Psychology Gray Chapter 9 Terms in this set (60) Encoding storage retreival modal model of the mind the processing of information into the memory system ( From short to longterm memory) the retention of encoded information over time the process of getting information out of memory storage. Controls flow of info from long to short term memory. General framework for thinking and talking about the mind. Sensory->Sort term--> Long term. Attention, encoding, and retrieval. The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the sensory memory memory system, even when zoning out. Does not enter consciousness. a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or iconic memory picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is echoic memory elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds the component of the information-processing system in which working memory (short term memory) current conscious mental activity occurs. All perceiving, feeling, computing, and reasoning tale place. "Seat of conscious thought". long-term memory Attention Psychology Gray Chapter 9 the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Process that controls flow of info from sensory store into short-term store. cocktail party phenomenon Selective Visual Attention pre-attentive processing Stroop Interference Effect a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby ability to select objects from multiple visual stimuli and process them to complete a task the non conscious processing of stimuli in peripheral vision presented words printed in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color of each as quickly as possible Hippocampus (encoding memories), Frontal lobes (file cabinet for Brain areas for memory mental sequences), Temporal lobe, Amygdala ( Encodes memories through emotions), Basal ganglia/cerebellum ( Procedural Memory). magical number Chunking Power of Background Knowledge serial position effect primacy effect Recency effect Alan Baddeley's model of working memory 7 plus or minus 2 organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically Affects how memories are experienced, creates unconscious biases. our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence the more accurate recall of items presented at the end of a series Working (short term memory) consists of 4 components: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive ( at the top) phonological loop Psychology Gray Chapter 9 the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information A component of working memory where we create mental images visuospatial sketchpad to remember visual information A component of working memory where information in working episodic buffer memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory) central executive system controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention as needed maintenance rehearsal (shallow A system for remembering involving repeating information to processing) oneself without attempting to find meaning in it elaborative rehearsal (Deep Processing) Mental walk Consolidation Priming Multiple systems model explicit memory episodic memory semantic memory Henry Molaison (H.M.) Psychology Gray Chapter 9 a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way Mentally walk along a familiar path, placing objects or ideas along the path in order to remember. Transfer of liable memory into stable memory. the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response Memory is explicit (Episodic and semantic) and Implicit ( Procedural, classical conditioning, and priming). memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world • famous patient who suffered anterograde amnesia (cannot form new memories) after having surgery implicit memory proceduralization anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia motor memory Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously The process by which declarative knowledge is converted into procedural knowledge an inability to form new memories an inability to retrieve information from one's past memory of motor skills (riding a bike) the loss in memory abilities that occurs as a result of damage to temporal lobe amnesia structures in the limbic system that lie under the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex retroactive interference proactive information the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information The phenomenon whereby retrieval time to retrieve a particular fact fan effect about a concept increases as more facts are known about that concept. retrieval-induced forgetting a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items phenomenon of remembering something better when the encoding specificity conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it The phenomenon in learning that states we are better able to Associations remember information if it is paired with something we are familiar with or otherwise stands out. spreading activation model Psychology Gray Chapter 9 a connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into retrieval cues behavior Aristotle's principle that if two environmental events (stimuli) occur at association by contiguity the same time or one right after the other (contiguously), those events will be linked together in the mind association by similarity Schema scripts eyewitness memory Source Confusion effect of context procedural memory items that share one or more properties in common are linked in memory whether or not they were ever experienced together a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur A narrative memory of a personally witnessed event. Oftentimes unreliable. a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten Creates Biases the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false Elizabeth Loftus memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony Stephen Kosslyn Researcher who explored the process of "zooming in" on the details of mental images.
