations.
cinwnomic condition.
Geastrategic Significance It can counter China through
a
India's Prime Minister Shri Narendra Mod
therby
nitiatd
ollkrtie aomomic activit.
Economic
Integration India's Look East Policy links South
Asian conomies with South-East Asia will bring further
intergration and prosperity to India mainly in the
xanomic
Senice sector.
ferene d
.It was chairei
was
Objectives of BRICS
The objective of the BRICS can be summarised bes
The BRICS seeks to deepen, broaden and
cooperation within the grouping and among the inds
countries for more sustainable, equitable and
.
beneficial development
BRICS takes into consideration each
members g
development and poverty objectives to ensure thet
relations are built on the respective country's ecmu
strength and to avoid competition where posslble
T o enhance and diversify trade and investnent
cooperation that support value addition among the
BRICS countries.
p
To
access opportunities and
market interlinkages.
T o seek funther interaction and cooperation with
non-BRICS countries and international organisati
forums.
BRICS is emerging as a new and promising
enhance market
facit
political-diplomatic entity with diverse objectives ,
beyond the original objective of reforming globa
financial institutions.
Importance of BRICS for India
India can benefit from collective strength of BRICSh
way of consultation and cooperation as well as top1
global issues, such as international terrorism, climat
change. food and energ security, reforms ofgloba
governance institutions etc.
engaged with the other BRICS COU
India remains
on its NSC
membership.
ouni
olitical Science Class
erm ll
CBSE
to cooperate
BRICS are primarily
benefits among its mem
Den
onomic
polices of
nce in the internal
ality. The 12th conference of BRI
sia in 2020. It was chaired by Rusg.
tfin, The 13th Conference of BRI
2021 under the Chairmanship
une
ShriNarendra Modi.
Term
7
l| Political Science Class 12th
rte New Development
(NDB) will help India to
Development Bank (NI
for
their
resources
infrastructure and
and avail
raise
actainable development projects. The NDB has
oarOved its first set of loans, which included a loan of US
S 950 million in respect of India for Multitranche
The New
Financing Facility.for Renewable Energy Financing
Scheme.
Union,
or
of the nations
doviet
+in the form of organisation, but it After the asdisintegranon
power in 21st century. For example
leaders of five emerged loDal
the
supreme
tween
successor of USSR, India and
as a
fthe forum is rotated annually
the past decade has expanded
Economic power since 1978.
world's second-largest number of start-up enterprises. Its top
Even before the disintegration of Soviet Union, Russia has
Russia emerged as the strong successor
been its largest part.
dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1980's and the early
Russia has emerged as one of the powerful country
ICS be summarised below 1990's.
in the global world as it has vast reserves of nature
deepen, broaden and inten
can
to
minerals and gases. addition,
grouping and among the individu resources,
state with a huge stock of sophisticated weapons. It
In
Russia is
a
ustainable, equitable and mutual isnuclear
also a permament member of the UN Security Council,
nt.
sideration
each members
growth
erty objectives to ensure that
the respective country's economi
competition where possible.
sify trade and investment
ort value addition among the
aled
F-s.
Economic Model of Russia
Russia's economy is
a
mixed and transitional economy of
upper-middle income, with vast natural resources,
particularly oil and natural gas. Russia's GDP is currently at
eleventh position in the world.
India
cess opportunities and facilitate
India has emerged as an important global power in the 21st
ction and cooperation with
century. The world is experiencing the power and rise of
India in a multidimensional way. With the population of 135
crores the economic, cultural, strategic position of the
and international organisations a
a new
and
promising
tity with diverse objectives, far
jective of reforming global
country is very strong.
Economic Model of India
From an economic perspective, targeting the goal of a
5 trillion economy 2024-25, a competitive huge market, an
ancient inclusive culture with 200 million peopBle of Indian
Diaspora spreading across the globe impart distinct
for India
meaning and salience to India as a new centre of power in
collective strength of BRICS DY 21st century.
dcooperation as well as topica The military of India is self sufficient with
indigenous
nternational terrorism, climate nuclear
technology making it another nuclear power from a
y security, reforms of global
strategic perspective. Projects like Make in India sets
etc.
with the other BRICS countrie
.
