Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 1 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions The Native American Experience The First Americans: Many people came to the Americas via the __________ Straight 6000 B.C.E. – Indians began raising crops – ________ ○ Helped encourage population growth, especially in present-­‐day ______________________ American Empires: Aztec Empire – Tenochtitlán was the capital ○ Established trading routes throughout the empire ○ Used _______________ – payment (taxes) Chiefdoms and Confederacies: Maize became a major crop throughout Central and North America ○ Mississippi Valley ○ Eastern Woodlands – villages were built around maize fields; also ______________________________ ________________ were in charge of crops and played instrumental roles in community affairs Iroquois were a __________________________ society – power based on female families ○ Great Plains and Rockies -­‐ hunted __________________; lack of natural resources made many Indians nomadic The _________________ (introduced by Europe) drastically changed life of Plains Indians ○ Arid Southwest – based on agriculture (maize) and built elaborate irrigation systems (Pueblo Indians – see video in description) ○ Pacific Coast – Chinooks were strong warriors, relied heavily on _________________; built elaborate canoes Patterns of Trade: Many Indians traded with each other throughout the Americas ○ Trade fairs between nomadic Navajos and Pueblos in the Southwest ○ Maize would be traded for meat, furs, and other supplies Sacred Power: ________________ – religion associated with nature ○ Indians respected animals they hunted by performing rituals Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World Hierarchy and Authority: European families were ________________________ – property and wealth was based on male families Why would primogeniture encourage migration to colonies? Females gave up many rights when married – name, __________________________, expected to submit to husband Primogeniture – eldest son inheriting most of _______________ ○ Later encouraged immigration to colonies Peasant Society: Poor individuals, mostly farmers; made up most of the immigrants to Americas Half of the children died before __________! Expanding Trade Networks: Merchant cities began to grow drastically Guilds helped regulate trade Myths, Religions, and Holy Warriors Roman Catholic Church had tremendous power in Western Europe Individuals involved in ______________ (ideas inconsistent with Christianity) were persecuted Reformation: ○ Martin Luther and his 95 Theses – protested the sale of ___________________ ○ John Calvin and Predestination ○ England became a Protestant nation ○ The Reformation weakened the strength of Catholicism in Europe West and Central Africa: Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade Empires, Kingdoms, and Ministates: Most of the African Slave Trade was based out of West Africa Kings and Princes were regarded as divine Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires – used extensive trade routes ○ Used the military to control trade routes – __________! The Spirit World: ________________ spread over trade routes in Africa Many Africans still practiced versions of Animism and were polytheistic Exploration and Conquest Portuguese Expansion: Portugal had an extensive role in exploration and ____________ ______________________________________ Trading posts were established in ________________________ Europeans had little luck exploring the interior of the African Continent: ○ Disease – malaria, the interior was well defended The African Slave Trade: Slavery was widespread throughout Europe and Africa Slaves were used on ________________ plantations In the mid-­‐16th century, the African Slave Trade expanded drastically and used in South America Sixteenth-­‐Century Incursions: Reconquista – Spanish Catholics tried to get rid of Muslims in Europe Inquisition against alleged Christian heretics Spain in the Western Hemisphere: ____________________________ – Spanish conquerors ○ Hernán Cortés: led 600 men to defeat the Aztecs at Tenochtitlán Many of the Aztecs were defeated due to disease, especially smallpox ○ Francisco Pizarro: defeated the ____________________ Effects of the Spanish Invasions: ○ _______________ and war killed many Indians 20 million Indians in 1500 -­‐> 3 million in 1650 Portugal focused on conquering ______________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 2 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions Chattel Slavery What area is • Virginia and Maryland – 1660s Virginia and • Legally defined chattel slavery Maryland • The status of the child would be determined based on the collectively ________________ and not the __________________ known as? • Ran contradictory to English law • Children born to slave owners and slave mothers were automatically slaves Spain’s Tribute Colonies • A New American World: • Encomienda System – Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown • Based almost entirely on _________________________ • Very harsh, yet profitable • __________________________________: • Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged • Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians • The Columbian Exchange • _____________________________________________________ How did _____________________________________________________ American crops _____________________________________________________ impact • New crops were introduced to Europe – potato, maize European • ___________ had large impact on Indian life population? • In some areas, ____% of Indian population decreased • The Protestant Challenge to Spain • England began to build up its navy in the 16th century • ______________________ – purpose was to benefit the Mother Country (England) by _____________________ more goods than _______________________ Plantation Colonies • Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for ________________________________ • Brazil’s Sugar Plantations: • Very arduous labor, milling was done on site • As Indian populations declined, ______________________ was introduced • England’s Tobacco Colonies: • Jamestown: (1607) • _____________________________ (investors shared in profits and losses of colony) • Originally all men, hoped to gain __________ Why were alliances with Natives important to French and Dutch? Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but _________________ the land -­‐> encroach on Indian land • House of Burgesses – first _________________________ government in US (1619) • The Indian War of 1622: • 1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English retaliated • Jamestown became a _______ colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay taxes to support the Church of England • Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland: • _______________________ colony – royal grant of land granted by the King • Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to ______________ only, particularly Catholics • Maryland relied heavily on _________________, like the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia The Caribbean Islands: • Like Brazil, these colonies focused on ____________ production Plantation Life: • Planation's grew in part, due to the ________________ System: • Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant’s passage – benefited the rich • Indentured Servitude: • In return for passage, individuals would work _________ years, then could be free • ___ of all servants died before they became free • Used extensively in the ___________________________ colonies in 17th century • African Laborers: • Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (_______) • Used more in the Chesapeake due to _______________ __________________________ and it was cheaper than indentured servants • Strict laws developed that promoted ________________ and regulated behavior of blacks • • • New-­‐European Colonies • • • • New France: • Expanded into the North American interior (_______________) • ________________ was established as a trading post (fur) • Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians • Coureurs de bois – French fur traders New Netherland: • New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but engaged in significant _________________ • Like the French, the Dutch traded furs The Rise of the Iroquois: • Located in central and Western ________ • Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French • Remained a strong force in NY New England: • The Pilgrims What does “City upon a Hill” mean? Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England • Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake • Representative self-­‐government was established • Puritans – wanted to _______________ the English Church, NOT separate from it • John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay: • Sought to establish a “__________________________” • Believed in ____________________________________ • Church members had tremendous power – only ones that could vote; not religiously tolerant • Roger Williams and Rhode Island: • Advocated ____________________________________ _________________, religious ____________________, and friendly relations with Indians • Banished to _________________________ by Winthrop • No legally established church in RI ___________________________________: • Seen as a major threat to Puritans • Challenged ____________ roles in Church • Claimed to have direct revelations with God • Banished from MBC Puritanism and Witchcraft: • Salem Witch Trials: • Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th century • Accused tended to be ___________________, widowed, and middle-­‐ages • Reflected religious and social tensions • Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan society • After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined • Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the _____________________________ • • • Instability, War, and Rebellion • • New England’s Indian Wars: • Puritan-­‐Pequot War: • Pequots were allied with the _________________, had conflicts with English settlers • 500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained land • Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John Winthrop) • Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676: • Metacom (________________________) was a leader of the Wampanoags • Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were rarely a threat in ______________________________ after Bacon’s Rebellion: • Gov. __________________ did not allow settlement past a line • • • • In the “__________” many famers were underrepresented in the House of Burgesses Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like Bacon Bacon almost took control, died suddenly Significance? • Movement towards _________________ for labor • Shows tensions between _________________________ ______________________________________________ Quick Recap • ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 3 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions Colonies to Empire, 1660 How did 0 The Restoration Colonies and Imperial Expansion: Quakers differ 0 Proprietorship – royal grant of land given to an individual by the from Puritans English Crown; Could rule as wished, as long as it was within religiously? English laws 0 The Carolinas: 0 South Carolina established a strict racial hierarchy 0 Focused on growing ___________ 0 ________________________________________: 0 Believed in an “inner light,” Pacifists, no paid clergy 0 Paid Native Americans for their ___________ 0 “Holy experiment” – toleration of many religious groups 0 All could attain ______________________, did not favor predestination 0 ___________ had many rights in church – could become preachers, speak publicly 0 From Mercantilism to Imperial Dominion: 0 The Navigation Acts: 0 Laws passed by England that required _______________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 0 Colonists could NOT trade with other countries – colonists began ____________________! 0 The Dominion of New England -­‐ combined Massachusetts with the rest of New England, and later New Jersey and New York 0 Assemblies were eliminated and a new governor was appointed – ________________________ who was very unpopular 0 The Dominion was met with resistance and ended with “The ________________________________” in England 0 The Glorious Revolution in England and America What other 0 James II is overthrown, _________________________________ rebellions installed as joint rulers demonstrated 0 Declaration of Rights established a constitutional monarchy that tensions limited the power of the ______________________ between rich 0 Rebellions in America: and poor? 0 Leisler’s Rebellion: 0 Rebelled against the Dominion of New England 0 Was eventually hanged and decapitated 0 Demonstrated tensions between ___________________ ______________________________________________ Imperial Wars and Native Peoples 0 Tribalization: Why would slave owners not want slaves speaking the same language? 