4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Subatomic Particles Subatomic Particles What are three kinds of subatomic particles? Slide 1 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Subatomic Particles Three kinds of subatomic particles are electrons, protons, and neutrons. Slide 2 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Subatomic Particles Table 4.1 summarizes the properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Slide 3 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus The Atomic Nucleus How can you describe the structure of the nuclear atom? Slide 4 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus Ernest Rutherford’s Portrait Slide 5 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus Rutherford’s Gold-Foil Experiment In 1911, Rutherford and his coworkers at the University of Manchester, England, directed a narrow beam of alpha particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil. Slide 6 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus Rutherford’s Gold-Foil Experiment Slide 7 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus Alpha particles scatter from the gold foil. Slide 8 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus The Rutherford Atomic Model Rutherford concluded that the atom is mostly empty space. All the positive charge and almost all of the mass are concentrated in a small region called the nucleus. The nucleus is the tiny central core of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons. Slide 9 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.2 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Atomic Nucleus In the nuclear atom, the protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. The electrons are distributed around the nucleus and occupy almost all the volume of the atom. Slide 10 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Number Atomic Number What makes one element different from another? Slide 11 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Number Elements are different because they contain different numbers of protons. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. Slide 12 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Number Slide 13 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 14 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Mass Number Mass Number How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom? Slide 15 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Mass Number The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called the mass number. The number of neutrons in an atom is the difference between the mass number and atomic number. Slide 16 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Mass Number Au is the chemical symbol for gold. Slide 17 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Isotopes Isotopes How do isotopes of an element differ? Slide 18 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Isotopes Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Because isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons, they also have different mass numbers. Slide 19 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Isotopes Despite these differences, isotopes are chemically alike because they have identical numbers of protons and electrons. Slide 20 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass Atomic Mass How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element? Slide 21 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass It is useful to to compare the relative masses of atoms to a standard reference isotope. Carbon12 is the standard reference isotope. Cabon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units. An atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Slide 22 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass Some Elements and Their Isotopes Slide 23 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass The atomic mass of an element is a weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. A weighted average mass reflects both the mass and the relative abundance of the isotopes as they occur in nature. Slide 24 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass Weighted Average Mass of a Chlorine Atom Slide 25 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass To calculate the atomic mass of an element, multiply the mass of each isotope by its natural abundance, expressed as a decimal, and then add the products. Slide 26 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > Atomic Mass For example, carbon has two stable isotopes: • Carbon-12, which has a natural abundance of 98.89%, and • Carbon-13, which has a natural abundance of 1.11%. Slide 27 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview The Periodic Table—A Preview Why is a periodic table useful? Slide 28 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview A periodic table is an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties. A periodic table allows you to easily compare the properties of one element (or a group of elements) to another element (or group of elements). Slide 29 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview The Periodic Table Slide 30 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview • Each horizontal row of the periodic table is called a period. • Within a given period, the properties of the elements vary as you move across it from element to element. Slide 31 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview A Period Slide 32 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview • Each vertical column of the periodic table is called a group, or family. • Elements within a group have similar chemical and physical properties. Slide 33 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms > The Periodic Table—A Preview A Group or Family Slide 34 of 52 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