Arab-dominated West Asian politics in particular.
Economic Model of Israel
of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic), after the
e
agricultural development.
Isracl being a small Jewish-Zionist nation is placed in the
contemporary global politics in general and the
Israel's economy is a well-developed free-market economy that
is technologically advanced. After the United States, it has the
tRussia
ogramme of over 100 sectoral
technological innovations, industrilisation and
Israel emerged as powertul and important nations in 21st
century and China can be seen as strong emerging
in accordance with the acronym
n
some
strong
Russia emerged
Israel
nations in
Israel has also emerged as one of the most powerful
defence
and
science
of
technology,
terms
in
21st
the
century
new
the
to
heights of
Israel has reached
prowess,
Isreal and China
S comprises of
changes are making India an
world.
and intelligence.
global political standing by virtue of its strong defence
Nations: Russia, India,
cs
Therefore, all these
important power in the present
another milestone in India economy.
exports include cut diamonds, high-tech equipment, and
pharmaceuticals. Crude oil, foodstufts, raw materials, and
military equipment are among the country's main imports.
China
China has been growing as an economic power since 1978. It
is estimated to overtake US as the world's largest economy by
2040. It has enormous regional influence due to its economic
integration into the region. Factors like population, landmass,
resources, regional location and political influence adds to its
power along with a strong economy.
Economic Model of China
.Under the leadership of Mao in 1949, the economy of the
Communist China was based on the Soviet model. At that
time China was economically backward and it put an end to its
link with the capitalist world. It now relied on its owm
resources.
The model was to generate a state-owned heavy industries
sector from the capital accumulated from agriculture. Due to
the shortage of foreign exchange to buy technology and
goods from the world market, China substitute imports by
domestic goods.
This model empowers China to utilise its resources and
helped to establish the foundations of an industrial economy.
Employment and social welfare was assured to all the
citizens. China moved ahead of most developing countries in
providing better education and health facilities.
The economic growth was at a respectable rate but though it
was not suficient to meet the needs of the
people.
Agriculture sector was unable to generate economic surplus.
China was going through similar crises like the USSR i.e.
slow pace industrial production and low per capita income.
12
CBSE Term II | Political Science Cla
PART2
3. How did the Marshall Plan paved the way for th
formation of OEEC (Organisation of European
Subjective Questions
Economic Cooperation)?
of state
June 1947, the American Secretary
the
announced
European ReGeorge C Marshall
Ans. In
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Mention any four
common
Union.
Programme that offered financial assistance to 16 couns
features of European
Delhi 2008, All India 2008]
Ans. The features of EU are as follows
) EU's share of world trade is much larger than that
of US allowing it to be more assertive in trade
disputes with US and China.
i) It has evolved from economic union to political
one. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and
currency.
neighbours and on Asia and Africa. It also functions
as an important bloc in international economic
organisation such as WTO.
military influence. GDP of EU is slightly larger
than that of US.
2. The European Union has evolved over time from
an economic union to more than nation state.
Explain any four factors that make European
Union an influential organisation.
"European Union is a highly influential regional
organisation. Justify the statement with any four
suitable arguments.
[CBSE 2020]
Ans. The European Union has evolved over time from an
economic union to an increasingly political one and has
started to act more as a nation state. Factors that make
European Union an influential are given below
) The EU has economic, political, diplomatic and
military influence all over the world.
(ii) The EU is the world's second biggest economy
next to that of the US.
i) It also functions as an important bloc in
international economic organisations such as the
world trade organisation. Two members of the EU,
Britain and France, hold permanent seats on the
UN security council.
(iv) Militarily, the EU's combined armed forces are
the second largest in the world.
() In many areas, its member states have their own
foreign relations and defence policies.
