Ch 8
.
Muscular system
system
Muscular
•
part
body
by
movement
shortening
types
muscle
skeletal
② cardiac
①
smooth
③
control
to
directed
-
contract
BY
nervous
system
lshreletal )
adjust
system
nervous
-
activities
basic
( smooth
Contraction
↳
and
Modifies
31 Cardiac
signal
is
self
gon
.
Skeletal muscle
locomotion
by changing relative
permits
of
bones
position
maintaining joint
angles
by
supports
of
the
against
poll
gravity
of
out
in
and
moves
air
lungs by
of
thoracic
volume
canty
changing
heat
production '•*iA
•
-
•
'
•
* striated
voluntary
tendon
attaches
muscle to
-
•
bone
-
4
dense , regular connective tissue
fibers
arranged in parallel bundles
r
•
aponeuroses
attaching
muscle
origin
attached to
muscle
•
•
broad
-
in
-
MUSCLE
contraction
pulled
insertion
,
both Of
close
muscle
•
while
Muscle
length
distance
attachment
by
distance
Muscles function
in
along
groups
prime mmoovveerrlayonist
for
•
Most
antagonist
mover 's
other
Synergist
prime
.
constant
increased
is
tendons
of
distally
Movements
•
Moved
-
origin
located
held
is
part
part
toward
is
Mass
body
to
immobile
moveable
a
ACTIONS
•
.
to
joint
a
•
other
or
relatively
a
Attached
-
across
EX
bore
coverings
-
insertion
to
sheets
fibrous
at
a
limb
to
perform
Muscle
responsible
movement
directly
resist
a
prime
action cause
movement in
,
direction
-
muscles
movers
which
to
.fi/ator-Staba1ize
assist
various
joints
degrees
Muscles
Paired
•
provide
opportunism
directions
movement
•
functional
groupings
flexor
•
ABDUCTION
-
toward
-
-
muscle
On
joint
bends
adductor
•
abductor
poll
-
sphicter
action
F-✗
•
-
•
median
from
away
:
location
ex :
according
superficial
Shape
Ex
-
an
opening
to
plane
le* ANUS)
.
function
flexor
digital
deltoid
biceps brachiikbrach.at region )
fibers
direction of
rectus lstraight ) I
☒
ablique ( started ) T
transverse Lacross)
number
or
of
divisions
heads
attachment
sites
origin
origin / insertion
.
-
•
>
-
-
plane
median
-
-
then
side
Conventions
naming
-
opposite
surround
-
of
muscle
one
toward
pull
-
greater
amount
of
the
the side
which joint bends
extensor
-
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on
-
limb
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for
from
planet
median
Lacross
-
Mviscles
muscles
cutaneous
regional
•
-
developed
superficial
in
fascial between
tissue
•
head
facial
control
-
-
•
covering
neck
and
-
skin
chewing
exp
connective
and
.
Muscles)
muscles
.
-
structures
sensory
move
support
head
flex / extend
hln
allow
,
laterally
more
,
to
Move
brachiocep.ba/irssternocephalivs
ABDOMINAL
ex
:
splenius
and
trapezius
,
MUSCLES
-
-
Support
help
organs
participate
-
straining
Vomiting
•
-
back
functions that involve
in
arch
/
regurgitation
respiration
eri abdominal
oblique
.
transverse
THORACIC
•
a
-
-
Limb
function
abdominis
locomotion
region
-
biceps
,
deltoid
,
latimrssdoki
limb
flexors /extensors
extensor dcarpiradiallis
carpal / digital
ex :
abdominis,
MUSCLE
in
shoulder
distal
rectus
,
LIMB
PELVIC
locomotion
-
hip
-
/
MUSCLES
thigh
area
-
RESP
/
increase decrease
-
inspiratory
Microscopic
-
muscle
Sarcoplasm
•
.
SR
My fibril
Filaments
-
elongated
cell
Membrane
muscle
cell
Lttoplasm
reticulum
of
-
channels
Sarcoplasm surrounding
numbers
T Tubules
-
bundled
proticn
network
which run
,
-
Multi nucleate
.
muscle
composed
-
sarcoplasmic
-
-
Muscles
Striatal
cell
Savo lemma
-
intercostal
internal
ex :
Of
Single
-
Ct )exDiApHRAM
l
Anatomy
fibers
.
l
-
thoracic
of
size
increase
-
expiratory
-
Maximus
OF
activity
-
gluteus
of
thru
myofibrils
transverse tubules * run transversely
Sarcolemma
to SR imaginations of
M -10 Filaments
contractile
made of
protein filaments
actin cthin )
,
-
-
•
-
•
myosin
Striations
'
v
r
striated
-
Cthich)
overlaps
filaments
of
Mmm
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thick
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Band ,
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Bond
large
.
