CHAPTER 2: Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood and Early Education
Lesson 1 – Rizal’s Family
A HERO IS BORN, 1861
Near midnight of Wednesday, June 19, 1861, when the Philippines was in deep
slumber, a frail baby boy was born to the Rizal Family in Calamba, Laguna. The full name
of the baby boy, who was destined to become the greatest genius and heor of the
Philippines, was Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda.
Meaning:
•
Doctor- completed his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
•
Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint San
Jose (St. Joseph)
•
Protacio- from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar
•
Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the paternal great-great grandfather
of Jose Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in English
•
Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still
green, sprouts again
•
Alonzo- old surname of his mother
•
Y- and
•
Realonda- it was used by Dona Teodora from the surname of her godmother
based on the culture by that time
•
June 19, 1861, moonlit of Wednesday between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal
was born in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna Province, Philippines.
•
His mother almost died during the delivery because of his big head.
•
He was baptized in the Catholic Church of his town on June 22, aged three days
old, by Fr. Rufino Collantes
•
His godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas
•
His name was “Jose” because her mother was a devotee of St. Joseph
•
Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the governor general of the Philippines when
Rizal was born.
Parents
Francisco Mercado Rizal – father
•
born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818
•
studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila
•
a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda ( a successful farmer)
•
He was a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more,
and was strong in body and valiant in spirit
•
1849 decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria (to Hispanized Filipino
surnames)
•
RIZAL surname came from “ricial”- green field for pasture or a field which is green
after the grain has been cut
•
He was 30 years old when he got married with Teodora Alonso on June 28, 1848
•
died on January 5, 1898, at the age of 80.
•
“a model of fathers”.
•
he inherited... Profound sense of dignity self-respect, seriousness and
self-
possession
•
he loved books
•
an excellent model for Rizal that molded him up into a man of honor
•
Understood the world of humanity which furnished him with greater respect for
other people, and a greater respect to the dignity of labor.
Teodora Alonso Realonda– mother
•
born in Manila on November 8, 1826
•
College of Santa Rosa
•
She was described as an intelligent, cultured and a woman of strong character.
•
died in Manila on August 16, 1911, at the age of 85.
•
talented and remarkable woman
•
he inherited . . . temperament of the poet and dreamer and bravery for sacrifice
•
his first teacher
•
inculcated the value of knowledge and education to the young Rizal
•
a good Mathematician and Manager of business of the Rizal family
The Rizal Children
1. Saturnina – the oldest of the Rizal children, nicknamed Neneng; she married
Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas. (1850-1913).
2. Paciano – older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal; after his younger brother’s
execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general;
after the revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Baños, where he lived as a
gentleman farmer and died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged 79. he had
two children by his mistress (Severina Decena)—a boy and a girl. (1851-1930).
3. Narcisa – her pet name was Sisa and she married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Fr.
Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong. (1852-1939).
4. Olimpia – Ypia was her pet name; she married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph
operator from Manila. (1855-1887).
5. Lucia – she married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Fr.
Casanas. Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and was denied Christian burial
because he was a brother-in-law of Rizal. (1857- 1919).
6. Maria – Biang was her nickname; she married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan,
Laguna. (1859-1945).
7. JOSE – the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; his nickname was Pepe;
during his exile in dapitan he lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Hong
Kong; he had a son by her, but this baby-boy died s few hours after birth; Rizal
named him “Francisco” after his father and buried him in Dapitan. (1861- 1896).
8. Concepcion – her pet name was Concha; she died of sickness at the age of 3;
her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life. (1862-1865).
9. Josefa – her pet name was Panggoy; she died an old maid at the age of 80.
(1865-1945).
10. Trinidad – Trining was her pet name; she died also an old maid in 1951 at the
age of 83. (1868-1951).
11. Soledad – youngest of the Rizal children; her pet name was Choleng; she
married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. (1870-1929).
RIZAL’S ANCESTRY
Rizal was a product of the mixture races. In his veins flowed the blood of both East
and west—Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish.
Predominantly he was a Malayan and was a magnificent specimen of Asian manhood.
Ancestry Paternal Side
Domingo Lamco
(a Chinese immigrant from
the Fukien city arrived in
Manila about 1690)
Ines de la Rosa
(Well-to-do Chinese
Christian girl of Changchow
`
Francisco Mercado
Cirila Bernacha
Juan Mercado
(Rizal’s grandfather)
Gobernadorcillo of
Biñan, Laguna
Cirila Alejandro
Had thirteen children, the youngest being Francisco
Mercado (Rizal’s father)
Ancestry Maternal Side
Lakandula
(The last native king of
Tondo)
Eugenio Ursua
(Rizal’s maternal
Great-great
Grandfather of
Japanese Ancestry)
Benigna
(a Filipina with
unknown surname)
Manuel de Quintos
(a lawyer, FilipinoChinese from
Pangasinan)
Regina
Brigida (one of
the daughter)
Narcisa,
Teodora (Rizal’s
mother),
Gregorio,
Manuel and
Jose Alberto
Lorenzo Alberto
Alonso
(a prominent Spanish
Filipino
mestizo of Binan)
The Name of “Rizal”