(vi) EU has its own flag, anthem, founding date and
common currency. The EU has tried to expand
areas of cooperation while acquiring new
members, especially from soviet block.
Thus,
statement that European Union is
highly inifluential regional organisation is correct.
thegiven
Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 19
channel aid to the West European States. It became a
forum where the Western European States began to
cooperate on trade and economic issues. Though Ceor
Marshall offered his plan to the East European Count
themselves. The Soviet Union denouned the Marshall
as dollar imperialism and prevented the fund from flo
towards East Europe.
4. How can the Euro pose a danger to the US Dolla
iv) EU has political, economic, diplomatic and
or
The way for the formation of OEEC
Under the Marshall plan, the Organisation for Europe
their regions were incapable of taking any decision by
ii) lts economic power gives it influence over its closest
or
It was done to revi
Europe to rebuild their economics.
economics Europe with a view to opn up prime mar-
Ans. European Union has a great economic influence in the
world market including the market of United States. E
is the currency of EU, which pose a threat to the
dominance of US Dollar because of the following reaso
Share of EU in world trade is much larger than that
US and this is the reason why EU can be more asser
in trade disputes with US and China. Economic pow
EU provides great influence over Asia, Africa and its
close neighbours.
Many countries have joined EU who are directlylini
with US and carry Dollar as their currency These
countries can take economic programmes which are
against interest of US.
As the European Union functions as an
economic organisation, such as World Trade
important bl
Organisation (WTO).
5. Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN
Community.
[NCE
Ans. The three pillars of ASEAN Community are
ASEAN Security Community
ASEAN Economic Community
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
of
Association South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was
created in 1967 with the following objectives
(i) Primary Objective It was
to increase
economice gro
which will result in social progress and cult
development of the ASEAN. Thus, this objective
related to economic, cultural and social perspective
i) Secondary Objective Under United Nation Chate
a
principles and rules of law have been stated. So, th
secondary objective of ASEAN nations was to pror
stability and regional peace based upon those rules
and principles.
CBSE
Term
13
l1| olitical Science Class 12th
&What do you mean by SAARC? Mention any ofits
objectives
Ans
The South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) was created in 1985 as an expression of the
Tegion's collective decision to evolve a regional
Russia has an abundance of oil, natural gas and precious
metals, which make up a major share of Russias exports.
I n terms of Military power, it is one of the world's
largest military forces, making it the most powerful
Russia was the sixth-largest nation in
in
military
Europe.
terms of military spends, at $61.4 billion.
cooperative framework.
The objective of SAARC are as follows
I n terms
To promote the welfare ofthe people of South Asia
and to improve their quality of life.
Gi) To promote and strengthen colective self relianee
among the countries of South Asia.
i) To accelerate economic growth, social progress and
cultural development in the region and to provide
all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and
to realise their füull potential.
of political and diplomatic powers,
Russia is
also a permanent member of the UN Security Council,
called P-5. Russia is a part of many supranational
organisations including the Group of Eight (G8), The
Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and
in Europe (OSCE), the Commonwealth of
Co-operation
Independent States (CIS), and BRICS. Being the largest
nation in terms of territory it automatically becomes a
largest producer of some crucial resources and has a say
on its neighbouring nations.
(iv) To strengthen cooperation with other developing
countries.
7. Write a short note on BRICS highlighting its
formation and objectives.
Ans. BRIC was founded in 2006 in Russia. BRIC turned into
BRICS after the inclusion of South Africa in its first
meeting in the year 2009. The key objectives of BRICs
are primarily to cooperate and distribute mutual
economic benetits among its members besides
non-interference in the internal policies of each nation
and mutual equality. The twelfth conference of BRICs
9. How Israel has emerged as a powerful nation in the
21st century? Diseuss.
