AKIM STATE COLLEGE
COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOH KWADWO CHARLES
CS2019001
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
LEVEL 400
TOH KWADWO CHARLES
11/16/21
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. What is the role of AI in the fight against Covid – 19?
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that develop programs to allow
machines to perform functions normally requiring human intelligence. These machines have
really helped in solving complicated life issues.
AI has played and still playing significant role in the fight against Covid – 19 era. The
following are most of the issues AI has helped to solve during the coronavirus pandemic:
 Healthcare. AI’s adaptability has helped most of the city in some part of the world boost
their healthcare systems. The deployment of AI assisted in diagnosing and also detecting
the virus using a tool embedded in the AI’s which could identify the between the normal
cough and the cough of an infected person of Covid – 19. This deep embedded tool scans
individual using a technology called 2D and 3D modelling of Computed Tomography
(CT) scans. This also has helped more doctors to learn more of the virus and track how
the virus affects people and give researchers a better knowledge of the type of
transmission and the scale of the spread of the virus. This AI’s fast detection and
diagnosis has been essential and helpful in preventing cities, densely populated areas and
others health centers from being engulfed by the virus. With the immediate diagnosis and
the ability to recognize symptoms, cities have been able to employ the power of
interconnected IoT networks in partnership with other smart devices to help tack, trace
and predict the spread of infections caused by the virus.
 Reducing the burden on hospitals. Diagnosis by many hospitals has been a little bit
tedious but actually relieving the burden being placed on overcrowded hospitals has been
even an extensive concern. Fortunately for us, AI has been able to step in and reduce that
burden or responsibility. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence systems assists in
automating medical processes and use the data collected from patients to minimize the
time that health professionals need to spend with individual patients. These systems have
been able to categorize patients depending on the seriousness and nature of their
symptoms allowing doctors and nurses to handle patients more efficiently. Telemedicine
is another way that AI is being harnessed to reduce the cumbrous on hospitals and
provide better care to citizens in remote regions. These improvements have help reduce
the unreasonable trips to hospitals. This also has served the purpose of consultations with
real doctors via machine – learning enabled chatbots such as CDC’ Clara service.
 Developing treatments. Another aspect of AI is that it assists in the treatment of Covid –
19 because of the diagnosis of the virus. The swift development of successful Covid – 19
treatments and vaccines can also be attributed to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
According to research by Paul Offit, MD, describes that vaccine development is a long,
complex process often lasting 10 – 15 years and involving a combination of public and
private involvement. Vaccine take years to develop but thanks to new ways of analyzing
data by AI’s, Covid – 19 vaccines were developed relatively quickly. The AI that was
used to develop the vaccines was the Vaxigen Reverse Vaccinology Machine Learning
platform. By examining huge amounts of data about existing medications and vaccines,
AI deep learning processes were able to identify potentially effective drug or medicine
molecules and combinations greatly expediting the vaccine production process.
Conclusion: The current situation of coronavirus pandemic has not been over yet but the
adoption of AI enabled technologies has helped accelerate the quick way solving Covid –
19 related issues.
2. Is AI a job killer or creator?
According to history, technology has actually made some people to lose their job but also
has helped people to perform complex and complicated task. This also is applied by the
use of AI. So the with analysis, I can say that AI is both job killer and creator at the same
time. First, how AI is a job killer. These are some of the reasons:
 Autonomous cars/driving. Back in the day and even now, cars are being drove by
humans. But now developed cars has AI technology embedded in it. Due to this,
those cars are now self-driving cars which is mostly considered as safer and more
accurate. Cars like cabs also known as taxi are now operated by AI which is
embedded in them.
 Speech recognition and translation. There are most countries which always
employs people who understand some languages to teach and even help translate
other languages to their understanding. Sometimes, Presidents and Ministers of
some countries employs persons during world summit to translates their language
into the English language. But now, AI devices now has speech recognition and
translation programs which help them in the translation making the employed
persons to lose that position and job. Also, language learning will become
obsolete as AI devices will be able to perform that task that can be simply
understood. There will be no need for language teachers.
 Store Cashiers: A lot is changing since the introduction and evolution of AI. In
this present day, instead of employing human cashiers in some of the store, the
stores managers are now switching from human cashiers to intelligent selfcheckout systems. For instance, Amazon grocery smart store, Amazon Go. There
are no checkout counters and the customers need not to wait in queue for buying
anything.
And, how AI a job creator. These are few reasons:
 Data detective (Data Science). Artificial Intelligence has now helped most of
the organizations to detect the source of problems and how to go about the
problems. For instance, CCTV cameras with AI embedded are able to detect
criminals and even get their location for the Police to work with such data
discovery.