The original name of the Rizal family was “Mercado”. It was a surname adopted in
1731 by Domingo Lam-co, the paternal Chinese ancestor. In English, it means
“market”. Evidently, Lam-co liked it because it appealed to his business nature and
also because it reminded him of his Chinchew ancestors who were mostly
merchants.

The term “Rizal” came from the Spanish word racial which means “green field” or
“new pasture”.
The Rizal Family

Behind the house were the poultry yard full of turkeys and chickens and a big garden
of tropical fruit trees- atis, balimbing, chico, macopa, papaya, santol, tampoy, etc.

was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish times

it was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hardwoods and roofed with red tiles

by day, it hummed with the noises of children at play and the songs of the birds in the
garden; by night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers

The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines

The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life

The affluence of Rizal’s family can be gleaned from the following: 1.) house of adobe
and hardwood; 2.) ownership of carriage and horses-the symbols of wealth and
respectability during those times; 3. a home library with numerous volume of
books; 4.) presence of personal servants taking care of the needs of the
children, and 5.) private tutoring of children in the family’s domicile. The family’s
thriving business in rice and sugar and its ability to send their children for
education was further an indication of their socio-economic status in Calamba.
SIBLING RELATIONSHIP
•
The sibling relationship among the Rizal was affectionately cordial;
•
As a little boy, Rizal used to play games with his sister;
•
Showing deep respect with her sisters calling them “Don/Doña” (married) and
“Señor/Señorita” (unmarried)
•
Jose Rizal’s relationship with Paciano, who was ten(10) years older, was more
than a brother, and a second father.
•
Throughout his life Rizal respected him and greatly valued his sagacious advice;
•
Immortalized in his novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopo Tasio ;
•
Regarded as the “most noble of Filipino” and though an “Indio”, more generous
and noble than all Spaniards put together.
The Rizal Home

The house of the Rizal family was one of
the
distinguished
stone
houses
in
Calamba during the Spanish times. It
was rectangular in shape, “of adobe
stone and hardwood with a red tiled roof.”
Behind it were the poultry yard full of
turkeys and chicken and the garden of
tropical fruit trees.

It was a happy home where parental
affection and children’s laughter reigned.
By day, it hummed with the jubilant
noises of the children at play. By night, it
echoed with the dulcet notes of family
prayers. Both parents and children were
https://images.app.goo.gl/trgvyTR5HN7JVie76
harmoniously united by strong ties of
affection and understanding.

Such a wholesome home, naturally, bred
a wholesome family. And such a family
was the Rizal Family.
Lesson 2 – Rizal’s Early Childhood and Education
CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA
Jose Rizal grew up in a happy home, ruled by good parents, bubbling with joy,
and sanctified by God’s blessings. His native town is Calamba. Its scenic beauties and
industrious, hospitable, and friendly folks impressed him during his childhood years and
profoundly affected his mind and character.
Calamba, the Hero’s Town

Calamba was named after a big native jar

Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order, which also
owned all the lands around it.

Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)- a poem about Rizal’s beloved
town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in the Ateneo
de Manila.

The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when
he was three years old;

Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related,
his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus.

Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when
there was a moon.

The death of little Concha brought Rizal his first sorrow.

At the age of three, Rizal began to take a part in the family prayers.

When Rizal was five years old, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible.

The Story of the Moth- made the profoundest impression on Rizal – “died a martyr
to its illusions”.

At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay
and wax objects which attracted his fancy

.Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children)- Rizal’s first poem in native
language at the age of eight; reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment,

At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy
Earliest Childhood Memories

The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy,
was his happy days in the family garden
when he was three years old. Because
he was a sick child, he was given the
tender care by his parents. His father
built a little nipa cottage in the garden for
him to play in the day time.

