MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH The North is the Western world ("First World"), more developed countries while the South is the Eastern world ("Third World") the less developed countries. The two groups are often defined in terms of their differing levels of wealth, economic development, income inequality, democracy, and political and economic freedom, as defined by freedom indices. The Global North is made up of: 1. Australia 2. Canada 3. Most Western European Countries 4. Israel 5. Japan 6. New Zealand 7. Singapore 8. South Korea, 9. Taiwan (ROC) 10. and the United States. The Global South is made up of: 1. Africa - their resources were drained out and the people were robbed. 2. Latin America and the Caribbean - became the new spain. 3. Pacific Islands and the developing countries in Asia - colonized and resources were robbed: gold. 4. The Middle East. - lobbying was introduced to them by other countries and bomb Iraq. 5. It is home to: Brazil, India and China, which, along with Indonesia and Mexico, are the largest Southern states in terms of land area and population. Global North have in common: 1. Established Democracy - capitalist countries put up business anywhere at any time to accumulate money. 2. Wealth 3. Technological Advancement 4. Political Stability 5. Aging Population - home for the aged 6. Zero Population - negative effect (since if there are many populations, the business will also grow.) 7. Dominance of world trade and politics Global South have in common: 1. Described as newly industrialized or in the process of industrializing 2. Are largely considered by freedom indices to have lower - quality democracies 3. Have a history of colonialism by Northern, often European states. 4. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Mexico have the largest populations and economies among Southern states. 5. The overwhelming majority of these countries are located in or near the tropics (equator) Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised many millions of people out of absolute poverty, there is substantial evidence that inequality and differences between the world's richest and poorest countries is widening. There are many causes for these inequalities including: 1. A country's vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change 2. the availability of natural resources 3. different levels of health and education 4. the nature of a country's economy and its industrial sectors 5. international trading policies and access to markets 6. how countries are governed and international relationships between countries 7. conflict within and between countries The Global South/Global North terms are inaccurate and misleading, Why? The term 'Global South' originated in postcolonial studies, and was first used in 1969. Wake-up folks it's now 2020. The Global South/Global North terms are inaccurate and misleading. First, they are descriptively inaccurate, even when they refer to general notions such as (economic) development. Second, they are homogenizing, obscuring important differences between countries supposedly part of the Global South and North groups. In this respect, these terms are no better than alternatives that they are trying to replace, such as ‘the West‘ or the ‘Third World‘. Third, the Global South/Global North terms imply a geographic determinism that is wrong and demotivational. Poor countries are not doomed to be poor, because they happen to be in the South, and their geographic position is not a verdict on their developmental prospects. MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. MEDIA Media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. In general, "Media" refers to various means of communication. 1. Newspaper, publications are usually issued daily. weekly, or at other regular times that provides news, views, features, and other information of public interest and that often carries advertising. 2. Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. It is used by billions of people all over the world. 3. Television is an electronic system of transmitting transient images of fixed or moving objects together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound. Stages of Media Revolution 1. Pre-industrial (observing and copying their community) 2. Industrial (industrious and hardworking, not observers but a people with a mindset for survival) 1. Cave Paintings (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia Some theories hold that cave painting may have been a way of communicating with others, while other theories describe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. Evidence of the painting suggests that they were not merely decorations of living but do have signs of ongoing habitation during their era. 2. Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed (reed pen). Once written upon, many tablets were dried in the sun or air, remaining fragile. And have always been found in the Middle East. 3. Electronic (think on how to prolong and survive longer than Pre-industrial and Industrial) 4. Digital (computer monster) Pre-Industrial Stage (Before 1700) - Pre-industrial is a time before there were tools and machines to help perform tasks and refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution. In short, no machines and no factories. 3. Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. 4. Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) During the Roman Republic, their original content included results of legal proceedings and outcomes of trials. Later the content was expanded to public notices and announcements and other noteworthy information such as prominent births, marriages, and deaths. They were carved on stone or metal and presented on message boards in public places. (Official Daily Public Records or Daily Gazettes by the Roman Empire). 