0 0 Native Americans were forced to demands of Europeans Iroquois Indians used the French and English against each other 0 Iroquois sought to remain ______________________ in conflicts between the two powers The Imperial Slave Economy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The South Atlantic System: 0 Trade between the Caribbean, Brazil, and Africa 0 England and the West Indies: 0 Barbados became a major ____________ producer using ______________________________________ 0 Fear was a significant force in slave labor 0 Sugar was the most profitable crop 0 The Impact on Britain: 0 England gained tremendous ________________ through the South Atlantic System and Navigation Acts Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade: 0 Africans and the Slave Trade: 0 West Africa became a major player in the slave trade 0 __________ of slaves were men 0 Many African men practiced polygamy 0 The Middle Passage and Beyond: 0 ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 0 Horrific conditions 0 Many died on the ship 0 Slaves regularly worked 10 hour days in brutal heat 0 Suffered ________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Slavery in the Chesapeake and South Carolina: 0 1740, slaves made up ___% of the population in the Chesapeake 0 What caused this increase after 1676? 0 Slaves were defined by race; slave owners could not be charged with a _______________________________________________ 0 Slavery was more arduous in the Caribbean raising sugar 0 Diseases were more frequent in the West Indies 0 South Carolina raised mostly ___________, similar conditions to ____________________ plantations An African American Community Emerges: 0 Plantation owners purposely bought slaves from different areas of Africa that did not speak the same language Building Community: 0 Africans developed a unique blend of both African and American cultures 0 ________________________, etc. Resistance and Accommodation: 0 Slave resistance mostly took the form of working ____________, faking ______________, breaking tools, and running away The _______________ Rebellion (1739): 0 Many slaves revolted and killed whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida Why would the colonists resist the end of salutary neglect? 0 0 After this and other Rebellions, slave laws became more strict The Rise of the Southern Gentry (high social class): 0 Wealthy plantation owners had tremendous power 0 Hoped to prevent another Bacon’s Rebellion by lowering ____________ and encouraging small farmers to own slaves 0 Some small farmers were given the right to vote The Northern Maritime Economy 0 0 0 Trade increased contact and reliance between New England and West Indies The Urban Economy: 0 ________________ from the West Indies was turned into rum in New England 0 The New England fishing industry sold fish to Europe 0 A major shipbuilding industry emerged in New England – 1/3 of British fleet by 1770s Urban Society: 0 Merchant elites controlled a sizeable portion of trade in New England 0 Artisans made up _______% of society 0 Indentured servants and slaves worked on docks 0 Children were often forced to work to help provide for their families The New Politics of Empire, 1713 -­‐ 1750 0 0 0 0 The Rise of Colonial Assemblies: 0 _____________________________________________________ 0 Many assemblies limited the power of the royally appointed governor 0 Elite families dominated politics; many members of one family would serve on legislatures 0 Crowds would often protest _____________________________ ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________: 0 Coined by philosopher Edmund Burke 0 Essentially, England left the colonies __________, as long as they were __________________ 0 Ends in 1763 with the end of the __________________________ (Britain needed $ to pay for its debt) Protecting the Mercantile System: 0 Georgia was established as a “____________” colony between South Carolina and the Spanish in Florida 0 War of Jenkin’s Ear – fought over __________ disputes between the Spanish and British Mercantilism and the American Colonies: 0 American colonists began to control more and more of the Atlantic trade – large increase in wealth for colonies 0 Molasses Act (1733) – placed a high tariff on French molasses 0 Although Britain discouraged trade with other countries, colonists routinely ____________________ goods 0 Currency Act (1751) – first of two currency acts 0 Prohibited the colonies from issuing ________________ __________________ Quick Recap 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ 0 ___________________________________________________________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 4 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions New England’s Freehold Society ¡ Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy § Women were subordinate to men; expected to be silent around company § Often did work around the house § Often had _____ children by their 40s ¡ Farm Property: Inheritance What area of § Many New England immigrants sought to own land North America § Children of wealthy families received land when they married did Natives grow § Once married, the wife lost all _________________________ to maize prior to her husband European ¡ Freehold Society in Crisis: contact? § As population grew, less land was available for children § Farmers grew ____________ § Eventually, New England focused on livestock Diversity in the Middle Colonies ¡ Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict: § Tenancy in New York: ▪ Tenant farmers had a hard time gaining land and wealth § Conflict in the Quaker Colonies: ▪ William Penn encouraged Quakers and Protestants to What was move to Pennsylvania unique about ▪ Many immigrants became _____________________ – Pennsylvania illegally settling on land religiously? ▪ Eventually, the Penn family claimed Indian land near Philadelphia ▪ Many earned a living as farmers and storekeepers ¡ Cultural Diversity: § Many immigrants married within their own ethnic groups § The German Influx: ▪ Germans left Germany due to _____________________, religious freedom, and __________ What is ▪ Many became _______________ conscription? § Scots-­‐Irish Settlers: ▪ Irish Test Act of 1704 – only members of Church of England could vote in Ireland ▪ Many migrated to Philadelphia as they were lured by __________________________________ ¡ Religion and Politics: § By the 1740s, Quakers were a _______________ in Pennsylvania § Scots-­‐Irish were hostile towards Indians Commerce, Culture, and Identity ¡ ¡ Why did new light colleges develop? ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 2 major cultural movements impacted Colonial America – ___________________________________________________________ Transportation and the Print Revolution: § Roads developed slowly – _____________ and difficult to build § Information increased as transportation increased § Colonial newspapers developed with news from _____________ The Enlightenment in America: § The European Enlightenment: ▪ Stressed _______________________________________ ▪ John Locke – Two Treatises of Government – consent of the ____________________ § Franklin’s Contribution: ▪ Founder of the Pennsylvania Gazette ▪ Franklin was a ________________ (as was Jefferson and others) – believed in God, but that God did not interfere in the world ▪ God created the world and “stepped back” American Pietism and the Great Awakening: religious revival heavily based on _________________________ § New England Revivalism: ▪ Johnathan Edwards – ____________________________ ______________________________________________ ▪ Drew inspiration from religious movements in Europe § Whitefield’s Great Awakening: ▪ George Whitefield – great _________________ ▪ Traveled throughout the colonies ▪ Those that converted were considered “_______ Lights” Religious Upheaval in the North: § “New Lights”: those that embraced the Great Awakening and ______________________________ § “Old Lights”: older preachers against conversions and emotionalism of The Great Awakening Significance of The Great Awakening? § Undermined traditional ____________________ – new churches developed § “New Light” colleges developed – Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers § Challenge to authority would later influence the _____________________________________________________ Social and Religious Conflict in the South: § Many African Americans and poor whites were left out by Anglican ministers § The Presbyterian Revival: ▪ Many converted in Virginia and other areas ▪ Diversity in religion challenged ____________ supported Anglican-­‐Church § The Baptist Insurgency: ▪ Focused on adult baptism – “_____________________” ▪ Baptism appealed to African Americans; belief that all people were equal ▪ _______________________________________ made it illegal to preach to slaves without their owners permission The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750 – 1763 What’s another example of a conflict between the east and west, or rich and poor? ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ The French and Indian War: § Conflict in the ______________ Valley: ▪ French built forts in the Ohio Valley – PA and OH ▪ George Washington essentially started the war in PA § The Albany Congress: ▪ Purpose was to keep _________________ on the side of the British ▪ Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union – “Join or Die” ▪ This passed at the conference, but rejected by colonial legislatures and the British ▪ The War Hawks Win: ▪ War Hawks – those that __________ war – seen in War of 1812 and Vietnam ▪ Britain declared war on France, became a world war ▪ Colonists could only be promoted so far based solely on being _______________________ The Great War for Empire: § After 9 years of fighting, Britain wins the French and Indian (7 Years’ War) § France is essentially removed from North America – Indians lost a valuable ____________________ partner § Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763): Indian rebellion against colonists ____________________ on their land, led to the British issuing The _________________________________________________ British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution: § Britain experienced a consumer revolution that led to increased __________ for colonists The Struggle for Land in the East: § More and more colonial farmers sought land near the _____________________ Mountains (would be an issue in 1763) Western Rebels and Regulators: § Paxton Boys – Scots-­‐Irish in PA that massacred Indians § The South Carolina Regulators: ▪ Regulators demanded more fair treatment of colonists living in the western portion of SC: better taxes, more representation, etc. ▪ Exemplifies conflict between ______________________ ______________________, rich and poor Quick Recap ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 5 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions An Empire Transformed Ñ The Costs of Empire: Ó Britain’s debt ______________ drastically after the 7 Years’ War Ô Increased __________ for British citizens and colonists Ó Smugglers faced harsh punishments – some became indentured servants Ó Increase of British military in America post 7 Years’ War – prevent Native American rebellions – _____________________ ____________________________________________________ Ñ George Greenville and the Reform Impulse: Ó Currency Act (1764): prohibited colonies from using __________ ____________________ Ó The Sugar Act (1764): increased tax that replaced the Molasses Act Ô Many colonists got around it by……….. Why did Ñ ________________________________! colonists dislike Ó The End of Salutary Neglect: the Stamp Act Ô Ended in _____________ more than the Ô Smugglers would be tried in vice-­‐admirality courts; Sugar Act? _____________ until proven ___________________ Ô Many colonists resisted the increase in British control Ó An Open Challenge: The Stamp Act (1765): Ô Tax on _______ commonly used goods, affected most colonists Ñ Violators would be tried in vice-­‐admirality courts Ô Quartering Act – colonists were required to feed and ______________________________________________ The Dynamics of Rebellion (1765 – 1770) Ñ Formal Protests and the Politics of the Crowd: Ó House of Burgesses protested the Stamp Act – Patrick Henry Ó