Ans. Israel has emerged as one of the most powerful nations in
the 21st century in terms of science and technology,
defence and intelligence. t has reached to the new heights
of global political standing by virtue of its strong defence
and
powers, technological innovations, industrialisation
agricultural development. It is a small Jewish- Zionist
nation which is placed in the contemporary global politics
in general and the Arab-dominated West Asian Politics in
was concluded in Russia in 2020. It was chaired by
particular. In terms of economy, Israel is well- developed
free market economy that is technologically advanced.
Russian President Vladimir Putin.
After the United States, it has the world's second-largest
The objectives of BRICS are summarised as follows
The BRICS seeks to deepen, broaden and intensify
number of startup enterprises. Its exports include
cooperation within the grouping and among the
individual countries for more sustainable, equitable
and mutually beneficial development.
BRICS takes into considerationfor each member's
growth, development and poverty objectives to
diamonds, high-tech equipments and pharmaceuticals.
In terms of political and diplomatic power, Israel maintains
full diplomatic relations and open borders with two of its
Arab neighbours, Egypt and Jordan, after signing peace
treaties in 1979 and 1994 respectively. Israel has been a
ensure that relations are built on respective countrys
member of the United Nations since 11th May, 1949. Israel
also participates in other international organisations such
economic strength as well as to avoid competition
as the Intenational Atomic Energy Ageney (LAEA) and the
where possible.
World Health Organisation (WHO).
To enhance and diversify trade and investment
cooperation that support value addition among the
BRICS countries.
To enhance market access opportunities and facilitate
market interlinkages.
alternate centre of power?
Ans. The Russian Federation has been suggested as a potential
candidate for resuming superpower status in the 21st
of USSR.
Russia emerged as the strong successor
century.
Some of the following aspects make Russia a new centre
of power
Russia is considered
super-rational organisation? Examine.
Ans. The Republic of India is considered one of the emerging
superpowers of the world. In 2015, India became the
world's fastest growing economy with a 7.5% estimated
CDP rate. The country must overcome many economic,
8. What makes Russia a new centre of power or
In terms of economic power,
10. How can we say that India is emerging as
an
energy superpower. It has the world's largest proven
natural gas reserves and is the largest exporter of
natural gas and second largest producer of petroleum
social and political problems before it can be considered a
superpower. Some of the following aspects can be
considered that makes India a super-rational organisation
In terms of economic power, it is the world's fifth-largest
econqmy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by
purchasing power parity. In 2019, India's ten largest
trading partners were USA, China, UAE, Saudi Arabia,
Hong Kong, Iraq, Singapore, Gemany, South Korea and
Switzerland. In 2018-19, the Foreign Direct Investment
(FD) in India was $64.4 billion.
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Long Answer Type Questions
1. What k s Erpen lziealid
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Political and Dipiastic Infoeace of EU
14 Ho dres geogglidproinit
ae e
The Et s s p i d a i è a i
e
sonenbes dEl ie
Froe bold permst s a n t e t l
Sevrinr Counil ith
e
l rgisEÖND
d anr
iioADI TES
The EUsabeitoinduencesme
12. n sgie cfgrovenetnhe Cese e m o
here
have been nege conseqpencessach
a
g
he pespe of C a Mestiona
cocseguEnces
r
H i i t z y iedzstacks n the chnged
DabiC) 2
Cnese eceoic systen
Ars Esen t o n te Cnese emcy has imgroved
&amuizl iere hse been negtive cuepences
Sctag te pespie cí Cia The f a Degutve
canseqnences a x t r k s the changed Cinese
ecnomi sysen rE
The beneis d he reárms bave nct beem equ
reeied Aggruimatey 100i n peuple e s
egoed
Female empioyment zd ondtins work ze
bed s iEope aí the 1sh ad 19hetis
Camgtin adeviemectd degadutin bave
resedi
leads to he imico of trestis between he em
Eehe i m n d ASEAX
mergerd
The ecoeomi issaes lso Scts thbe
cxiies so tht they cen bade tbe eommc
prubies
the respecthe reies y auiid
terests thrond aorgmisztion i e he E g
15. The emerging economies of China and India
reat potential to challenge the unipolar word
yo 2gree with the statement? Substantiste yot
rguments
Ans. Yes we 2gree with the statement that both India
China bave grest potentia to challenge the unip
worid on the folonimg grounds
Tbe New Economic policies ofIndia and Chinsa
broken their economies from stagmation.