band
dark line
-
band
thin
light ,
large
-
band
dark
,
in
side
fibers
H
M
A
center of
attachment
,
,
I
A
For
filaments one, with
in
line
center
from
myo fibril
Segment of
Myosin
Zone
-
M
Sacro mere
-
line
2
to
contracting
next , basic
of
unit
skeletal
muscle
FIBERS
TYPES
•
type
lslow Twitch )
510hr
contractive
'
2
-
contract
for
longer
time
•
2
Type
-
motor
motor
system
fiber
nerve
impulses
to
fiber
from
the
-
and
but
periods
of
twitch)
contracting
Fatigue
factions
Neuromuscular
nerve
fast
Faster
-
a
[
,
,
easier
Connection
Muscle
muscle
between
fiber
Cmoton neuron)
a
to
central
-
Carries
nervous
one
Connection)
•
Synapse
between
junction
cell
and
fiber
-
another
( or
HAP)• synaptic
cleft
ends
•
motor
densely
'
-
•
motor
cell
.
-
mitochondria
many
Vesicles
Synaptic
neurotransmitters
cstore
Skeletal
muscles
this
,
acetylcholine
Fibrous
increase
-
Membrane
surface
unit
Motor
Us
extensively
for
birding
motor
a
-
is
area
fibers
muscle
neuron
branched
.in
* Muscle
membrane
presynaptic terminal
Pond
fiber
nerve
nerve
cell )
between
Muscle
and
of
muscle
nerve
space
-
end
neuron
that
unit)~ as
one
folded
the
and
compared
to
neurotransmitters
of
stimulates
it
is
Cfunctim
to
single
fibers
connective
-
tissue
layers
Surrounds
Muscle Fibers
endomysiium
bundles of
fibers
fasides
skeletal
Sorrows
Fasick
Perimysivn
-
•
'
.
-
-
-
Serves
as
nerves
and
Contains
MARBLING
-
Ifat
support
blood vessels
Varying
interspersed
system
amounts
btwn
for
supplying
of
muscle
muscles
adipose
bundles
ACT acetycholine
abbreviation
-
physiology
simplified
-
impulse
nerve
•
/
contraction
a
.
cleft
•
Act across
•
Nat
↳
receptor
impulses
•
impulse travels
•
to
•
Cut from
SR
SR
by
the
pump
Act decomp
by
prevents
Chol
•
.
SR
into
fibers
moved
slide
&
of
prevents
sustained
muscle
OF
SR
by
transport? linhhayes
,
muscle
decomposed by
cholinesterase
membranes
-
sarcoplasm
into
apart
rapidly
is
enzyme
back
mechanism Reactive
pump
acetylcholine
-
↳ relaxation
•
from
relaxes
into
calcium
into
break, filaments
Cat moved
back
and
Cat
calcium
,
fiber
f- tubules
muscle
over
Muscle
high
•
combines
acetohoire
gap
across
surface
diffuse
of
into
exocytosis
,
into
on
receptors
Nat
to
causes
complex
into
Muscle
cell ,
initiating
travels
impulse
Cat
-
saoroplasm
•
diffuses
Membrane
FT
released
protein
impulse
muscles
( by
Vesicle
cleft
diffuse
to cell
the
reaches
is
aceetychoi.ve
with
gap
Act receptor
Muscle
events
impulse
nerve
synaptic
to
•
stimulus
awh choline
into
goes
Skeletal
of
Cstored
end
motor
in
plate which
,
stimulation
contraction
,
fiber
overuse
effect
-
•
blood
of
Cat
relaxed
fiber
upon
stimulation
protrusions
act
as
of
levers
-
levels
Atm
the
filaments
small
which
,
overlap
a
little
moveable
myosin
attach
filament
to
C.
