MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH
The North is the Western world ("First
World"), more developed countries while the
South is the Eastern world ("Third World") the
less developed countries.
The two groups are often defined in
terms of their differing levels of wealth,
economic development, income inequality,
democracy, and political and economic freedom,
as defined by freedom indices.
The Global North is made up of:
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. Most Western European Countries
4. Israel
5. Japan
6. New Zealand
7. Singapore
8. South Korea,
9. Taiwan (ROC)
10. and the United States.
The Global South is made up of:
1. Africa - their resources were drained out and
the people were robbed.
2. Latin America and the Caribbean - became
the new spain.
3. Pacific Islands and the developing
countries in Asia - colonized and resources
were robbed: gold.
4. The Middle East. - lobbying was introduced
to them by other countries and bomb Iraq.
5. It is home to: Brazil, India and China,
which, along with Indonesia and Mexico, are
the largest Southern states in terms of land area
and population.
Global North have in common:
1. Established Democracy - capitalist countries put up business anywhere at any time to
accumulate money.
2. Wealth
3. Technological Advancement
4. Political Stability
5. Aging Population - home for the aged
6. Zero Population - negative effect (since if
there are many populations, the business will
also grow.)
7. Dominance of world trade and politics
Global South have in common:
1. Described as newly industrialized or in the
process of industrializing
2. Are largely considered by freedom indices to
have lower - quality democracies
3. Have a history of colonialism by Northern,
often European states.
4. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Mexico
have the largest populations and economies
among Southern states.
5. The overwhelming majority of these countries
are located in or near the tropics (equator)
Despite very significant development gains
globally which have raised many millions of
people out of absolute poverty, there is
substantial evidence that inequality and
differences between the world's richest and
poorest countries is widening. There are many
causes for these inequalities including:
1. A country's vulnerability to natural hazards
and climate change
2. the availability of natural resources
3. different levels of health and education
4. the nature of a country's economy and its
industrial sectors
5. international trading policies and access to
markets
6. how countries are governed and international
relationships between countries
7. conflict within and between countries
The Global South/Global North terms are
inaccurate and misleading, Why?
The term 'Global South' originated in
postcolonial studies, and was first used in 1969.
Wake-up folks it's now 2020.
The Global South/Global North terms are
inaccurate and misleading. First, they are
descriptively inaccurate, even when they refer to
general
notions
such
as
(economic)
development. Second, they are homogenizing,
obscuring important differences between
countries supposedly part of the Global South
and North groups. In this respect, these terms are
no better than alternatives that they are trying to
replace, such as ‘the West‘ or the ‘Third World‘.
Third, the Global South/Global North terms
imply a geographic determinism that is wrong
and demotivational. Poor countries are not
doomed to be poor, because they happen to be in
the South, and their geographic position is not a
verdict on their developmental prospects.
MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
MEDIA
Media are the communication outlets or tools
used to store and deliver information or data. In
general, "Media" refers to various means of
communication.
1. Newspaper, publications are usually issued
daily. weekly, or at other regular times that
provides news, views, features, and other
information of public interest and that often
carries advertising.
2. Internet is a global computer network
providing a variety of information and
communication
facilities
consisting
of
interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols. It is used by billions
of people all over the world.
3. Television is an electronic system of
transmitting transient images of fixed or moving
objects together with sound over a wire or
through space by apparatus that converts light
and sound into electrical waves and reconverts
them into visible light rays and audible sound.
Stages of Media Revolution
1. Pre-industrial (observing and copying their
community)
2. Industrial (industrious and hardworking, not
observers but a people with a mindset for
survival)
1. Cave Paintings (around 38,000 BCE) in
Eurasia
Some theories hold that cave painting may have
been a way of communicating with others, while
other theories describe a religious or ceremonial
purpose to them.
Evidence of the painting suggests that they were
not merely decorations of living but do have
signs of ongoing habitation during their era.
2. Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia (2400
BC)
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet
clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed (reed
pen).
Once written upon, many tablets were dried in
the sun or air, remaining fragile. And have
always been found in the Middle East.
3. Electronic (think on how to prolong and
survive longer than Pre-industrial
and
Industrial)
4. Digital (computer monster)
Pre-Industrial Stage (Before 1700)
- Pre-industrial is a time before there were tools
and machines to help perform tasks and refers to
social attributes and forms of political and
cultural organization that were prevalent before
the advent of the Industrial Revolution. In short,
no machines and no factories.
3. Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that
was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It
was made from the pith of the papyrus plant,
Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge.
MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
4. Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
During the Roman Republic, their original
content included results of legal proceedings and
outcomes of trials.
Later the content was expanded to public notices
and announcements and other noteworthy
information such as prominent births, marriages,
and deaths. They were carved on stone or metal
and presented on message boards in public
places. (Official Daily Public Records or Daily
Gazettes by the Roman Empire).
7.