 Health. Artificial Intelligence has really improved the field of medicine. Most
of the medical industries uses AI to collect data about a certain disease and
use that collected data to diagnose the related disease and prescribe a drug for
it.
 Cybersecurity. Cybersecurity is the application of technologies, processes and
controls to protect systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyberattacks. This is the most immediate concern with many business leaders. With
this, most people are employed with knowledge of utilizing AI to prevent
organizations from being attacked.
Conclusions: Seeing the above facts and figures, it can be said that AI is both
job killer and job creator
3. Why is the biggest challenge facing AI an ethical one?
Ethical issues occur when a given decision, scenario or activity creates a conflict with the
society’s’ moral principles. Ethics are applied to AI as its guidelines for dependable coexistence with humans. As humans can make decisions that can affect the culture of the
society, so as machines (AI) can make mistakes that can affect human society. AI – based
decisions are prone to inaccuracies, discriminatory outcomes, embedded or inserted bias.
AI systems must be designed to be beneficial to everyone, now and the future. They need
to be sustainable and friendly to the environment.
According to the European Commission High-Level Expert Group on AI, there were few
identified seven guidelines principles which should be ethical to AI:
 Human agency and oversight. It is agreed that the adoption of AI in our
environment should back or support human decision making and independence.
 Technical healthiness and safety. AI systems needs to be reliable and to provide
an alternative plan in case something goes wrong or mistaken.
 Privacy and data governance. Artificial Intelligence systems should protect data
and provide sufficient apparatus to maintain its quality and uprightness.
 Transparency. With AI, the data, the system and models on which AI is built or
base must be flawless and understandable.
 Diversity, non-discrimination and fairness. AI’s should be built to adhere to the
stated point. It should abide and undertake enablement to do away with
discrimination and unfair bias.
 Societal and environmental wellbeing. The aim of AI perform task which seems a
little bit difficult to do. So AI systems must be design to profit everyone now and
future. They need to be maintainable and environmentally friendly.
 Accountability. AI accountability in the sense of ethics and governance which is
equated with answerability, liability and expectation of account – giving. This
principle underpins all others. Its continuing commitment throughout the lifecycle
of AI systems to ensure responsibility them and for their outcomes. Etc.
The good news is that users increasingly trust their interactions with AI systems.
Almost half of them like 49% said that. And they expect those systems to be able to
clarify any outcome to them visibly and they do expect companies to hold themselves
responsible if AI algorithms go wrong.
4. What are the current limitation of AI?
Limitation according to my explanation is the process of imposing restriction that cannot
be exceeded. Artificial Intelligence are profiting us in a beneficial manner. The
fascinating part of AI is that it is set to revolutionize the way human difficult task are
performed such as automation, smart decision making, enhanced customer experience,
medical advances and others. But with those benefits or advantages of AI, it also has
limitation or disadvantages. These limitations could be as follows:
 Requires supervision. Supervision is the act or function of overseeing something
or somebody. AI systems are inhuman and so, it needs effective supervision. This
is because, they run according algorithms and those instructions can fail due to
environmental or human mistakes. And also, it needs human to turn it on for
operation. AI cannot mimic the way human learns naturally and experts believe it
as a serious obstacle.
 Cost and maintenance. Cost and maintenance are involved when it comes to
technology. AI is cost significant and need frequent maintenance and repair. The
software installed in the AI’s need frequent updates and upgrades in order to
adapt to the continual change to the business environment.
 Lack of creativity. Humans are creative in different aspect which is a natural
instinct. Creativity remains a vital part of a successful marketing operation.
Machines simply lack the ability to be creative. Unlike machines, humans can
think and feel which often guides their decision making when comes to creativity.
 Empathy and compassion. Decision making can be affected when the situation at
hand seems sad and outburst of emotional feelings. AI can do what it has been
programmed to perform. And it does it tremendously well. AI can’t make split
judgement when a situation arises. For instance, any person can change or cancel
a scheduled messaging when a tragic event occurs. This is because, humans are
capable of showing empathy and compassion to victims and people. Machines
however, does not have the ability to show emotion.
 Not for all solution. As humans can stand and make decisions to affect the
severity of a situation, machines cannot do that but rather perform what it has
been programmed or instructed to do. This is because, AI perform certain task for
individuals using variety of AI tools. Trying to solve certain task sometimes
require different kinds of tools which can be expensive, time-consuming and
scrappy.
Conclusion: Artificial Intelligence brings conveniences and also inconveniences
to humankind. It also assists humans to do better work and reduce mistakes. But it
also lacks human emotions making it dangerous to work and interact with.