The Stamp Act _________________________: Ô Met to protest the Stamp Act Ô Believed only _____________________ representatives could tax the colonists NOT Parliament Ô Sons of Liberty – protested the Act, attacked royal officials, _____________________ British goods, ______________________________________________ Ó The Motives of the Crowd: Ô Large protests led to many British officials resigning their positions Ñ The Ideological Roots of Resistance: Ó Justification for Colonial Resistance: Ô English Common Law – argued that as subjects of the British Monarchy, colonists deserved certain _________ Ñ Ñ What British policy towards the colonies ended in 1763? Why? Ñ Ñ Ô Enlightenment – ideas such as “___________________ __________________,” and “separation of powers” Ô ____________ in Parliament were favorable to colonists Ó Many of these ideas spread rapidly in newspapers and pamphlets (______________________________ from chapter 4) Another Kind of Freedom: Ó Many colonists compared themselves to slaves since they did not give consent to British laws Ô A few colonists challenged slavery (_________________, James Otis) Parliament and Patriots Square Off Again: Ó Britain repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, passed the ______________________ Act: Ô Parliament could pass _________ law in the future Ó Charles Townshend Steps In: Ô Townshend was not sympathetic to the colonists Ô Townshend Acts: Ñ Tax on _________________________________ Ñ Taxes would pay salaries of imperial officials Ñ Colonists resisted these taxes as well…. Ó A Second Boycott and the Daughters of Liberty: Ô Nonimportation agreements – refusing to buy British goods Ô Women played a large role – ______________________ clothing Ô Ben Franklin advocated returning to ________________ policies Ó Troops to Boston: Ô Both the colonists and British dug-­‐in with their beliefs Ô British troops were sent to ________________ (hotbed of resistance) The Problem of the West: Ó Many colonists favored westward expansion (land speculators, traders, squatters) Ó Britain began to view the ________________________________ as permanent Parliament Wavers: Ó Prime Minister Lord North convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts (tax on tea remained) Ó The Boston Massacre: Ô British soldiers in Boston worked jobs that colonists wanted Ô March 5, 1770 – conflict in which Boston troops killed ____ colonists Ô Colonists used this as ________________ to spread their message Ó Sovereignty Debated: Ô Most colonists were loyal and _____________________ ______________________________________________ Ô Rather, they wanted to go back to the days of ______________________________________________ Are you seeing a trend in what most colonists wanted in the 1770s? What was the Olive Branch Petition? The Road to Independence (1771 – 1776) Ñ A Compromise Repudiated: Ó Committees of Correspondence – assemblies that were created for colonial leaders to ___________________ with one another. Another form of ___________________________ Ó The East India Company and the Tea Act: Ô Tea Act (1773) bailed out the East India Company by creating a tax; even though the tea was _____________ than smuggled tea, the colonists were still against it….. Why? _________________________________________ Ó The Tea Party and the Coercive Act: Ô Led by the _________________________________, 342 chests of tea were dumped into the Boston Harbor Ô In response, Britain passed the ____________________ (Intolerable) Acts: Ñ Massachusetts must pay for the tea, port of Boston was closed, MA charter was voided, and town hall meetings were outlawed Ó The Continental Congress Responds: Ô Formed in response to the Coercive Acts Ô 12 colonies (not GA) sent representatives to have ___________________________ and favored a boycott Ô Most did NOT WANT ____________________________, rather the days of Salutary Neglect Ñ The Continental Association: Ó Encouraged a third boycott against British goods Ñ Southern Planters Fear Dependency: Ó Many VA farmers were in ________ to British merchants Ô VA feared that Britain could punish them like MA Ñ Loyalists and Neutrals: Ó Some Patriot leaders (Sam Adams) were accused of serving their own interests Ó Loyalists (those loyal to Britain) numbered around 20 percent Violence East and West Ñ Armed Resistance in MA: Ó Minutemen – Patriots that would warn of conflict with the British Ó Lexington and Concord (1775) Ô 1st battles against the British, “shot heard around the world” Ñ The Second Continental Congress Organizes for War: Ó 2nd C.C. – met in May 1775, appointed _____________________ ________________________ as head of the colonial army Ó Congress Versus King George: Ô Olive Branch Petition was rejected by KG3, deemed the colonies to be in a state of rebellion Ó Fighting in the South: Ô Britain promised to free __________ that were loyalists; angered many slave owners and strengthened the Patriot cause in the South Ó Occupying Kentucky: Ô Daniel Boone occupied newly independent areas of KY Ñ ***Thomas Paine’s __________________________________:*** Ó Written in January 1776 Ó Accused KG3 of several wrongdoings Ó Urged America to declare __________________________ Ô “A government of our own is our natural right, ‘tis time to part.” Ó This is specifically mentioned in the new curriculum Ó Check out my video in the description Ñ Independence Declared: Ó Declaration of Independence – inspired by Common Sense and the _________________________ Ó Jefferson and other writers wrote about ___________________ ______________________________ – the power rests with the people, not the government Quick Recap Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Ñ ___________________________________________________________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 6 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions The Trials of War, 1776 -­‐ 1778 ¡ War in the North: § Britain’s _________________ vastly outnumbered the Patriots § Some Natives sided with the British ¡ Victories at Saratoga: § The Battle of ___________________ was a turning point § The Patriots won; ___________________ provided aid to the US (financial and military) ¡ The Perils of War: What did Abigail § Women played an important role – created clothing, ran farms Adams ask John § Some women hoped to gain more rights (__________________ Adams