Printing press using Wood Blocks
(220 AD)
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing
text, images or patterns used widely throughout
East Asia and originating in China in antiquity
as a method of printing on textiles and later
paper.
Woodblock printing remained the most common
East Asian method of printing books and other
texts, as well as images, until the 19th century.
Industrial Stage (1700 - 1930 AD)
5. Dibao in China (2nd century)
A type of publication issued by central and local
governments in imperial China. It was called
"palace reports" or "imperial bulletins".
They
contained
official
news
and
announcements but were intended to be seen
only by bureaucrats.
The world was directed into the industrial age
through the power of steam and the invention of
electricity. The development of various
experiments and inventions flourished mostly in
the Western world.
This stage clearly saw the active role of
technology in advancing the way we
communicate and disseminate information.
Thus, humans and machinery worked hand in
hand toward advancing the world into this new
age.
6. Codex in the Mayan Region (5th
century)
Are folding books written by the Pre-columbian
Maya civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on
Mesoamerican barkcloth? The folding books are
the products of professional scribes. Most of the
codices were destroyed by conquistadors and
Catholic priests in the 16th century. The codices
have been named for the cities where they
eventually settled. The Dresden codex is
generally considered the most important of the
few that survive.
1. The London Gazette (1740) - journals of
record or Government gazettes of the
Government of the United Kingdom.
2. Typewriter (1800) - a big boost in
communication media.
3. Telephone (1876) - easily send news or
reports.
4. Motion Picture Photography (1890) - the
beauty of newspapers.
MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
5. Printing Press for Mass Production (1900) created for suppliers to supply quickly in large
quantities.
Electronic Stage
Overlap in the Industrial age and Electronic age
happened when human beings realized the
importance and relevance of Information as a
commodity, the electronic age is characterized
by the way humans consumed information. In a
rapidly developing pace, leading us towards
what they call “the Information society" or
"Mass Media"
1. B & W or colored T.V - watching.
2. Transistor Radio - music and information
suddenly became portable.
3. Facsimile Machine - used by industries or
businesses.
4. Video Home System (VHS) - the cable
attached to the T.V.
Ex. foreign vloggers expose their cultures,
Kdrama, and cinemas
5. The media provides a platform for businesses
to gain market shares, thereby keeping the
economy going.
Ex. online site of Securities and Exchange
Commission, Wall Street
6. It reduces cost.
Ex. monthly billing, wifi subscribing schemes,
unlimited calls and texts windows)
The disadvantage of Global Media.
1. The media can also be a bad thing for our
children.
Ex. Unsolicited movies (pornography and adult)
revisionism on history and on general
information
5. Sony Walkman - iPod for listening to music.
2. It can destroy regional cultures within a
country and diminish the differences between
different nations.
6. Nintendo Game Boy - like tablets.
Ex. cultural diversity, sense of uniqueness
Digital Stage
3. The Internet as a form of media opens up
possibilities of imposters, fraud, and hacking.
Digital age refers to our current age wherein
information is still seen as a commodity yet its
mode of recording storage and delivery, and
playback relies heavily on digital technology.
Ex. cyber terrorism, fake news, cyberbullying,
industrial sabotage
1. Mobile Phones
2. Tablets
3. Digital Camera
Ex. high profile blackmail, industrial sabotage
4. This can lead to the ruin of the reputation
of an individual or a company.
5. Media can be corrupt.
The advantages of Global Media
1. That media provides a way for information
and news to be widely shared.
Ex, educational news and information, latest
updates around the world
2. It is able to get information to the public in
a quick and timely manner.
Ex. high accessibility thru megabits per second
(MBps).
3. Has the resources to expose injustices,
corruption, or abuse of power that an average
citizen would never be able to expose.
Ex. Youtube in politics, government expose', the
Marcos era
4. It exposes us to culture, art, and ways of
life which we would otherwise never have
known.
Ex. Fake news, children, adults, election,
surveys
MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
GLOBAL MIGRATION
living standard
2. Welfare, high
consumption and
high living
standard
1.Dictatorship
2. Shadow
democracy
1. Democracy,
rule of law,
political
Stability
Migration - is a movement to another place,
often of a large group of people or animals.
2 types of Migration:
Internal migration - which refers to people
moving from one area to another within one
country.
Political
factors
3. Bad
governance
International migration - in which people
cross the borders of one country to another.
4. Political unrest
5 Types of International Migrations:
1. Those people who move permanently to
another country (immigrants) - legally accepted
by the host country and already a citizen of the
host country. Has right to vote, to choose
religion, etc,
2. To those workers who stay in another country
for a fixed period of time (expatriates) OFW’s, not allowed to be a citizen of a host
country rather only employees.
3. Illegal migrants - refers to the migration of
people into a country in violation of the
immigration law of that country. - banned/
blacklisted if caught.