poicies sach s he ceat tS psiti
Irns Xadear Progme
I t s diplomacy eonamic invesmeat :
Degotiations bave bent i v e s?
s disoae nih China on humn i
eavinamental degradation
Military Influence of Et
ET's combined armed forves aet
langest in the word and ao oome
the total spending's of US n deies
Britain and France sEU memabe
nadear asenal of 550 auclear wa
also the world s second mast imp
space and oommumication tachnd
E
is able to intervene in econo
and social areaa But in many ar
states have their o n foreigm an=
that are often at odds with each
CBSE TemlI | Political Scien
(iv) There has
ural and
zest
been rise in
urban
Term
CBSE
equal
ity betm
and
econon
and coastal
reside
Casg
China, the
to a
Zones led
inland
p r o v n c e s .
In
Chin.a to over
13.
the world's largest economy by 2040.
as
the US
basis ofprojection of
Analyse the
res
dominate US
is viewed to
Ans. China
are
by the
elhi
2040. The
va.
projection
basis ofthe
as the driver
is considered
.China
because of the economic
of East
egration into
Asian grov
gions.
actors
esources,
0nal
influence adds to itsregiona
location and political
such as population, landmass,
China announced
Open
Door Policy'in
1978
aimed at generation of high productivity by
and
in
technology
from
investnents capital
were
Fund.
Privatisation of agriculture and industry helped in
growing economy rapidiy
Foreign trade grew with the creation ofSEZs and ne
trading laws. This resulted in high toreign exchange
this way, China became most significant
for FDI.
The above points show China's ability to
overtake US as world's largest economy by 2040.
How does
geographical proximity influence the
formation of regional organisations?
strategic perspective as
a
indigenous nuclear
technology
destination for
Both the countries are important
Foreign Direct Investments.
has
the global level also both India and China
with the world economy
integration
challenge to
a
as
Union
a
Union is
Ans. European
Economic
pose
a
erests through an organisation like the European
aion.
emerging economies of China and India have
potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do
ree with the statement?
Substantiate your
ents.
agree with the
statement that both
ave great
to
potential
the following
grounds:challenge
ew Economic policies of India
their economies
from
the
[NCERI
India and
unipolar
Political and Diplomatic Influence of EU
The EU also has political and diplomatic
influence as two members of EU i.e. Britain and
and China have
stagnation.
3.
France, hold permanent seats in the UN
of Europe
was
established in 1949 for
are as
political
Community in 1957.
on a fast track and
The collapse of Soviet Union put Europe
in 1992.
Union
of
formation
European
resulted in the
to act in
EU
the
List the factors that limit the ability of
What role has
matters of foreign relations and defence.
been played by European Union in solving the problems
of the European countries?
Ans.
European
case
of
its dialogue with China on human rights and
environmental degradation.
Military Influence of EU
EU's combined armed forces are the second
largest in the world and also come second after
the total spending's of US in defence.
Britain and France as EU members also possess
nuclear arsenal of 550 nuclear warheads. It is
also the world's second most important source of
space and communication technology
EU is able to intervene in economic, political
and social areas. But in many areas member
states have their own foreign and defence policy
Union is
a
super national
organisation but in many
foreign relations and
defence policies that are often at odds with each other. Factors
that limit the ability of the EU to act in matters of foreign
relations and defence are discussed below
British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the US led Iraq
invasion and many new members made US led 'coalition of
areas
The EU is enabled to influence some US
policies such as the current US position on
that are often at odds with each other.
on
Capitalist
The process of economic integration of European
Economic
countries led to the formation of European
economic influence over its closest
neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
Iran's Nuclear Programme.
