Review
1️⃣concept of Principal Complementary structure determines function the function ex. front
teeth cuts/size back teeth grind food or Rib cage thoracic cavity lung bring air
2️⃣ homeostasis Of have stable internal conditions despite changes
•
Stimulus= change
•
receptor = detects change❗️
•
Afferent path= information sent ——> * Control center= integrate/generate effect
•
Efferent path = information sent——> * Effector = organ or tissue❗️⬆ ️
•
Response= feedback to influence the stimulus
•
Positive feed= response results increase output ex. Giving birth / blood cloth
•
Negative feed= result and decrease or shut down of stimulus ex.being too cold❗️
3️⃣ 5 survival needs and eight life functions
•
nutrients= vitamin E
•
Water= 50 to 60%
•
Oxygen= 20% air
•
Body temperature= normal
•
atmospheric pressure= Air expert breathing/gas exchange ⬇ ️ to be a living thing
Maintaining
Movement= has to responsiveness=M Digestion= swallow
boundaries= plasma be exhibited
ust respond to
cell
stimuli
membrane/integum
entary
Metabolize
Excretion= waste
Reproduction=Repr Growth = grow
oduce
4️⃣ hierarchy elements of organism
Chemical level=
Cellular level=Cells/made
Tissue level= tissue/cells 4
Atom/molecule Protein
molecules neuron
tissue types⬇ ️
Organ level=2/group
Organism= humans
Connective/muscle/nerve/
Tissues work together form
epithelial
function liver/Brain
5️⃣ organism system locations and functions
Integumentary
Protect deep tissue
Hair/nails/skin
Skeletal
Protect/support Organs
Bones/joint ligaments
Muscular
Locomotion/Produce heat Muscles/tendon
keep structure
Nervous
Response to stimulus fast Brain/spinal cord/nerves
actin
Endocrine
Glands secrete hormones
Thyroid/thymus/Pancreas/
regulate nutrients
pituitary
metabolize by body cells
gland/ovary/testes
Cardiovascular
lymphatic
Pumps bloodTransports
Oxygen/nutrient removes
waste
Returns fluid to blood
White blood cells involve
Heart/blood vessels
Red bone
Marrow/Thymus/ ly
vessels/ly nodes/ Spleen
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with Nasal
O2 and CO2
cavity/pharynx/Trachea/br
onchi/lungs
Digestive
Eliminate indigestible food Oral cavity/esophagus
breaks down food reserves stomach/rectum/liver/anus
nutrients into body
/large/small intestines
Urinary
Eliminate waste/regulates Kidney/ureters/urinary
water/pH balance of blood bladder/urethras
Reproductive men
Produce offspring testees Scrotum/penis/prostate
produce sperm sex
gland‘s/vas deferen
hormones glands deliver
sperm
Reproductive woman
Produce offspring ovaries ovary/uterus
produce eggs/sex
tube/vagina/MAMMARY
hormones memmary
glands
glands produce milk
6️⃣ by cavities/membrane types difference of ventricle/parietal serosa outside inter ske muscle
2 body cavities dorsal and ventral /closed two outside environment lined by double side fluid
Dorsal=Lateral
Cranial cavity=
Vertebral cavity=
Adomino pelvic
surface
Brain
spinal cord
cavity= both
Ventricle= anterior
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic cavity=
surface
cavity=Heart/lungs cavity=Digestive
urinary/reproductiv
system
e
serous=closed outside/lined Mucous= communicate
Visceral = Internal organ
double line fluid
outside lined muscous
—>2 layer epithelial cells
membrane
Synovial= encapsulated line Cutaneous=external
Patrietal=towards side
by diff fluid products
surface cover though
wall —-> secretes a fluid
membrane
membrane
known serous fluid
7️⃣ Basic chemistry
atoms= smallest
unit of matter
Protons= + positive
charge/1 atomic
mass deter
element
Neurons= no
electrical charge 0/
1 amu deter
isotope
Electrons= negative charge =
of proton 0 amu
chem behavior
Isotopes= most
Atomic number=# ISO=same element
commonly occur /
of protons in
diff structure/ same
atomic same diff
nucleus
proton diff
mass
neutrons
Solution=don’t settle/ ver
Colloid=larger don’t settle Suspension= very large/
tiny/water
/ jello
settles/blood
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Heterogenous
pH scale=
Greater= lower
Lower= greater pH Neutral=equal ↙️
measurement of H
pH—> most acidic
pH=-log[H+]
➡️ more basic
in solution 0-14 (7)✅
14-8 increase basic
7 normal/neutral
6-0 increase acidi
bond=link/force between
ionic bond=attraction in 2 covalent bond=
atoms in mole/compund
ions compound major
interaction two
type/-anione-acceptor
atoms/sharing of 1 or more
/+cation e-donor
electrons major type
intramolecular=interaction intermolecular
Hydrogen bonds= force in
s within a molecule not an
forces=interactions
electropositive H of 1 and
actual bond
between 2+ molecules.
