Hypovolemic Shock Distributive Shock Septic Shock Dyspnea Orthopnea Hemoptysis Cyanosis Clubbing Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia Physiologic dead space Hypoxemia Life threatening condition where there is a significant decrease in blood or plasma volume (20% or more) resulting in an inadequate filling of the vascular compartment and decreased cardiac output to the body. (AKA Vasodilatory shock) When the capacity of the vascular compartment expands to the point where the normal volume of blood does not fill the circulatory system due to loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement of the vascular compartment and displacement of vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation Type of vasodilatory shock associated with severe infection and the systemic response to infection (sepsis) with hypoperfusion (decreased blood flow through an organ) even with fluid resuscitation (replenishment of lost fluid). A person’s perception of having difficulty breathing or having laboured breathing. Shortness of breath when a person is supine due to fluid from the lower legs redistributing over the chest and putting more pressure onto an already distended pulmonary circulatory system. Coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea or lungs often due to infections. The appearance of bluish discoloration to the skin and mucous membranes due to excess deoxygenated blood (hemoglobin) in small blood vessels. Occurs when there is low oxygen in the blood and often related to heart or lung diseases, the fingers enlarge and the nail curves around the finger. Increase of carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood to a degree that is abnormal Dead space refers to the volume of air that enters the airways and lungs but does not partake in gas exchange. Physiologic dead space includes the upper airways and areas of the alveoli. Reduction of blood oxygen (known as partial pressure of oxygen, PO2) below normal levels often caused by inadequate O2 levels in the air, respiratory diseases, neurologic system dysfunctions and alterations in the circulatory system. Hypoxia V/Q Ratio Physiological right to left shunt Pneumothorax Pleural Effusion Empyema Atelectasis Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Edema Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Alpha-1-antitrypsin When the tissues in the body are not receiving adequate oxygen The ventilation-perfusion ratio, is the ratio between the amount of air getting to the alveoli (ventilation) and the amount of blood being sent to the lungs (cardiac output/perfusion) When blood moves from the right to the left side of circulation without being oxygenated due to a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion within the lungs. This results in insufficient ventilation of oxygen needed to oxygenate the blood flowing through alveolar capillaries. The presence of air in the pleural cavity space causing partial or complete collapse of the lung. The abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity which occurs when the rate of fluid formation exceeds the rate of its removal. When there is a collection of exudate containing glucose, proteins, leukocytes and debris from dead cells and tissue in the pleural cavity. The incomplete expansion of the lung or portion of a lung; can be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression from pneumothorax or pleural effusion or increased recoil of the lung. When a blood-borne substance lodges in a branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs blood flow. The embolism could be a thrombus, air, fat, or amniotic fluid that entered the maternal circulation. A disorder characterized by increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation (mainly arterial system). When capillary fluid moves into the alveoli of the lungs causing lung stiffness, difficulty in lung expansion, impaired gas exchange. Chronic, acute and recurrent obstruction of airflow in the pulmonary airways leading to lung inflation over time. The loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles resulting in destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds. Airway inflammation and obstruction of the major and small airways due to hypersecretion of mucus from hypertrophy of submucosal glands in the trachea and bronchi. Chronic if cough lasts 3 consecutive months over 2 consecutive years. An antiprotease enzyme that protects the lung from injury, as proteases digest proteins, such Pink puffer Blue bloater Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – ARDS Acute Respiratory Failure Croup Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD Gastroparesis Peptic Ulcer Melena Hematemesis Ulcerative colitis Tenesmus Toxic megacolon Crohn’s Disease as elastin. The deficiency of this enzyme can result in emphysema. A person with predominant emphysema that use accessory muscles and pursed-lip breathing to accommodate for the loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation that cause airway collapse during expiration. A manifestation of COPD. A person with predominant chronic bronchitis causing cyanosis and fluid retention from rightsided heart failure. A manifestation of COPD. Type of respiratory failure due to rapid and widespread inflammation in the lungs allowing fluid, plasma proteins and blood cells to move into the alveoli. The resulting formation of a hyaline membrane which stops gas exchange. Failure of gas exchange due to lung failure from various conditions that impair ventilation, compromise V/Q ratio, or impair gas diffusion. Respiratory infection in children known for inspiratory stridor (high-pitched wheezing) from disrupted airflow, hoarseness and barking cough. A digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter allowing for stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. Delayed stomach emptying due to difficulty in stomach muscle motility. Exposure of acid-pepsin secretions affecting one or all layers in the duodenum or stomach (mucosal layers-smooth muscle), often due to H. pylori, aspirin and other NSAIDs. Black tarry stools (poop) usually a result of upper gastrointestinal bleeding Internal bleeding causing the person to vomit blood. An inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the innermost lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. An inflammatory bowel disease causing cramping and rectal pain giving the inclination that evacuating the bowels is necessary Inflammatory bowel disease causing the colon to expand, dilate and distend. This results in the colon unable to remove gas or feces from the body. Inflammatory bowel disease resulting in granulomatous inflammatory response which spreads deep into the layers of the affected bowel tissue. Commonly in the distal small intestine and proximal colon. Celiac Disease Portal hypertension Ascites Esophageal Varices Hepatic Encephalopathy Icterus Splenomegaly Chronic Hepatitis Cirrhosis Cholelithiasis Cholecystitis Acute Pancreatitis Immune mediated disorder where T-cells have an immune response against alpha-gliadin, a component of gluten protein. Increased resistance of flow in the portal venous system (veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen and pancreas) that travel through the liver before entering the vena cava Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity often a result of cirrhosis of the liver Extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus, they easily rupture and often develop due to cirrhosis Neurological disturbances affecting the central nervous system due to liver failure. This includes lack of mental alertness, confusion, coma, and convulsions. Jaundice. Abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood causing a yellowish discolouration to the skin and deep tissue. Enlarged spleen due to portal hypertension which shunts blood into the splenic vein. Inflammation of the liver that lasts at least 6 months. The end stage of chronic liver disease where most of the functional liver tissue has been replaced by fibrous tissue. (basically scarring) Formation of gallstones caused by the precipitation of substances contained in bile (mostly cholesterol and bilirubin) Inflammation of the gallbladder from bile backup. Reversible inflammation of the pancreas due to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by inappropriately activated pancreatic enzymes.