Its diplomacy, economic investment and
negotiations have been effective as in the
1948 to extend
was established in
the Western
trade and economic issues among
cooperation.
an
members.
socío-cultural problems that
leads to the formation of treaties between the countre
ike the formation
of ASEAN.
"he economic issues also affects the merger
of
untries so that they can handle the economic
oblems of the respective regions by coalition of
The Council
dominance of US dollar. EU's share of world
egional organisations in the following ways
It affects the parameters
of security of all countries n
particular regions by similar forces. Thus, the
same
under
Plan, the organisation for European
follows
threat to the
Security Council with several non-permanent
organisations are created mainly for security reasons.
structure
creation of a single currency.
Union
The attempts led to the formation of European
trade is much larger than that of US.
I t has
security
in 1993 for a c o m m o n foreign
European Union was founded
affairs and
on justice and home
security policy, cooperation
[NCERT]
reasons
can
collective
European states.
due to the following
Economic Influence of EU
EU is the world's second biggest economy with
than $17 trillion in 2016, next to
a CDP of more
of America.
States
United
the
Its currency Euro
new
Cooperation
cooperation
highly
highly influential organisation
a
a
NATO.
Under the Marshall
The geographical proximity influences the formation of
It promotes rise in
The US also created
unipolar world.
European
resolve their post-Second
revive European economy.
their
adopted similar policies in WTO to deepen
a
influential regional organisationP
Monetar 3
reserves. In
century from
self-suficient with
1. What makes
encoun
modernisation of industry, science and technology
agriculture and military In 1980, China becam t
member of World Bank and Internati
On the other hand, India is being seen as
in the 21st
important emerging global power it is
which .LongAnswer Type Questions
taken toabroad
steps
economic sector,
investment by Westerm entrepreneurs for
variouS
countries
2. Howdid the European
that led to
outline the attempts
World Warproblem? Briefly
[NCERT
Union.
the formation of the European
the
states confronted
European
the
Ans. After the Second World War,
destruction of
the
with
ruin of their economies along
had been founded.
structure on which Europe
assumptions and
World War
Second
their Post
European countries resolved
manner
the
following
in
problems
to
the USA provided financial help
Under the Marshall Plan,
of Special Economic
phenomenal rise in the Foreign
creation
Trade.
an
At
China is considered to be very powerful and f
15
olitical Science Class 12th
ll|
its member states have their
own
willing' whereas while Germany and France opposed
American policy.
There is also a 'Euro-Skepticism in some parts of Europe
about the EU's integrationist agenda. Thus for example,
Britain's former Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher kept the
UK out of European Market.
Denmark and Sweden have resisted in Maastricht Treaty and
the adoption of Euro, the common European currency.
Role played by European Union in solving the problems of
European Countries are discussed below
The EU functions as an importantbloc in international
organisation as World Trade Organisation to intervene in
economic areas.
16
CBSE Term ll | Political
Science
The EU has expanded areas
of cooperation while
acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc.
The EU has an influential role
in the UN policies
because its thwo members Britain and
France hold
permanent seats in the UN Security Council.
The EU is influential in the areas
of diplomacy,
economic investments and
5. What makes
world. In 2015, India became the world's fade
fastest growi
economy with a 7.5% estimated GDP rate.7
must overcome many economic, social and nolth
a
problems before it can be
has become the third largest economy in Asia to
The
considere superpowe
What are the major difference
between the
SAARC and the
Union as alternative
European
centres of power?
Some
a
coopération through
multi-lateral means.
I t is the
world's fifth-largest economy by
nominal third-largest by purchasing power parif
In 2019, India's ten largest trading partners
were
China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Iraq, Sino-
and the
It
was established
by NATO to
devise a plan in order to enable
its 16 member nations in
Europe to revive their economy
Cermany, South Korea and Switzerland.
India ranks second globally in food and
Second
World War. It was observed as
communism/socialism.
European Union is guided by
million people.