" °"
)
bridges
binding
site
filament
the
action
of
sides
toward
letter
over
each
filaments
sliding
on
•
and
sacromere ,
all
contraction
stimulus
threshold
•
-
-
of
a
douse
a
all
none
or
•
strength
fiber
Motor
a
Manner ,
unit
unit
since
units
completely
all ornae
in
fibers
stimulated
are
a
.
responds
all
of
cause
contact
motor
to
stimulus
a
-
will
to
of
recruitment
•
response
strength
required
contraction
of
results in
minimal
stimulation
threshold
muscle
shortening
myofibril
along
muscle
a
Sacromoe
shortens
Other
combined
sacromeres
both
on
in
the
the
at
same
time
a
•
whole
muscle
composed
is
of
units not all
muscle motor
many
threshold
same
the
to
responding
whole
doensnt
so
Muscle
respond at
,
,
all
•
at
or
higher
Motor
the
-
Units
strength
Movements
motor
more
Manner
stimulus
Will
of
respond
whole
requires dictates
unit
levels
involved
,
,
More
increasing
muscle
number
of
contraction
contraction
latent
phase
Twitch
①
stimivlis
②
③
-
response
Contraction
.
Stirn
relaxing
rigor
-
has
.
fatigue
tone
•
•
cause
depletion
severe
Chemistry
even
,
level
of
energy
rest ,
muscle
ATP
'
-
in
ATP
regen
of
and 0)
( glucose
cells
muscle
-
using
A
+
supplies
stored
ratio globin
tissue
A
Sarcoplasm
creatine
molecules
nutrient
glucose
muscle
still
contraction
by
mitochondria
ATP initially
Catabolism
Atp
,
contraction
of
provided
numerous
contract
ATP
in
muscle
of
supply
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stirs,
Previous
cant
muscle
-
is
some
-
from
-
muscle
•
before
contracts
twitches
individual
combine
without
contraction
contraction
forceful
relaxation
ftitanio Big ←Éoso¥_ I
deletion
•
fibers
of
-
misuse
-
frequency
increasing
of
tetanic
any
-
completely
force
•
-
muscle
,
shortens
-
summation
Wave
muscle
and
phase muscle
relaxes
phase
rekeuttion
.
between
lay
slight
application
-
.
Atp
to
gylocogen
0 in
binds
as
for
a
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-
Metabolism
aerobic
Lprovided
supply
-
requires
blood
)
by
star
0
during
enough
this
-
.
results
•
anatomy
found only
microscopic
smaller
cells
gross
acid
buildup
heart HG→
in
•
skeletal
than
•
•
lactic
in
Rieve
naturalism
involuntary
-
-
anaerobic
to
turn
,
cart
Muscle
Striated
cardiac
-
Cells
exercise
oxygen
an
nucleus
single
often
attached
branched
to
end
form
to
end
networks
physiology
•
Contraction
-
individual
(
of
rate
adjacent
*
•
all
•
internal
-
S
-
A
cell
cells
will
•
contraction
Wave-like
node
fate
system
pacemaker
stimulation
fastest
of
fashion
conduction
-
itnfltrenees
rate
adopt
impulse
nerve
without
Stimulus
outside
•
Contract
Can
Cells
,
not
need
hypertrophy
'
-
nerve
increase
-
occurs
autonomic
its
although
-
parasympathetic
no
can
-
Flight
strike
balance
MUSCLE
SMOOTH
constricted
involuntary
-
gross
anatomy
locations
⑨
•
•
•
Walls
of
walls
of
eye
skin
.
forms
2
①
Visceral
② multiunit
microscopic
•
•
•
A 31M
pattern
control
arrestor
Pili
smooth
smooth
muscle
muscle
anatomy
Spindel shaped
Single
digestive tract
blood vessels
pupil
-
Catrin
Fibers
Nucleus
in
Criss
mode
Modify
outside Stirn needed
relaxation
-
systems
both
-
input
Stimulation
sympathetic
-
damage
to
nervous
activity
cell
nerve
response
in
supply
-
in
cross
or
fight
Physiology
smooth
visceral
•
found
in
organs
cells
spindle-shaped
repeated
contractions
Visceral
-
:
et
of
motion
wavelike
of
contraction
uterus
peristalsis
,
Contracts
without
stimulation
-
-
sheets
display
-
innovation
only
-
have
multiunit
•
<
•
occur
as
groves
of
rate
nerve
fibers
rather than
Cells
200 -300
-
excitation
contraction
long
to
Catt
from
Contraction
of
initial
•
w/
separate
differences
Muscle
-
cells
of
fibers
or
sheets
in iris
found
body Ceyeball)
, ciliary
Multiunit fibers
nervous
require
to
each
fiber
innervation
•
-
fraction
Muscle
delicate
and
contraction
•
external
of
Contact
dink
small
•
need
a
smooth
•
hollow
of
walls
-
duration
of
skeletal
muscle
only
to
Vs
msec
and
Skeletal
Between
25%
fatigue
of
beginning
phose
contraction
operates
pump
Consumes
difficult
latest
skeletal
Clomsoc)
relative
slowly
as
much
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