NAME: ________________________________________________ GRADE / SECTION: _____________
SUBJECT: Chemistry 1
TIME: ______________ DATE OF SUBMISSION: ______________
MODULE OVERVIEW
What is matter? Matter is everything around you. It is any physical materials in the universe
that has mass and takes up space.
All matter is made up of substances called elements, which have specific chemical and
physical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances through ordinary chemical
reaction.
For example, an ice cube (solid water) left on a bench at room temperature quickly changes
to liquid water, whereas a jet of steam (gaseous water) from the spout of a boiling kettle changes
to liquid water when directed onto a cold surface.
In this module, you are able to explore every little thing in this world.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, you will be able to:
1. Define the different phases of matter.
2. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties; pure substances and mixtures
3. Perform simple separation techniques, such as filtration and chromatography.
PRE-LEARNING CHECK
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on the space before
the number.
____1. An object’s __________ is the pull of gravity on the object.
a. solubility b. mass
c. weight
d. matter
____2. It is define to be any materials that takes up space.
a. solubility b. mass
c. weight
d. matter
____3. Which of the following terms describes a change that produces matter with a different
composition than that of the original matter?
a. Physical property
b. Chemical property
c. Physical change
d. Chemical change
____4. A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample is called a(n)
a. extensive property.
b. intensive property.
c. physical property.
d. chemical property
____5. Which of the following represent characteristic properties of a liquid?
a. Definite shape and definite volume
b. Definite shape and indefinite volume
c. Indefinite shape and volume
d. Indefinite shape and definite volume
____6. Which of the following physical properties is considered to be extensive?
a. Density
b. Phase
c. Melting Point
d. Mass
___7. Which is an example of a mixture?
a. water
c. salt water
b. vinegar
d. borax
___8. Substances with a definite shape and volume are in the _______ phase.
a. solid
b. liquid
c. gas
d. plasma
___9. This are matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties
substances can be classified as elements or compounds.
a. mixtures
b. pure substance
c. homogeneous
d. heterogeneous
___10. A simple separation technique in which mixture is dissolved in a substance called the
mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance called the stationary phase.
a. distillation b. filtration
c. chromatography d. evaporation
MODULE MAP
KEY TERMS
Matter- physical materials in the universe that has mass and takes up space.
Pure Substance- substance that are made up of only one kind of particles and has a fixed
structure.
Mixture- consists of different kinds of elements combined together physically and not
chemically.
Element- consists of only one type or kind of atom.
Compound- consists of two or more elements that are combined chemically in a fixed ratio.
Homogeneous- also called as solution, contains two or more chemical substances.
Heterogeneous- can be identify visually and separated by physical means.
THE NATURE OF MATTER AND ITS PHASES
KEY QUESTION: What do solids, liquids, and gases have in common? How are they different?
QUICK LAB 1-1.
1. Roam around your room or inside the house, list down 3 things that is solid, liquid and gas.
2. Investigate the structure and describe the particles of each phases.
Look around your room. You can see bed, cabinets, picture frame, chairs and tables, many
things that occupy space and things which are made up of matter.
Yet even if all these things are matter, each is a different thing from others. Matter can exist
in one of five states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate.
Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid will retain its shape; the
particles are not free to move around. Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It
will take the shape of its container. Particles can move about within a liquid, but they are packed
densely enough that volume is maintained. Gaseous matter is composed of particles packed so
loosely that it has neither a defined shape nor a defined volume. A gas can be compressed. Plasmas
are ionized (electrically charged) gases that possess an equal number of positive and negative
charges, examples include fluorescent lighting and the sun. And, Bose-Einstein condensate is a
very odd condition in which all atoms attain the same quantum-mechanical state. At present, this
state is only found within a minute portion of absolute zero. However, researchers believe the
condensates may someday be used to make atomic lasers or super-accurate clocks.
Figure 1.1. Sample picture of the phases of matte.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
All properties of matter are either extensive or intensive and either physical or chemical.
Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of
matter. A property of materials and systems that are often described as intensive and extensive
properties. This classification relates to the dependency of the properties upon the size or extent of
the system or object in question.
Properties of matter which depend on the amount of materials are called extensive
properties, examples of this includes temperature, refractive index, density, and hardness of an
object, while properties which do not depend on the amount of the material but upon the nature of
the material are called intensive, example of this includes mass, volume and length.
Figure 1.2. Example of intensive and extensive properties
Chemical properties are characteristics of a material that become evident when the material
undergoes a chemical reaction or chemical change. People cannot observe chemical properties by
simply viewing or touching a sample of the material; the actual structure of the material must be
changed in order for people to observe the chemical properties.
Chemical properties can only be established by changing a substance’s chemical identity,
and are different from physical properties. Example of this includes flammability, heat of
combustion, and toxicity.
Figure 1.3. Examples of Chemical
KNOWLEDGE CHECK 1.1
Classify each of the following as either a physical property, or a chemical
property, explain each situation.
a) The boiling point of water is 100oC
b) Oxygen is a gas
c) Sugar ferments to form alcohol
WAYS OF CLASSIFYING MATTERS: PURE
SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURES
Matter can be classified into several categories. Two broad categories are mixtures
and pure substances.
When we talk about pure substance, it is something that contains only one kind of
matter. It is either one element or one compound. Elements compounds. Pure substances that cannot
be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes are called elements. Iron, silver, gold,
aluminum, sulfur, oxygen, and copper are familiar examples of the more than 100 known elements, of which
about 90 occur naturally on the earth, and two dozen or so have been created in laboratories. Pure substances
that can be broken down by chemical changes are called compounds. This breakdown may produce either
elements or other compounds, or both. both. Mercury(II) oxide, an orange, crystalline solid, can be broken
down by heat into the elements mercury and oxygen.