I t is the world's
tenth-largest oil producer and thethird-largest oil consumer. The Indian automobile
industry is the world's fourth largest by productio
India as Military Power
Common institutions such as
European Commission,
European Parliament,
European Court to Justice, etc.
attitude
sovereignty.
SAARC nations prefer
technology adoption
rather than innovation.
It shows attitude of
sacrificing
national sovereignty for
and united Europe.
Indian army is the third largest army
greater
I t has also the
world.
European Union nations are
India
driving for invention and
technology to these
nations.
The nature of economy in. The nature of
economy in
SAARC is agriculture and
European Union is knowledge
(e.g. Pakistan), due to
their self-centred
based service sector.
Its member countries have their
own foreign relations and
defence policies that are often
adds with each other, e.g.
Britain's Prime Minister was
favourable to India as it America's partner in
Iraq
may invade their markets invasion, whereas
Germany and
approach understand
SAARC's efforts only
and influence their
societies
France opposed American
policy.
also well
equipped
world
with nuclear
arsena
India as Political and
Diplomatic Power
India shares extremely positive relations
through
economic and political
agreements with several V
European, Asian and South -East Asian countrieIndia has also played an important and influenti
other international
organisations like East Asia S
India could almost
sixth permanent mem
become
UNSC but the decision was vetoed
by China.
India is part of some very
ce
important
power like BRICS, C20, SAARC etc.emerging
as they provide
A few member countries
is
fourth-largest
in the
defence budget in th
recenty purchased modern weapons and arms fro
innovation. This resists
USA and China havee
interference of technological
undue interference in
advanced nations such as USA
internal affairs of SAARC, and
China
manufacturing sector
agricultur
production.
The Indian IT industry is a major
exporter of IT s=
with $180 billion in revenue and
employs over fou
support to capitalism against
It shows reluctant
to sacrifice nation
cusse
below
India as an Economic Power
which shattered in
There is no common
institution to guide
SAARC.
of the essential aspects based on which Indis,
considered as the major emerging powers are dise
European
European Union
It was established
with
view to evolve
eep
high rate of growth.
All India 2011
SAARC
new
Ans. India is considered one of the emerging sune
negotiation.
Ans. The difference between
the SAARC and the
Union are as follows
India an emerging power or a
centre of power? Discuss in detail.
Ca
6.
Explain the factors
Chinese economy.
responsible for the rise of
[D-
Ans. China is the third
major alternative centre of powefastest growing economy. China at
one time was
Soviet model and at that time, it
broke all the 1=
capitalist world. Following are the factors responsibof Chinese economy
Political
CBSE Tem ll|
science Class
Science
CBSE
an
India
emerging power
or
onomy
overcome
Use of Soviet Model China accepted the Soviet model
blems
economic, social and
before it can
be considered.
become the third largest
economy in
hrate of growth.
(i)
imports by domestic goods and create state owned heavy
industries from capital produced by agriculture.
estimated
many
17
Science Class 12th
and relied on its resources. China decided to substitute
considered o n e
ist
Politica
.
What makes
Discuss in detail,.
entre ofpower?
ofth emerging super
ndia is 2015, India became the worl
orld's fastes owers of
Ow
orld. In
GDP rate. T
a 7.5%
with
ll
Tem
pol:unt
Development of Industrial Economy China used all its
esources to develop an industrial economy. All citizens
power. Indi
Asia tok
keep its
Nwere provided education and health programmes.
Relationship With USA China established relation with
USA in 1972. The integration of China's economy and the
inter-dependencies that it has created has enabled China
based on which India
of the essential aspects
eidered
as the major emerging owers are discuss
canb
to have considerable influence with its trade partners like
asan
many,
South Korea and Switzerland
uction.
[ndian IT industry is a major exporter of IT servi
S180 billion in revenue and employs over four
n people.
e world's tenth-largest oil producer and the
argest oil consumer. The Indian automobile
y is the world's fourth largest by production.
Major Policies Announced Open Door Policy was
announced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, which aimed at
generation of high productivity by investments in capital
a ranks second globally in food and agricultural
and technology from abroad.