Another childhood memory was the daily
Angelus prayer. By nightfall, his mother
gathered all the children at the house to
pray the Angelus.

Another memory of his infancy was the
nocturnal walk in the town. The maid took
him for a walk in the moonlight by the
river.
https://images.app.goo.gl/6gyZ7WegZD5gpycK
7
The Hero’s First Sorrow

Jose loved most the little Concha (Concepcion). He was a year older than Concha.
He played with her and from her he learned the sweetness of a sisterly love.
Unfortunately, Concha died of sickness in 1865 when she was three years old.

Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly at losing her. “When I was four
years old, I lost my little sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed tears
caused by love and grief…” The death of little Concha brought him his first
sorrow.
Devoted Son of the Church

At the age of three, he began to take part in the family prayers. His mother was a
devout Catholic, taught him the Catholic prayers, when he was five years old, he
was able to read haltingly the Spanish Family Bible.

Father Leoncio Lopez- he is the town priest. Jose Rizal used to visit him and listen
to his stimulating opinions on current events and sound philosophy of life.
Pilgrimage to Antipolo

On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to
Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was made when Jose was born.

It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de Bay. After praying at the shrine of
the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. It was the first time Jose
saw Manila. They visited Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La
Concordia College in Sta. Ana.
Artistic Talents

Since early childhood Rizal revealed his God-given talent for art. At the age of five,
he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay and wax objects.

One day when he was about six years old when his sisters laughed at him for
spending so much time making those images rather than participating in their
games

But as they were departing, he told them: “All right laugh at me now! Someday
when I die, people will make monuments and images of me!”
First Poem by Rizal

Rizal possessed a God-given gift for literature. Since early boyhood he had
scribbled verses on loose sheets of paper and on the textbooks of his sisters. His
mother, who was a lover of literature, noticed his poetic inclination and encouraged
him to write poetry.

At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native language entitled Sa
Aking mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children).
TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
Whenever people of a country truly love
The language which by heav'n they were taught to use
That country also surely liberty pursue
As does the bird which soars to freer space above.
For language is the final judge and referee
Upon the people in the land where it holds sway;
In truth our human race resembles in this way
The other living beings born in liberty.
Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue
Is worse than any best or evil smelling fish.
To make our language richer ought to be our wish
The same as any mother loves to feed her young.
Tagalog and the Latin language are the same
And English and Castilian and the angels' tongue;
And God, whose watchful care o'er all is flung,
Has given us His blessing in the speech we claim,
Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know
Had alphabet and letters of its very own;
But these were lost -- by furious waves were overthrown
Like bancas in the stormy sea, long years ago.
First Drama by Rizal

Rizal, who was eight years old, wrote his first dramatic work which was in Tagalog
comedy. It is said that it was staged in a Calamba festival and was delightfully
applauded by the audience.

A Gobernadorcillo from Paete happened to witness the comedy and liked it so
much that he purchased the manuscript for two pesos and brought it home town.
Rizal as Boy Magician

Since early manhood Rizal had been interested in magic. With his dexterous
hands, he learned various tricks. He entertained his town folks with magic-lantern
exhibitions.

In later years when he attained manhood, he continued his keen predilection for
magic. He read many books on magic and attended the performances of the
famous magicians of the world.
Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood
1. Hereditary Influence
2. Environmental Influence
3. Aid of Divine Providence
Hereditary Influence
From his Malayan ancestors, Rizal inherited his love for freedom, his innate desire
to travel, and his indomitable courage. From his Chinese ancestors, he derived his
serious nature, frugality, patience, and love for children. From his Spanish ancestors,
he got his elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to ladies.
From his father, he inherited a profound sense of self-respect, the love for work,
and the habit of independent thinking. And from his mother, he inherited his religious
nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and the passion for arts and literature.
Environmental Influence
The scenic beauties of Calamba and the beautiful garden of the Rizal family
stimulated the inborn artistic and literary talents of Jose Rizal. The religious atmosphere
at his home fortified his religious nature. His brother, Paciano, instilled in his mind the
love for freedom and justice. From his sisters, he learned to be courteous and kind to
women. His three uncles inspired him to develop his artistic ability, to develop his frail
body and intensified his voracious reading of good books.
Father Leoncio Lopez, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual
honesty. The death of his sister Concha and the imprisonment of his mother,
contributed to strengthen his character, enabling him to resist blows of adversity in later
years. The Spanish cruelties and abuses awakened his spirit of patriotrism and inspired
him to consecrate his life and talents to redeem his oppressed people.
Aid of Divine Providence
Rizal was providentially destined to be the pride and glory of his nation. God had
endowed him with the versatile gifts of a genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the
valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.
EARLY EDUCATION CALAMBA AND BIÑAN
Rizal’s Early Education in Calamba and Biñan. Teaching was characterized by four
R’s: Reading, Writing, Aritmetic, Religion. Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge was
forced into the minds of pupil. By means of tedius memory method aided by teachers
whips. It may be said that Rizal who was born a physical weakling, rose to become an
intellectual giant not because of, but in spite of, the outmoded and backward system of
instruction obtaining in the Philippines during the last decades of Spanish regime.
The Hero’s First Teacher
The first teacher of Rizal was her mother, a remarkable woman of good character
and fine culture. Rizal at the age of 3 learned the alphabet and prayers. Doña Teodora
discovered Jose’s talent for poetry and encourages him to write.
Private tutors of Rizal