Figure 1.4. Elements versus compounds.
A pinch of salt and a pinch of white sand stirred together are an excellent example of a
mixture. The salt can be identified by its characteristic taste; and the sand, by it gritty feel on the
tongue and teeth. A material composed of two or more substances that are not chemically
combined is called mixture. Most of the materials with which you deal each day are mixtures.
Examples of familiar mixture are soil, air, paper, petroleum and other foods, and most metals.
Some mixtures are homogeneous; that is, their component parts are evenly distributed
throughout. For example, salt that are dissolved in water. In food products, we commonly
encounter the heterogeneous mixtures, wherein the component arts are not evenly distributed.
For example, halo-halo, pizza, cookies, etc.
a
.
b
.
Figure 1.5. a.) Coffee and orange juice are example of homogeneous mixtures,
b.) Fruit salad and assorted gummies are heterogeneous mixtures.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK 1.2
1. What is the importance of classiying matter?
2. Give at least 2 example of each:
a. Elements
d. Compound
c. Heterogeneous mixture
d. Homogeneous mxture
Note: Those example given above cannot be repeated as their examples.
Substances in mixture can be often be separated from each other very easily. A mixture
of salt and sand, for example can be separated by simply adding water, and the solid salt can be
recovered.
Two liquids in solution, such as alcohol and water, can be separated by taking advantage
of the difference in their boiling points. When this mixture is heated, the alcohol will boil off first,
since it has a boiling point lower than that of water. This process is called distillation. Distillation
plays a very important role in many major industries.
Another way of separation is the paper chromatography. Paper chromatography is a
chromatography technique used to separate mixture of chemical substances into its individual
compounds. It is often used when the dissolved substances are coloured, such as inks, food
colourings and plant dyes. It works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent
used better than others, so they travel further up the paper.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Materials:
Clean container
alcohol or water
4 colored ballpens
Procedure:
1. Get a piece of filtered paper (any paper will do), place a spot on the end of the paper, use at least
four colored ballpens.
2. Prepare a container of solvent, such as water or ethanol.
3. The paper is lowered into the solvent. The solvent travels up through the paper, taking some of
the colored substances with it.
4. As the solvent continues to travel up the paper, the different colored substances spread apart.
Note the first color to arise.
Laboratory Questions.
1. What had happened to the colored spot as it is lowered to the solvent?
2. IS this process can be a separation technique? Why?
3. What color arise first?
4. What can be the reason why there is colored spot that arises first when in fact you put the paper
on the solvent with the dark spot on it at the same time?
Conclusion:
CHAPTER RECAP
 Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
 Solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate are five common phases of matter.
 Physical properties are characteristics that scientists can measure without changing the
composition of the sample under study, such as mass, color, and volume.
 Chemical properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new
substances; they include its flammability and susceptibility to corrosion.
 Pure substance is something that contains only one kind of matter.
 Mixture physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained
and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids.
POST TEST
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read and answer the following questions. Write the letter of
your answer on the space provided before the number.
___1. Which term means “a combination of two or more substances that keep their
identities”?
a. matter
b. mixture
c. element
d. compound
___2. Which term or phrase best describes what happens when sugar burns?
A. physical change
B. chemical change
C. conservation of mass
D. formation of a compound
___3. The states of matter differ in many ways, including shape and volume. The following
three figures show.
1
2
3
From the figures showed, which particle describes solid phase?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1 and 2
____4. There are different characteristics for each of the states of matter. Which statement
describes a difference between liquids and solids?
a. Temperature can change a solid to a liquid, but it cannot change a liquid to a solid.
b. Solids have a denite volume and liquids do not have a denite volume.
c. The particles in a solid are much closer together than the particles in a liquid.
d. Solids take on the shape of their containers and liquids maintain their own shapes.
___5. Riley and Jill are studying what happens to matter when it changes state. They found
this list of statements. Which of these statements is true?
a. When matter changes state, its mass changes.
b. When matter changes state, its mass remains the same.
c. When matter changes state, its boiling point might also change.
d. When matter changes state, the space between particles in the matter stays the
same.
___6. This tool can separate what type of mixture?
a. a solution of two solids
b. a mixture of particles with different densities
c. a mixture of particles of different sizes
d. a mixture of magnetic and nonmagnetic items
___7. The following chemical equation shows that HCl acid can be broken down into its individual
components through chemical means.
2HCl → H2 + Cl2
HCl is classified as
a. element
b. mixture
c. solution
d. compound
___8. If a substance can’t be broken down physically but it CAN be broken down chemically, it is
classified as a ____________.
a. element
b. compound
c. heterogeneous mixture
d. homogeneous mixture
___9. Which of the following is NOT a pure substance?
a. Carbon
b. halo-halo
c. Hydrogen peroxide
d. Iron
___10. What is NOT true about Bose-Einstein condensate?
a. A phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero.
b. It can be found inside the neutron star.
c. Another state of matter, similar to solids but with more energy.
d. It is first predicted in 1920s.
B. IDENTIFICATION. Identify the following situation whether it possess physical or chemical
properties.
11. Magnetizing and demagnetizing metals
12. Rusting of iron.
13. Cooked food.
14. Grinding solids into powders
15. Avocado turns into violet when ripe.
C. ESSAY.
What do solids, liquids, and gases have in common? How are they different?