7. Printing press using Wood Blocks (220 AD) Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. Woodblock printing remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts, as well as images, until the 19th century. Industrial Stage (1700 - 1930 AD) 5. Dibao in China (2nd century) A type of publication issued by central and local governments in imperial China. It was called "palace reports" or "imperial bulletins". They contained official news and announcements but were intended to be seen only by bureaucrats. The world was directed into the industrial age through the power of steam and the invention of electricity. The development of various experiments and inventions flourished mostly in the Western world. This stage clearly saw the active role of technology in advancing the way we communicate and disseminate information. Thus, humans and machinery worked hand in hand toward advancing the world into this new age. 6. Codex in the Mayan Region (5th century) Are folding books written by the Pre-columbian Maya civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican barkcloth? The folding books are the products of professional scribes. Most of the codices were destroyed by conquistadors and Catholic priests in the 16th century. The codices have been named for the cities where they eventually settled. The Dresden codex is generally considered the most important of the few that survive. 1. The London Gazette (1740) - journals of record or Government gazettes of the Government of the United Kingdom. 2. Typewriter (1800) - a big boost in communication media. 3. Telephone (1876) - easily send news or reports. 4. Motion Picture Photography (1890) - the beauty of newspapers. MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. 5. Printing Press for Mass Production (1900) created for suppliers to supply quickly in large quantities. Electronic Stage Overlap in the Industrial age and Electronic age happened when human beings realized the importance and relevance of Information as a commodity, the electronic age is characterized by the way humans consumed information. In a rapidly developing pace, leading us towards what they call “the Information society" or "Mass Media" 1. B & W or colored T.V - watching. 2. Transistor Radio - music and information suddenly became portable. 3. Facsimile Machine - used by industries or businesses. 4. Video Home System (VHS) - the cable attached to the T.V. Ex. foreign vloggers expose their cultures, Kdrama, and cinemas 5. The media provides a platform for businesses to gain market shares, thereby keeping the economy going. Ex. online site of Securities and Exchange Commission, Wall Street 6. It reduces cost. Ex. monthly billing, wifi subscribing schemes, unlimited calls and texts windows) The disadvantage of Global Media. 1. The media can also be a bad thing for our children. Ex. Unsolicited movies (pornography and adult) revisionism on history and on general information 5. Sony Walkman - iPod for listening to music. 2. It can destroy regional cultures within a country and diminish the differences between different nations. 6. Nintendo Game Boy - like tablets. Ex. cultural diversity, sense of uniqueness Digital Stage 3. The Internet as a form of media opens up possibilities of imposters, fraud, and hacking. Digital age refers to our current age wherein information is still seen as a commodity yet its mode of recording storage and delivery, and playback relies heavily on digital technology. Ex. cyber terrorism, fake news, cyberbullying, industrial sabotage 1. Mobile Phones 2. Tablets 3. Digital Camera Ex. high profile blackmail, industrial sabotage 4. This can lead to the ruin of the reputation of an individual or a company. 5. Media can be corrupt. The advantages of Global Media 1. That media provides a way for information and news to be widely shared. Ex, educational news and information, latest updates around the world 2. It is able to get information to the public in a quick and timely manner. Ex. high accessibility thru megabits per second (MBps). 3. Has the resources to expose injustices, corruption, or abuse of power that an average citizen would never be able to expose. Ex. Youtube in politics, government expose', the Marcos era 4. It exposes us to culture, art, and ways of life which we would otherwise never have known. Ex. Fake news, children, adults, election, surveys MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. GLOBAL MIGRATION living standard 2. Welfare, high consumption and high living standard 1.Dictatorship 2. Shadow democracy 1. Democracy, rule of law, political Stability Migration - is a movement to another place, often of a large group of people or animals. 2 types of Migration: Internal migration - which refers to people moving from one area to another within one country. Political factors 3. Bad governance International migration - in which people cross the borders of one country to another. 4. Political unrest 5 Types of International Migrations: 1. Those people who move permanently to another country (immigrants) - legally accepted by the host country and already a citizen of the host country. Has right to vote, to choose religion, etc, 2. To those workers who stay in another country for a fixed period of time (expatriates) OFW’s, not allowed to be a citizen of a host country rather only employees. 3. Illegal migrants - refers to the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration law of that country. - banned/ blacklisted if caught. 