1. A situation of danger or difficulty :
crisis
2. A specific activity in a company, e.g. production, marketing, finance : function
3. independent, able to take decisions without consulting … : autonomous
4. independent, able to make decisions without consulting someone at the same level or higher in the chain of
command
: autonomous
5. a person who provides expert advice to a company : consultant
6. a new idea of method : innovation
7. something you plan to do or achieve : objective (noun)
8. when someone is raised to a higher or more important position : promotion
9. the section of the economy under government control : public sector
10. a plan for achieving success : strategy
11. a person with a less important position in an organization : subordinate
12. give someone else responsibility for doing something instead of you : delegate
13. a system of authority with different levels, one above the other, e.g., a series of management positions, whose
: hierarchy/chain of command
14. the power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command : line authority
15. be responsible to someone and take instructions from them : report to
16. (someone) believing that the group is more important than the individual : collectivist
17. reducing demands or changing opinions in order to agree : compromise
18. a face-to-face disagreement or argument : confrontation
19. people of influence or importance with whom you are associated : connections
20. looking directly at the people you are talking to or listening to : eye contact
21. an invented word combining worldwide and regional concerns : glocalization
22. do something when necessary without having already planned it : improvise
23. to cut into someone else's turn to speak : interrupt
24. understanding or knowing without consciously using reason : intuition
25. thought based on reason and judgment rather than feelings and emotions : logic
26. be humiliated or disrespected in public : lose face
27. respect, prestige or importance given to someone : status
28. meet or find unexpectedly or by accident : come across
29. required, obligatory, necessary according to the law : compulsory
30. an officially imposed number or quantity : quota
31. done by choice, without legal obligation : voluntary
32. obeying laws or regulations : compliance
33. the ending or termination of an organization : dissolution
34. trainees, people still learning their job : apprentices
35. someone who changes their beliefs : convert
36. being officially responsible for something : accountability
37. firmly fixed in something or part of something : embedded
holders can make decisions, or give orders and instructions
38. the quality of people's lives : standards of living
39. someone who establishes a company : founder
40. the potential cost of taking a chance : risk premium
41. the value of a business activity : equity
42. causing trouble and stopping something from continuing as usual : disruptive
43. increasing or decreasing more and more quickly as time passes : exponentially
44. the obtaining of supplies : procurement
45. the state of being successful and having a lot of money : prosperity
46. the situation when something is not likely to change : stability
47. providing a large amount of good things : bountiful
48. things that cause difficulties : headaches
49. official rules of the act of controlling something : regulation
50. changing or improving a product or service : reworking
51. getting rid of things which are no longer useful or wanted : scrapping
52. to examine a machine and repair and faulty parts (in the text) : service
53. guarantees: written promises to repair or replace products that develop a fault : warranties
54. places of business for selling goods to customers (shops, stores, kiosks, etc.) : outlets
55. all the different products, brands, and items that a company sells : product mix
56. businesses that sell goods or merchandise to individual customers : retailers
57. a graphic image or symbol specifically created to identify a company or a product : logo
58. wrappers and containers used to enclose and protect a product : packaging
59. the extent to which consumers are aware of a brand, and knows its name : brand recognition
60. surfaces in a store on which goods are displayed : shelves
61. the sales of a company expressed as a percentage of total sales in a given market : market share
62. consumers who buy various competing products rather than being loyal to a particular brand : brand
switchers the sales of a company expressed as a percentage of total sales in a given market
63. all the companies or individuals ("middleman") involved in moving goods or services from producers to
consumers : distribution channel
64. an intermediary that stores manufacturers' goods or merchandise, and sells it to retailers and professional
buyers
: wholesaler
65. dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits : market
segmentation
66. making a product (appear to be) different from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences,
packaging, advertising, etc.
: product differentiation
67. possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services :
market opportunities
68. setting a high price for a new product, to make maximum revenue before competing products appear on the
market
: market skimming
69. someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services :
sales representative
70. the attributes or characteristics of a product, such as size, shape, quality, price, reliability, etc. : product
features
71. the extent to which supply or demand (the quantity produced or bought) of a product responds to change of
price : price elasticity
72. the extent to which supply or demand (the quantity produced or bought) of a products responds to changes of
price
: price elasticity
73. the strategy of setting a low price to try to sell a large volume and increase market share : market
penetration
74. companies that design advertising for clients : advertising agencies
75. the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time : advertising campaign
76. the statement of objectives that a client works out with an advertising agency : brief
77. a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy : target customers
78. the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space :
advertising budget
79. the choice of where to advertise in order to reach the right people : media plan
80. choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as one's competitors : comparative-parity method
81. a small amount of a product given to customers to encourage them to try it : (free) sample
82. free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends : word-of-mouth
advertising
83. trying to get customers to forward an online marketing message to other people : viral marketing
84. what an organization can do better than its competitors : competitive advantage
85. able to continue over a period of time : sustainable
86. the sales businesses expect to achieve in a particular period of time : sales forecasts
87. where total costs equal total income from sales and the company makes neither a profit nor a loss : break-
even point
88. the total income received by a business before any expenses are paid : revenue
89. an investor's plan for getting their investment back and potentially realizing a profit : exit strategy
90. the people who establish a company or other organization : founders
91. the people who are employed in an organization : personnel (or staff)
92. money placed in a bank: Deposits
93. a sum of money borrowed from a bank: Loan
94. the money invested in a business: Capital
95. certificates representing part-ownership of a company: Stocks or shares
96. certificates of debt issued by governments or companies to raise money: Bonds
97. when one company combines with another one: Merger
98. when one company offers to buy or acquire another one: Takeover bid (hostile or friendly)
99. buying and selling stocks or shares for clients: Stockbroker(n) Stockbroking(v)
stockbrocking
101.all the investments owned by an individual or organization: Portfolio
102.all the investment owned by an individual or organization: portfolio
103. profit made on investment: return
104.the profits made on investments: Returns
105.the profit made on investments: returns
106.unable to pay debts or continue to do business: Bankrupt
107.the ending or relaxing of legal restrictions: Deregulation
100.