electronegative atom
Synthesis=combo
runs atoms/mole
complex
Anaboc=bond
building A+B➡️AB
Decomposition=Br
eakdown mole
small atoms
require catalyst
Catabolic=BondBreaking
AB➡️A+B
Exchange=Displace Anabolism=Use
/replace both
energy to grow and
son/decom
build
Bonds are made
Catabolism= uses
and broken AB+C
energy to break
down
➡️AC+B or
AB+CD➡️AD+CB
8️⃣Biochem- types of membrane proteins 4 categories of molecules ⬇ ️
carbohydrates=sug lipids=Insoluble in
proteins=Build
nucleic acids=BIG’S
ars and starches
water
blocks of protein
mole made of
Starch by
monomers➡️
plants/Glycogen by
nucleotides
animals
–Monosaccharides- Triglycerides/Phos
–Deoxyribonucleic
the monomer of
pholipids/ common
acid (DNA)
carbohydrate
Steroids/Eicosanoi
–Ribonucleic acid
polymers
ds
(RNA)
–Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
4 levels of protein structure
1.Primary=linear
sequence of AA
backbone protein
The sequence of
amino acids forms
the
polypeptide chain.
Secondary=AA
interact w/each
other(Alpha (a)
helix ) coiled
spring(Beta B
pleated sheets)
ribbons/ zig zag
The primary chain
forms
spirals (a-helices)
and
sheets (b-sheets).
9️⃣4 tissue types-where each is found
Epithelial tissue
Nervous
(epithelium)=cells
Tissue=two
covers body
specialized cell
surfaces or lines
Neurons /
cavities (lining
Neuroglia –
Dendrites receive
epithelia➡️
or transmit stimuli
surface)(Glandular
soma/Axons
epithelia
transmit electrical
➡️Secretory
impulses long
tissue) glands
distances
Functions=Protectio
n/Absorption/Filtrati
on/Excretion/Secreti
on (glandular epi)/
Sensory Reception
1. Polarity=(distinct
opposite
ends)➡️Apical
surface upper/Basal
Low
•Brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves
Neurons=specialize
d nerve cells that
generate and
conduct nerve
impulses/
Neuroglia=Support
ing cells support,
insulate, protect
neurons
Tertiary:=2o
structures interact
reinforced by
covalent and H
bonds
Quaternary=2+
different
polypeptides
interact w/each
other
Superimposed on
secondary
structure. aHelices and/or bsheets
are folded up to
form a compact
globular molecule
held together by
intramolecular
bonds.
Quaternary
structure of a
functional
transthyretin
molecule.
Four identical
transthyretin
subunits join to
form a complex
protein.
Muscle
Tissue=Involved in
movement
Connective
Tissue=•Most
abundant and
widely distributed
•Three kinds of
muscle tissue:
–Skeletal voluntary
–Cardiac involuntary
–Smooth involuntary
Attached to bones
and around entry &
–Connective tissue
proper
–Cartilage
–Bone
–Blood
•Functions:
–Binding and
support
–Protection
–Insulation
–Storage
2. Specialized
contacts=Fit closely
together form
sheets
3. Supported by
connective
tissues=sheets are
supported by CT
4. Avascular, but
innervated=No
blood vessels fiber
present
5.
Regeneration=Rapid
ly replaces lost cells
by cell division
exit sites of body
(e.g., mouth, anus
–Transportation
MICROVILLI=•Increases surface
area, absorption
CILIA =Create a “current” to move
substances through lumen
shorter/more uniform in length. Brush
w/bristles side view name brush
border“
CT Fibers=•Three types of fibers
provide support
–Collagen
•Strongest and most abundant
•Provides high tensile strength
•Cross-linked fibrils
–Elastic fibers
•Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers
that allow for stretch and recoil
–Reticular
•Two subclasses
»loose connective tissues
•Areolar
•Adipose
•Reticular
•Epithelium lining the trachea/long
filamentous cilia along the apical
surface/microtubules/•Usually see
through a layer of cilia!
•Four main classes of connective
tissue:
–Connective tissue proper
–Cartilage
–Bone
Blood
•Three types of cartilage:
–Hyaline cartilage
–Elastic cartilage
–Fibrocartilage
»dense connective tissues
•Regular
•Irregular
•Elastic
Cell Junctions=•Some cells are
“free”(i.e. blood
cells)
•Most cells are tightly attached
–Glycoproteins act as an adhesive
–Tongue-and-groove
–Cell junctions
•Three ways cells can be bound to
each other
–Tight junctions
–Desmosomes
–Gap junctions
•K+ diffuses out of cell through K+ leakage channels down its [gradient]
•(-) proteins, carbohydrates, etc. cannot leave; cytoplasmic side = more negative
•K+ is then pulled back by the more (-) interior b/c of electricostatic gradient
•K+ drive to leave = drive to stay à RMP
•Electrochemical gradient of K+ sets RMP
•Na+ attracted to inside of cell b/c of (-) charge
–Membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+, so K+ primary influence on RMP