EEG- Recording the electrical activity of the brain
from the scalp: an introduction to the acquisition of
biological signals.
-Delta: has a frequency of 3 Hz or below. It tends
to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest
waves. Deep, dreamless sleep.
- Theta: has a
frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz and is classified as
"slow" activity. It is perfectly normal in children up
to 13 years and in sleep but abnormal in awake
adults. Deep relaxing, meditation, problem solving.
Alpha: has a frequency between 7.5 and 13 Hz. It
appears when closing the eyes and relaxing, and
disappears when opening the eyes or alerting by
any mechanism (thinking, calculating). It is the
major rhythm seen in normal relaxed adults. It is
present during most of life especially after the
thirteenth year.Beta:​​activity is "fast" activity. It has a frequency
of 14 and greater Hz. It is the dominant rhythm in patients who
are alert or anxious or have their eyes open.
Spinal Cord:
8 pairs in the cervical region, 12 pairs in the thoracic region, 5 pairs in
the lumbar, 5 pairs in the sacral, 1 pair in the coccygeal.
-Sleep plays an important role in the function of the brain, by
forming new pathways and processing information. Research has
shown that adequate sleep helps to improve memory and
learning, increase attention and creativity, and aid in making
decisions.
PNS: 2 types of ganglia: Schwann cells and Satallite cells, .
Proprioception encompasses three aspects: agility, balance and
coordination.
Drugs: Alcohol: Cerebrul Cortex: loss of emotional control &
ablilty to learn, blurred vision. Hippocampus: Blackouts,
impaired vision. Hypothalumus: slow heart rate.
Medulla: slow breathing, lower body temp, coma. CNS: slurred
speech, poor muscle control, slow reaction. Cerebullum: affect
balance and coord, shaking, slow reflex. Caffeine: stimulant
drug, stimulates CNS increase alertertness and attention.
Nicotine: alkaloid which constitutes about 0.6-3% of tobacco
plants, stimulant for mammals, About 1 milligram is contained
in the average cigarette, it quickly enters the bloodstream. When
it binds to receptors in the central nervous system, they "turn up the volume" on
neurotransmitters. Weed: the chemical in the plant that produces the altered states of
consciousness is called "delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol" or "THC". THC acts on cannabinoid
receptors, which are found on neurons in many places in the brain. In low-medium doses,
marijuana: causes relaxation, reduces coordination, reduces blood pressure, induces sleepiness,
disrupts attention, creates an altered sense of time and space. In high doses, marijuana: induces
hallucinations, creates delusions, impairs memory, provokes disorientation.
Diseases: Epilepsy - diverse set of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures. •
Seizures - the physical findings in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical
activity in the brain, caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain • Alzheimer’s Disease a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to
function. - the most common form of dementia- affects an estimated 1 in 10 people over age 65 • Multiple Sclerosis
- an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous
system) - body's immune system eats away at the protective myelin sheath that covers the axons of the neurons and
interferes with the communication - MS can affect vision, sensation, coordination, movement, and bladder and
bowel control. • Parkinson’s Disease - disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with
walking, movement, and coordination. People with Parkinson's disease have low brain dopamine concentrations. •
Shingles (herpes zoster) - painful, blistering skin rash due to the varicella-zoster virus, the virus that causes
chickenpox – the virus remains inactive (becomes dormant) in certain nerves in the body. Shingles occurs after the
virus becomes active again • Cerebral Palsy - group of disorders that can involve brain and nervous system functions
such as movement, learning, hearing, seeing, and thinking resulting from damage to certain parts of the developing
brain • Glaucoma - a group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve due to increased pressure in the
eye - the eye’s drainage system becomes clogged so the intraocular fluid cannot drain and as the fluid builds up, it
causes pressure to build within the eye. High pressure damages the sensitive optic nerve. • Pink eye (Conjunctivitis)
– infection of the conjunctiva of the eye.
Sense: Sensory Receptors: Mechanoreceptors - pressure receptors, stretch receptors, and specialized
mechanoreceptors involved in movement and balance. Thermoreceptors - skin and viscera, respond to both external
and internal temperature Pain receptors - stimulated by lack of O2, chemicals released from damaged cells and
inflammatory cells. Chemoreceptors - detect changes in levels of O2, CO2, and H+ ions (pH) as well as chemicals
that stimulate taste and smell receptors. Photoreceptors - stimulated by light. Special Sense:mediated by relatively
complex sense organs of the head, innervated by cranial nerves, vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell.
General (somesthetic, somatosensory) receptors widely distributed in skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and viscera,
they detect touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold and pain, blood pressure. Disorders: myopia: nearsightedness.
Hyperopia: farsightedness. Presbyopia: weak muscles controlling the bulging of lens. Nyctalopia: night blindness
where vision is impaired in dim light. Astigmatism: curvature of the eye that causes blurred distance and near
vision. Color Blindness: when you are unable to see colors in a normal way. Otis Media:inflammation or infection
located in the middle ear. A conductive hearing loss happens when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle
ear. Sensorineural hearing loss, or SNHL, happens after inner ear damage. Mixed hearing loss: Problems with the
nerve pathways from your inner ear to your brain can also cause SNHL. This means that there may be damage in the
outer or middle ear and in the inner ear or nerve pathway to the brain. Dysgeusia: condition where a person's
perception of taste is altered. Endocrine
Steroid- Derived from cholestrol they are: gluocoticoids, mineralocortiods
The adrenal cortex produces the adrenocortical hormones, which consist of the glucocorticoids
and the mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control or influence many metabolic
processes, including the formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids and the
deposition of glycogen in the liver. Glucocorticoids also help to maintain normal blood pressure,
and their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions have rendered them useful in
treating rheumatoid arthritis and preventing the rejection of transplanted organs.
Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone help maintain the balance between water and salts in the
body, predominantly exerting their effects within the kidney. There are 3 types: oral, topical
(such as ones you use to treat skin diseases), nasal.
Peptides-Antimicrobal peptides can help your body fight bacteria and promote wound healing.
Amines-any of a class of chemical compounds that contain a single amino acid that has been
modified into a hormone, such as melatonin or norepinephrine. Also called monoamine
hormone.
Diabetes mellitus: Does Not produce enough or respond normally to insulin,
Graves disease: An immune system that causes an overproduction of thyroids.
Glaucoma- eye conditions that damage the optic nerve
Addisonś disease; the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and
sometimes aldosterone, too. When the body is under stress (e.g. fighting an infection), this
deficiency of cortisol can result in a life threatening Addisonian crisis characterized by low blood
pressure.
Hashimoto disease; Attack your thyroids
Goiter is the irregular growth of the thyroid gland. Which can be mainly caused by a lacked of iodine
in diet.
Cretinism: Congenital thyroid deficiency.