to do? __________________) ¡ Financial Crisis: § State currencies were highly ________________ § Robert Morris (Chief Treasury) secured valuable aid from Holland and France ¡ Valley Forge: § Baron von Steuben – former Prussian military officer, helped train the American army The Path to Victory, 1778 -­‐ 1783 ¡ The French Alliance: § France and US made an unusual alliance (Catholic monarchy) § ___________________ played an important role in the Treaty of Alliance ▪ America and France would ensure the independence of the US ¡ War in the South: § ____________ fought against Britain in 1779 § Britain’s Southern Strategy: ▪ The South contributed _______________ individuals to war effort – fear of leaving slaves unattended ▪ Philipsburg Proclamation – slaves that rebelled would gain protection and ______________ from Great Britain ▪ 5,000 African Americans (free and slave) fought for Patriot Cause ▪ The Marquis de Lafayette – instrumental in gaining French troops to America § Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas: ▪ Battle of Yorktown (1781) – last major battle of the war, Cornwallis surrenders ¡ The Patriot Advantage: § __________________________________ § “Home-­‐field advantage” § ______________________ – George Washington ¡ ¡ Diplomatic Triumph: § Treaty of Paris (1783) ▪ Britain recognized US independence ▪ US gained all land ___________ of Mississippi River ▪ US fishing rights off Newfoundland ▪ Britain could pursue ___________ Spain and France gained very little § France becomes severely in debt Creating Republican Institutions (1776 – 1787) ¡ ¡ How could Daniel Shays’ be seen as a contributor to the Constitution? ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? § Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution: ▪ _______________________ legislature was created with total power (no governor) § Tempering Democracy: ▪ Other states created ___________________ legislatures ▪ Most states were not truly democratic – only PA and VT Women Seek a Public Voice: § Abigail Adams’ “______________________________________” ▪ Hoped to end customs and laws that oppressed women (married women could not own property, have _______________________, etc.) § Only white men were full citizens in new government The War’s Losers: ____________________________________________: § Many loyalists suffered economically, others fled § Native Americans were pushed further _________ off their lands § Slaves did not gain freedom after the war The Articles of Confederation: § Created a weak central government, states had a lot of power § Each state had ________________________ vote in the national government § In order to amend the Articles, ___________________ approval was required § The federal government could: make treaties, borrow money, ask for tax $ Continuing Fiscal Crisis: § The US was in debt, began to sell western land The Northwest Ordinance: § ________________ was banned in the Northwest Territory § $ from 1 out of 36 square miles that were sold would go towards ____________________ § Territories could apply for statehood when they reached ____________________ people Shays’ Rebellion: § MA state legislature increased taxes § Many farms were _________________________ § Former Rev. War vet, Daniel Shays’ led a rebellion ▪ Demonstrated the __________________ of the Articles ▪ Helped many recognize the need for a new government The Constitution of 1787 ¡ ¡ ¡ The Rise of a Nationalist Faction: § Sectional differences slowly emerged: northerners tended to favor ____________________, southerners did not The Philadelphia Convention: § 55 delegates, mostly wealthy and upper-­‐class § Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were _______ in attendance § The VA and NJ Plans: ▪ VA Plan – proposed a ____________ legislature where representation in Congress was to be based on _________________________ ▪ NJ Plan – favored smaller states, representation would be _______________ for each state § The Great Compromise: ▪ Combined elements of both VA and NJ plans ▪ Created ___________________ legislature: lower house (Representatives) would be based on population and elected by the people, upper house (Senate) would have ______ per state and elected by state legislatures § Negotiations over Slavery: ▪ 3/5 Compromise – 60% of _____________ would count towards population for representation in Congress, advantage for the South § National Authority: ▪ Constitution is the “Supreme Law of the Land” ▪ “Necessary and Proper” (Elastic) clause increases power of ______________________ The People Debate Ratification: § Constitution would take effect when 9 out of 13 states ratified it § Emergence of two groups: ▪ Federalists – favored ________________________ ▪ ______________-­‐federalists – weary of ratification § The Antifederalists: ▪ Feared centralized power at states’ expense ▪ Criticized the lack of a _________________________ § Federalists Respond: ▪ The Federalist Papers (Jay, Madison, and Hamilton) ▪ 85 essays written to _______________ the Constitution ▪ Federalist 10 discussed ___________________ § The Constitution Ratified: ▪ Typically, people in the backcountry were ______________________, __________________ were Federalists ▪ With the promise of the _________________________, many Antifederalists ratified the Constitution Quick Recap ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ ¡ ___________________________________________________________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 7 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions The Political Crisis of the 1790s • The Federalists Implement the Constitution o Devising the new Government: • Washington’s Cabinet: _________ – Jefferson, _________________ – Hamilton, War – ___________ • Judiciary Act of 1789 – created the _________________ _______________ with 6 justices, and lower courts o The Bill of Rights: • Safeguard against government power; protection of Quick recap ___________________ powers from last • Added to mollify the Antifederalists to ______________ chapter: What the Constitution were the • Hamilton’s Financial Program writings called o Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption by Hamilton, • Hamilton advocated buying back all loans plus interest Jay, and (____________________________________________) Madison to • Controversial plan – some speculators