4. Refugee or asylum seekers - these are people
unwilling to return back to their country because
of persecution from an account of race, religion,
nationality, social group, or political opinion. people finding new country after civil war or
terrorism.
5. Those migrants whose family have
"petitioned" them to move to the destination
country. - you may be able to petition for certain
family members to become a lawful permanent
resident.
Migrants
(Concerns)
Push-Factors
(Countries of
Origin)
Pull-Factors
(Countries of
Destination)
Demographic
factors and
social
infrastructure
1. Population
growth, young
age structure
1. Stable
population,
Population
Decline,
demographic
ageing
2. Inadequate
Education
institutions,
Medicare, and
social security
Economic
Factors
2. Full Welfare
State benefits:
Educational
institutions,
Medicare, and
Social Security
1.Unemployment, 1. Labour
low wages
demand, high
wages
2. Poverty, low
Migrants
(Concerns)
Push-Factors
(Countries of
Origin)
Environmen
tal
Factors
1. Ecological
disaster,
desertification,
lack of natural
resources,
Migrant
Flows and
Migrants
Stocks
1. Decision of the
family or the clan
2. Peace,
security,
protection of
human and civil
rights, protection
of minorities
Pull-Factors
(Countries of
Destination)
1. Better
environment
protection
with
environmental
policy, protection
2. Water shortages, of natural
soil erosion, lack
resources
of environmental
policy
2. Information
flows, media
1. Diaspora
2. ethnic
community
3. Pilgrimage
Positive Impacts of Global Migration:
1. Labour Demand and Supply: Migration fills
gaps in demand for and supply of labor
efficiently allocates skilled labor, unskilled
labor, and cheap labor.
2. Economic Remittances: Economic well
being of migrants provides better life to
households in the areas of origin, like, increases
consumer expenditures and investment in health,
education and assets formation.
3. Skill Development: Migration enhances the
knowledge and skills of migrants through
exposure and interaction with the outside world.
Like, in training, in work exposures, and social
involvement with different nationalities.
4. Quality of Life: Migration enhances chances
of employment and economic prosperity which
in turn improves quality of life. The migrants
also send extra income and remittance back
MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
home, thereby positively impacting their native
place,
5. Demographic Advantage: As a result of
outmigration, the population density of the place
of origin is reduced and the birth rate decreases.
6. Climate Change Adaptive Mechanism:
Migration has also emerged as a possible
adaptive mechanism in the context of climate
change and the occurrence of extreme weather
events like floods, droughts, and cyclones.
MIDTERMS - Vitug, Ann Princess F.
Negative impacts of Global Migration:
1. Demographic Profile: Emigration in large
numbers can alter demographic profiles of
communities, as most of the young men move
out, leaving only the women and elderly to work
on the land.
2. Political Exclusion: Migrant workers are
deprived of many opportunities to exercise their
political rights like the right to vote.
3. Population Explosion and the Influx of
workers: In the place of destination increases
competition for the job, houses, school facilities
etc., and a large population puts too much
pressure on natural resources, amenities, and
services.
4. Illiterate and Under skilled Migrants: Are
not only unfit for most jobs, because of a lack of
basic knowledge and life skills but are also
prone to the victimization of exploitation,
trafficking,
psychological
abuse,
and
gender-based violence in the case of female
migrants.
5. Increased Slum: Mass Migration results in an
increase in slum areas, compromising quality of
infrastructure and life at the destination, which
further translates into many other problems such
as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution, etc.
6. Brain Drain: Source state suffers from the
loss of human capital. - A skilled potential
employee leaves the country for another country
due to high opportunity in job demand.
Challenges
Migration:
for
the
future
of
Global
1. Inclusion and Integration of Migrants:
Internal migration is not viewed positively and
policies are often aimed at reducing internal
migration, as a result, there is a lack of
integration of migration with the process of
development.
2. Psychological and Emotional Stress: Any
person migrating to a new country faces multiple
challenges, from cultural adaptation and
language barriers to homesickness and
loneliness.
3. Employment challenges: Foreign labor
migrants often face unacceptable treatment from
their employers. For instance, some labor
migrants are paid below their contract wage and
may be forced to work long hours and denied
regular time off.
4. Health Hazards: The poor and harsh living
conditions coupled with difficult and risky
working conditions, lack of information, and
lack of medical health support also leads to
several health problems of the migrants.
5. Lack of Information: In spite of the
challenges and problems faced by the migrants
in the destination countries, there is a low
tendency to seek assistance from the diplomatic
missions in the destination countries to enhance
information access to justice.
6. Exclusion from social benefits: The need to
provide proof of address, ration cards, Voter IDs
and Aadhaar cards, which is difficult due to the
fluidity of their lives, deprive them from
accessing welfare schemes and policies.
7. Human trafficking: While the best-known
form of human trafficking is for the purpose of
sexual exploitation, hundreds of thousands of
victims are trafficked for the purposes of forced
labour, domestic servitude, child begging or the
removal of their organs.