Era of Privatisation Privatisation of agriculture in 1982
and privatisation of industry in 1998 was done.
Privatisation led to remarkable rise in agricultural
production and rural incomes. High personal saving in
the rural economy lead to an exponential growth in rural
industry. Both industry and agriculture grew at a faster
ilitary Power
rate.
army is the third largest army in the world.
so the fourth-largest defence budget in the
Establishment of SEZ's Special Economic Zones were
also well
equipped with nuclear arsenal. It h
urchased modern weapons and arms from USA
set up. State had a centralised role in setting up of China's
economy. China become the most important destination
for Foreign Direct Investment (FD) any whwere in the
world. It led to large forign reserves that now allow it to
make big investment in other countries.
tical and Diplomatic Power
Case Based Questions
res extremely positive relations through
and political agreements with several Westen
1. Read the following passage carefully and answer
Asian and South -East Asian countries.
Iso played an important and influential rolei
national organisations like East Asia Summit
almost become sixth
permanent member of
he decision was vetoed by China.
ofsome very important emerging centresa
RICS, G20, SAARC etc.
ctors responsible for the rise of the
my.
[Delhi 200
d major alternative centre of power. It is t
economy. China
at one time was
based
d
ollowing are the factors responsible for
at
ny
create
that time, it broke all the
links w
the questions that follow
ASEAN was and still remains principally an
economic association. While the ASEAN region as
a whole is a much smaller economy compared to
theUS, the EU, and Japan, its economy is growing
much faster than all these. This accounts for the
growth in its influence both inthe region and
beyond. The objectives of the ASEAN Economic
Community are to create a common market and
production base within ASEAN states and to aid
social and economic development in the region. The
Economic Community would also like to improve the
existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to
resolve economic disputes. ASEAN has focused on
creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment,
labour and services. The US and China have already
moved fast to negotíate FTAs with ASEAN.
common
market and
production
based
within ASEAN state itself and to aid social
and economic development.
activities
(it) ASEAN established FTAs for investment purposes
and for labour services. FTA is an agreement
between two or more countries where countries
agree on certain obligations that affect trade in goods
industry, military, science and technology were proposed.
This policy helped the Chinese Economy to break
stagnation.
Trade
Agreements?
resolve
ii) How would ASEAN Economic Community
economic dispute?
is to
Ans. () The objective of ASEAN Economic Community
Modernisation Modernisation in field of agriculture,
is the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal C
! the third-largest by purchasing power parity
2019, India's ten largest trading partners were Us
na, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Iraq, Singan
Economic
(i) Why did ASEAN established Free
USA.
Economic Power
What is the objective of ASEAN
Community?
and services.
(ii)
ASEAN Economic Community would resolve
economic dispute by improving the existing ASEAN
dispute settlement mechanism.
2. Read the following passage carefully and answer
the questions that follow.
America extended massive financial help for
reviving Europe's economy under what was called
the 'Marshall Plan'. The US also created a new
collective security structure under NATO. Under
the Marshall Plan, the organisation for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established in
1948 to channel aid to the West European States. It
became a forum where the Western European
States began to cooperate on trade and economic
issues. The Council of Europe, established in 1949,
was another step forward in political cooperation.
The process of economic integration of European
capitalist countries proceeded step by step leading
to the formation of the European Economic
Community (EEC) in 1957.
G) What was Marshall Plan?
(i) The US created a new collective security structure
under which organisation?
(iii) Which organisation became a forum where the
Western European states began to cooperate on trade
and economic issues?
Ans. ) A plan introduced by USA to provide financial help
for the revival of European Economy. It was enacted
in 1948 and provided more than $ 1.5 billion to help
finance rebuilding efforts on the continent.
i) The US created a new collective security structure
under NAT. NATO was created in 1949 that put
the Westerm European nations under the nuclear
umbrella of the US.
i) Organisation for European Military Cooperation
became a forum where the Western European states
began to cooperate on trade and economic issues.