bought up bonds promote the at cheap prices Constitution? • Hamilton proposed assuming all state _______________ • Only after D.C. would be located in the South did his plan pass • Hamilton favored the national debt – thought it was a _____________________________ o Creating a National Bank: • Bank of the US (________) – cornerstone of his financial plan; would provide ___________ to businesses and help the economy • ______________________________ interpretation o Raising Revenue Through Tariffs: • Excise tax – tax on ________________ goods • Tariff – tax on _____________________ goods (revenue for the government) • Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision: o First party system (Hamiltonians/Federalists and ____________ How did the _______________________________) Whiskey o Jefferson believed ________________ were the backbone of the Rebellion differ economy from Shays’ • The French Revolution Divides Americans: Rebellion? o Proclamation Neutrality: • Washington issued to remain _____________ in conflict between Britain and France o Ideological Politics: • French Revolution – Jeffersonians saw it as an _______________________ of the American Revolution • Whiskey Rebellion – PA farmers rebelled against the excise tax; ______________ by the national government o Jay’s Treaty: What amendment did the sedition act violate? • • Britain seized American ships, Jay hoped to protect ships • Treaty did little to fix problems o The Haitian Revolution: • Toussaint L’Ouverture helped Haiti gain independence • Many US _______________________ feared the impact of the revolution on their slaves The Rise of Political Parties: o Republicans tended to be: • __________________ (west and south), immigrants, and subsistence farmers in the north • Pro-­‐____________ and power to the _______________ o XYZ Affair – French diplomats demanded a bribe from ____ US ambassadors, war hysteria ensued o The Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts: • Meant to silence ______________________________ to Federalists or President Adams • Naturalization – increased residency requirement from 5 – 14 years • Alien Act – president could _______________ foreigners • Sedition Act – illegal to _______________________ the government • VA and KY Resolutions – urged states to _____________ the Alien and Sedition Acts (Compact Theory) o The “Revolution of 1800” • ______________________ becomes President, peaceful transition of power between political parties • “____________________________________________ _____________________________________________” A Republican Empire Is Born • • • Sham Treaties and Indian Lands: o After the Rev. War, Natives were pushed further and further west o The Treaty of Greenville: • Western Confederacy gave up most of _____________ to Americans o Assimilation Rejected: • Natives were encouraged to _______________________ (act America) • Most Natives resisted this – it ran contrary to their ways of life Migration and the Changing Farm Economy o Southern Migrants: • A few, wealthy individuals owned significant land • ________ of white men owned no land in KY • Cotton! – King Cotton; _________________________ -­‐> expansion into MI and AL The Jefferson Presidency: o “Virginia Dynasty” – TJ, JM, JM o Jefferson had to deal with a Federalist judiciary branch – “midnight judges” o ***________________________________*** -­‐ S.C. rules a law How did the Supreme Court increase the power of the federal government in the early 19th century? • unconstitutional o Jefferson’s administration eliminated the excise tax, kept the _____________ Jefferson and the West: o Pinckney’s Treaty – US and Spain, US could _________________ the Mississippi, store goods in NO o The Louisiana Purchase: • Napoleon gained by the LA territory in 1803; US feared they would be cut out of the Mississippi River, so…… • Jefferson wants to by ________ • Impact of LA Purchase? Doubles the size of the US, Jefferson switches from __________________________ _________________ interpretation o Secessionist Schemes: • Aaron Burr (Jefferson’s VP) flees to the SW, tries to create a new country o Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandans and Sioux: • Sent to explore the newly acquired territory, many interactions with Natives along the way The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics • • Conflict in the Atlantic and the West o __________________________ – British practice of seizing ships and forcing sailors (many Americans) into the British Navy o The Embargo of 1807: • Response to the Chesapeake incident • US cut off ____ trade with ALL countries – huge disaster • Other embargoes follow (Non-­‐intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill #2) o Western War Hawks (Henry Clay!) • Tecumseh and Natives were provided guns by the British – eventually defeated by _________________________ ________ (future President) at the Battle of Tippecanoe • _______________________! was elected Speaker of the House on his first day of office • He and other Southern and Western Congressmen (John C. Calhoun) pushed for war • Most Federalists were against the war, why? _________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ The War of 1812 o Not very successful o Washington D.C. and Buffalo were burned o Federalist Oppose the War: • Hartford Convention – meeting of Federalists to address _______________________________________ • Propose some amendments • Some urge _______________________ • Huge blow to the Federalist Party o Peace Overtures and a Final Victory: • Treaty of Ghent (Henry Clay!) How could the Monroe Doctrine be seen as a continuation of Washington’s Farewell Address? • • • The Federalist Legacy: o Nationalist-­‐Republicans pursued policies similar to the Federalists (Henry Clay!) o Marshall’s Federalist View: • Strengthened the power of the ____________________ government AND the Supreme Court o Asserting National Supremacy: • McCulloch v. Maryland – BUS was declared __________________________________; states cannot tax a federal government agency • Gibbons v. Ogden – Only ____________________, NOT states, can control INTERstate commerce o Upholding Vested Property Rights: • Dartmouth College v. Woodward – contracts cannot be impaired by the government o The Diplomacy of John Q. Adams (Secretary of State – stepping stone) • Adams-­‐Onis Treaty (1819) – US