Maestro Celestino was Jose’s first private tutor. Maestro Lucas Padua was second
private tutor. Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin.
Uncle Jose Alberto – gave wise direction in the studies of Jose. Uncle Gregorio –
instilled into the mind of Jose the love for education.

Tio Manuel Alberto - seeing Jose was frail in nature concerned himself with the
physical development of his nephew. He also taught Jose to love for open air and
admiration for the beauty of nature.

When Don Leon died; Jose’s parents decided to send him to a private school in
Biñan.
Jose Goes to Biñan (June 1869)

Jose goes to Biñan with Paciano, who acted as his second father. The two
brothers rode in Carromata – transportation, reaching their destination after one
and one half hours.

It was almost night when they arrived and the moon was about to rise. The same
night, Jose with his cousin named Leandro, went sightseeing in the town. Instead
of enjoying the sights, Jose became depressed because of homesickness.
First day in Biñan School

Paciano brought his younger brother to school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
– formal teacher.

The school was a small nipa hut about 30 meters from the home of Jose’s aunt.

Paciano knew the teacher quite well because he had been a pupil under him. Jose
was introduced to the teacher and immediately was assigned his seat in the class
“Do you know Spanish?”
“A little, sir,” replied the Calamba lad.
“Do you know Latin?”
“A little, sir.”

The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the teacher’s son laughed at Jose’s
answers.

Rizal Described his Maestro as tall, thin, long necked, sharp-nosed, with a body
slightly bent forward and he used to wear a sinamay shirt, woven by the skilled
hands of the women of Batangas.
First school Brawl

In the afternoon on his first day in school, Jose met the bully Pedro. He was angry
at this bully for making fun of him. Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter
readily accepted thinking he could easily beat the Calamba boy. Jose, having
learned the art of wrestling from his Tio Manuel, defeated the bigger boy. For this
feat, he became popular among his classmates.

After the class in the afternoon, Andres Salandanan challenged him to an armwrestling match. Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and nearly cracked his head
on the sidewalks.

In succeeding days, he had other fights with the boys of Biñan. He was not
quarrelsome by nature, but he never ran away from a fight.
Painting lessons in Biñan
Near the school was the house of an old painter, called Juancho, who was father
in-law of the school teacher. Jose lured by his love for painting, spent many leisure hours
at the painter’s studio. Old Juancho freely gave Jose lessons in drawing and painting.
Jose Rizal and his classmate Jose Guevarra become apprentices of old Jauncho.
Daily life in Biñan
Jose led a methodological life, almost Spartan in Simplicity. Such life contributed
much to his future development. It strengthens his body and soul.
Jose’s Daily Routine:

Hears mass at 4 a.m or studies lesson before going to mass

Goes to orchard to look for a mabolo to eat

Breakfast

Goes to class at 10a.m

Lunch break

Goes back to school at 2p.m

Goes home at 5p.m

Studies lesson and draws a little

Has supper

Prays again

Plays in the street if moon is bright

Sleeps
Best Student in School
Jose surpassed his classmates in spanish, latin and other subjects. His older
classmates were jealous and squealed to the teacher whenever he had fights and even
told lies to discredit him before the teacher’s eyes. Consequently, the teacher had to
punish Jose.
End of Biñan Schooling (December 17, 1870)

Jose left Biñan after one year and a half schooling in that town.

Jose receives letter from Saturnina informing him of the arrival of Talim- the
steamer that take him back to Calamba.