4. Refugee or asylum seekers - these are people unwilling to return back to their country because of persecution from an account of race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion. people finding new country after civil war or terrorism. 5. Those migrants whose family have "petitioned" them to move to the destination country. - you may be able to petition for certain family members to become a lawful permanent resident. Migrants (Concerns) Push-Factors (Countries of Origin) Pull-Factors (Countries of Destination) Demographic factors and social infrastructure 1. Population growth, young age structure 1. Stable population, Population Decline, demographic ageing 2. Inadequate Education institutions, Medicare, and social security Economic Factors 2. Full Welfare State benefits: Educational institutions, Medicare, and Social Security 1.Unemployment, 1. Labour low wages demand, high wages 2. Poverty, low Migrants (Concerns) Push-Factors (Countries of Origin) Environmen tal Factors 1. Ecological disaster, desertification, lack of natural resources, Migrant Flows and Migrants Stocks 1. Decision of the family or the clan 2. Peace, security, protection of human and civil rights, protection of minorities Pull-Factors (Countries of Destination) 1. Better environment protection with environmental policy, protection 2. Water shortages, of natural soil erosion, lack resources of environmental policy 2. Information flows, media 1. Diaspora 2. ethnic community 3. Pilgrimage Positive Impacts of Global Migration: 1. Labour Demand and Supply: Migration fills gaps in demand for and supply of labor efficiently allocates skilled labor, unskilled labor, and cheap labor. 2. Economic Remittances: Economic well being of migrants provides better life to households in the areas of origin, like, increases consumer expenditures and investment in health, education and assets formation. 3. Skill Development: Migration enhances the knowledge and skills of migrants through exposure and interaction with the outside world. Like, in training, in work exposures, and social involvement with different nationalities. 4. Quality of Life: Migration enhances chances of employment and economic prosperity which in turn improves quality of life. The migrants also send extra income and remittance back MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. home, thereby positively impacting their native place, 5. Demographic Advantage: As a result of outmigration, the population density of the place of origin is reduced and the birth rate decreases. 6. Climate Change Adaptive Mechanism: Migration has also emerged as a possible adaptive mechanism in the context of climate change and the occurrence of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and cyclones. MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F. Negative impacts of Global Migration: 1. Demographic Profile: Emigration in large numbers can alter demographic profiles of communities, as most of the young men move out, leaving only the women and elderly to work on the land. 2. Political Exclusion: Migrant workers are deprived of many opportunities to exercise their political rights like the right to vote. 3. Population Explosion and the Influx of workers: In the place of destination increases competition for the job, houses, school facilities etc., and a large population puts too much pressure on natural resources, amenities, and services. 4. Illiterate and Under skilled Migrants: Are not only unfit for most jobs, because of a lack of basic knowledge and life skills but are also prone to the victimization of exploitation, trafficking, psychological abuse, and gender-based violence in the case of female migrants. 5. Increased Slum: Mass Migration results in an increase in slum areas, compromising quality of infrastructure and life at the destination, which further translates into many other problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution, etc. 6. Brain Drain: Source state suffers from the loss of human capital. - A skilled potential employee leaves the country for another country due to high opportunity in job demand. Challenges Migration: for the future of Global 1. Inclusion and Integration of Migrants: Internal migration is not viewed positively and policies are often aimed at reducing internal migration, as a result, there is a lack of integration of migration with the process of development. 2. Psychological and Emotional Stress: Any person migrating to a new country faces multiple challenges, from cultural adaptation and language barriers to homesickness and loneliness. 3. Employment challenges: Foreign labor migrants often face unacceptable treatment from their employers. For instance, some labor migrants are paid below their contract wage and may be forced to work long hours and denied regular time off. 4. Health Hazards: The poor and harsh living conditions coupled with difficult and risky working conditions, lack of information, and lack of medical health support also leads to several health problems of the migrants. 5. Lack of Information: In spite of the challenges and problems faced by the migrants in the destination countries, there is a low tendency to seek assistance from the diplomatic missions in the destination countries to enhance information access to justice. 6. Exclusion from social benefits: The need to provide proof of address, ration cards, Voter IDs and Aadhaar cards, which is difficult due to the fluidity of their lives, deprive them from accessing welfare schemes and policies. 7. Human trafficking: While the best-known form of human trafficking is for the purpose of sexual exploitation, hundreds of thousands of victims are trafficked for the purposes of forced labour, domestic servitude, child begging or the removal of their organs.