gained ______________, gave up claims to TX • Monroe Doctrine – Europe must stay out of the ______________________________________, America will not get involved in European affairs Quick Recap No land was gained or lost 2 weeks later, Battle of ____________________ ________________ (Andrew Jackson) • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________ Name: ___________________________________________ America’s History: Chapter 8 Video Guide Big Idea Guided Notes Areas of Concern Questions The Capitalist Commonwealth ¨ Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets ¡ Banking and Credit: ú 2nd __________ was Chartered in 1816 for 20 years ú Panic of 1819: state banks over-­‐issued notes, What is ________________________________ on Western land overspeculation ú Growing distrust of banks (2nd BUS) emerged ? ¡ Rural Manufacturing: ú Merchants were especially hard hit from the Panic ú More and more of manufacturing moved from homes to ____________________ ú New England and the West focused on livestock – _________________________ ¨ Forests were removed in many areas of the North ú Textile mills were built around _______________ ¡ The Transportation System: ú Turnpikes – ______ roads increased (Lancaster Turnpike) ú Connected interior to coasts – increased _____________ ¨ Public Enterprise: The Commonwealth System: ¡ Under John Marshall, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of _____________________________________ (eminent domain); state legislatures followed ¡ Commonwealth System – providing government aid to private businesses Toward a Democratic Republican Culture ¨ Opportunity and Equality – for White Men: ¡ US was unique in the world – no aristocratic families ¡ However, there were numerous laws that restricted rights based on _________________________________________________ ¨ Toward Republican Families: ¡ Mercy Otis Warren – argued against ______________________ ¡ Republican Marriages: ú More marriages were based on love, fewer _________________________ marriages ú Husbands still had more power than wives -­‐ property ¡ ***________________________________________***: ú Mothers would raise their children to be good citizens ú Mothers took a more active role in ________________ ¨ Raising Republican Children: ¡ Two Modes of Parenting: ú Encouraging independence v. authoritarianism ¡ Debates Over Education: ú _________________ advocated education for Americans What is another slave rebellion you learned about this year? Why could the north and south both be happy with the MO Compromise? ¡ ú More schools were located in the North – why? ú 1820s – increase in funding for education Promoting Cultural Independence: ú Noah Webster – helped _______________________ the English language Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery ¨ The Revolution and Slavery, 1776 – 1800 ¡ 1,000s of slaves gained freedom via the British during the Rev. War ¡ Manumission and Gradual Emancipation: ú Manumission – ___________ of slaves by owners (1782) ú Quakers and Enlightenment thought challenged slavery ú Free blacks still faced significant ___________________ ¡ Slavery Defended: ú VA legislature passed new manumission law in 1792 ú Slavery viewed as a “____________________________” ú Gabriel Prosser – planned rebellion, he and 30 others were hanged ¨ As with all slave rebellions, slave laws were more ____________ after a rebellion ¨ The North and South Grow Apart: ¡ Education was much better in the ______ – higher literacy rates ¡ Slavery and National Politics: ú Transition in South from “necessary evil” to “_________________________________________” ú Southern dominance in the federal government protected slavery ¡ African Americans Speak Out: ú With the cotton boom (cotton _____), slavery increased ú American Colonization Society – proposed free slaves would be sent to _____________ (Liberia); many African Americans rejected the idea ú New black churches developed ¨ The Missouri Crisis (Must know for new curriculum) ¡ MO (part of LA Purchase) applies for statehood as a slave state ú This would make 12 slave states and 11 free ¡ Tallmadge Amendment: ú Proposed for gradual ___________________________ of slaves in MO ú South hated it, seen as a step towards ending ALL slavery ¨ The Solution? ¡ MO added as a slave state ¡ ME (from Massachusetts) added as a __________ state ú Balance stays equal at 12 states free, 12 slave ¡ Slavery prohibited above ________________ line in the future Protestant Christianity as a Social Force ¨ A Republican Religious Order: ¡ Religious Freedom: Jefferson’s bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (inspired _______ amendment) ú Increase in number of denominations helped guarantee there would not be an established church ¡ Church-­‐State Relations: ú VA outlawed religious requirements for office ú “_____________________” – funding of churches came from members ¡ Republican Church Institutions: ú Evangelical Methodist and Baptist churches gained a large number of members ¨ ***The Second Great Awakening*** ¡ Spread of Christianity throughout the US ¡ _________________________ meetings (Cane Ridge, KY; burned over district in NY) ¡ A New Religious Landscape: ú Inspired by Whitefield, preachers increased conversions ¡ Black Christianity: ú Many saw slavery as similar to the plight of Israelites ¨ Religion and Reform: ¡ Unitarians – believed in _________________________________ ¡ Many churches rejected ________________________________ ¡ 2nd Great Awakening encouraged people to better the world (Humane Society) ¨ Women’s New Religious Roles: ¡ Shakers – Mother Ann Lee: ú Promoted celibacy and ___________________________ ¡ A Growing Public Presence: ú Women gained some rights in churches – gender-­‐ segregated prayer meetings ended ú Mother’s Magazine – taught Christian women how to raise children ú Emma Willard – outspoken advocate of ___________________________ for women ú Quick Recap ¨ ___________________________________________________________ ¨ ___________________________________________________________ ¨ ___________________________________________________________ ¨ ___________________________________________________________ ¨ ___________________________________________________________ ¨ ___________________________________________________________ ¨ ___________________________________________________________