Upon the reading the letter, he had a premonition that he would not return to
Biñan, so that he became sad. He prayed in the town church, collected pebbles
in the river for souveniers, and regretfully bade farewell to his teachers and
classmates.
Martyrdom of GomBurZa (January 20 1872)

200 Filipino Soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of
Sargeant Lamadrid rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual
privileges by the reactionary Governor Rafael Izquerdo.

The Spanish authorities, in order to liquidate father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
Jacinto Zamora, leaders of the secular movement to Filipinize the Philippine
parishes, and their supports magnified the failed mutiny into a “revolt” for Philippine
Independence.

Accordingly, GomBurZa, despite the archbishop plea for clemency because of
their innocence, were executed at sunrise, February 17, 1872, by the order of
Governor General Izquierdo. Their Martyrdom was deeply mourned by the Rizal
family and many other patriotic families in the Philippines.

Paciano, enraged by the execution of Burgos, quit his studies at college and
returned to Calamba, where he told the heroic story of Burgos to his younger
brother Jose, who was nearly 11 years old.

The martyrdom of GOMBURZA in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of
Spanish Tyranny.
17 years later, in his letter written in Paris to Mariano Ponce he said:
“…. Without 1872 Rizal would be a Jesuit now and, instead of writing Noli Me
Tangere, would have written the opposite. At the sight of those injustices and
cruelties while still a child my imagination was awakened and I swore I devote
myself to avenge one day so many victims and with this idea in mind I have been
studying, and this can be read in all my works and writings. God will someday give
me an opportunity to carry out my promise.”
Injustice to Hero’s Mother

In 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on malicious charge that she aided his
brother Jose Alberto in trying to poison his wife. Jose Alberto, an ilustrado, upon
arriving from a business trio in Europe saw his wife living with another man.
Infuriated by her infidelity, he planned to divorce her. Doña Teodora, to avert family
scandal, persuaded him to forgive his wife. However, the evil wife, with the
connivance of the Spanish Lieutenant of Guardia Civil, filed a case accusing her
husband and Doña Teodora of attempting to poison her.

After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic lieutenant forced her to walk from
Calamba to Santa Cruz, a distance of 50 kilometers, she was incarcerated at the
provincial prison where she languished for two years and a half until the Manila
Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court) acquitted her of the alleged crime.
“Our mother was unjustly snatched away from us and by whom? By some men
who had been our friends and whom we treated as honored guests. We learned
later that our mother got sick, far from us and at advanced age. “
“She was finally succeeded to be acquitted and vindicated in the eyes of her
judges, accusers, and even her enemies, but after how long? After two and a half
years.”
Using/Applying Knowledge (application/integration)
ACTIVITY/IES. (Individual Activity)
Activity 1: Create a Timeline of Rizal’s Childhood and Early Education.
Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)
Answer in a one whole sheet of paper:
Quiz/Assessment:
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write your first name if the statement is correct and write your
last name if otherwise.
1. Calamba, Rizal’s hometown was a hacienda town which belonged to the
Augustinian Order, which also owned all the lands around it.
2. Teaching during Rizal’s early education was characterized by four R’s: Reading,
Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion.
3. Rizal inherited his religious nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and the passion for
arts and literature from his father.
4. It was during his late childhood when Rizal discovered his God-given talent for art.
5. Rizal described Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz as tall, thin, long necked, sharpnosed, with a body slightly bent forward.
II. Simple Recall. Give the correct in each question.
6. The title of the first poem Jose Rizal wrote during his childhood using native
language.
7. At what age did Rizal write his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy?
8. Who was Jose Rizal’s first teacher?
9. What event in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish Tyranny?
10. Who served as Jose Rizal’s second father when he went to Biñan to have his early
education.
Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (enrichment phase)
Students will write a short biographical essay that compare child’s early
childhood with Rizal’s own.
Reference to/Reflection on Value/Thrusts Integration:
1. Rhodalyn Wani-Obias, Aaron Abel Mallari and Janet Regindin-Estrella. The Life
and Works of Jose Rizal. C & E Publishing, Inc. 839 EDSA, South Triangle
Quezon City. 2018.
2. De Viana, et.al. Jose Rizal: Social Reformer and Patriot. A Study of His life and
Times. Rex Book Store. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila
3. Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide. JOSE RIZAL: Life, Works and Writings of
a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero (2nd ed.) Philippines: All- Nations
Publishing Co., Inc. 2014