buying or selling stocks or shares for clients:
108. a group of companies, operating in different fields, which have joined together: Conglomerate
109.the price paid for borrowing money, paid to the lenders: Interest
110.bank accounts in which cheques(BrE)/checks(AmE) can be written and honored by the bank: Current
account(BrE) Checking account(AmE)
111.accounts in which checks cannot be written but usually offers higher interest rates than current
accounts/checking accounts : Savings or deposit account(BrE) Time or notice account(AmE)
112.machines that dispense cash, accept deposits, by which bills can be paid: Cashpoints(BrE) ATMs Automated
Teller Machines(AmE)
113.promissory notes paid back by banks in which take in place of cash: Chequebook(BrE) Checkbook(AmE)
114.a card that identifies a person as entitled to have food, merchandise, services, etc., billed on a charge account:
Credit card
115.a plastic card that resembles a credit card but functions like a check and through which payments for purchases
or services are made electronically to the bank accounts of participating retailing establishments directly from
those of card holders: Debit card
116.monetary transaction dealing with foreign currency: Buying or selling foreign currency for traveling(BrE)
Travelling(AmE)
117.1.a conveyance of an interest in property as security for the repayment of money borrowed
2.the deed by which such a transaction is effected
3.the rights conferred by it, or the state of the property conveyed: Mortgage-a loan to buy property(BrE) real
estate(AmE)
118.recommendation or suggestion one receives from a professional: Investment advice
119.the possibility to borrow money by spending more than you have in your bank account: Overdraft
120.banking through financial services electronically: Internet banking (payments, transfers)
121.banking through financial services through phone system: Telephone banking (payments, transfers)
122.receives deposits from, and make loans to, individuals and small companies: Commercial banks
123.work with big companies, giving financial advice, raising capital by issuing stocks or shares and bonds, arranging
mergers and takeovers bids, etc:
Investment banks
124.provide wealthy individuals with banking and investment services: Private banks
125.private investment funds for wealthy investors tha use a wider variety of risky investing strategies than
traditional investment funds, in order to achieve higher returns: Hedge funds
126.founded in Islamic countries, offer interest-free banking. They do not pay interest to depositors or charge
interest to borrowers, but invest in companies and share the profits (or losses) with their depositors.:
banks
Islamic
127.car manufacturers, food retailers and department stores offering products like personal loans, credit cards and
insurance:
Non-bank financial intermediaries
128. estimates of people's ability to fulfill their financial commitments: Credit rating
129. estimates of people's ability to fulfil their financial commitments: Credit rating
130.failure to repay a loan: Default
131.with property or another asset used as a guarantee of payment: Collateralized
132.the money generated by an investment: Cash flow
133.cancel a bad debt or a worthless asset from an account: Write off
134.nongovernmental organization: NGO
135.property or other assets used as a guarantee of payment: Collateral
136.the lending of very small amounts of money at low interest, especially to a start-up company or self-employed
person: Microfinance
137.(often called High Street banks in Britain) receive deposits from, and make loans to, individuals and small
companies.: retail banks or commercial banks
138.work with big companies, giving financial advice, raising capital by issuing stocks and shares and bonds,
arranging mergers and takeover bids, and so on.:
Investment banks
139.which can be used by wealthy individuals provide them Banking and Investment Services.: Private banks
140.are private investment funds for wealthy Investors(both individuals ans institutions) that use a wider variety of
(risky) investing strategies than traditional investment funds, in order to achieve higher returns.: Hedge funds
141. an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy, e.g.
the Fed (US):
central bank
142. a financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public;
clearing or retail bank : commercial bank
143. a bank which deals with companies instead of the public, investment bank : merchant bank
144. the combination of two or more companies into one: merger
145. the taking over the control of one company by another: acquisition
146. an arrangement that sb has with a bank to keep money there and take some out: account
147. an amount of money that is paid into a bank or savings account: deposit
148. the act of taking an amount of money out of your bank account: withdrawal
149. money that an organization such as a bank lends and somebody borrows: loan
150. housing loan, a special type of a loan for real estate purchase, buying property: mortgage
151. a report of deposits, withdrawals, and bank balances sent to a depositor by a bank: bank statement
152. cash machine, cashpoint: ATM
153. a plastic card used to make purchases now and pay for them later: credit card
154. allows you to withdraw money or pay for purchases from your checking or savings account: debit card
155. money used in another country: foreign currency
156. money in the form of bills or coins: cash
157. an amount of money paid for employee services every month: salary
158. an amount of money paid to an employee at a specified rate per hour worked: wages
159. deposit, time, notice account: savings account
160. checking account: current account
161. ATM (automated teller machine), cash dispenser: cashpoint
162. possibility to borrow money by spending more than you have in your bank account: overdraft
163. private investment funds for wealthy investors that use a wide variety of risky investing strategies
:
hedge funds
164. investment companies that combine the money from a large group of investors to buy stocks and other
investments to diversify the risk; unit trusts:
mutual funds
165. a bank providing banking and investment services to wealthy individuals: private bank
166. to cancel / abolish a law: repeal
167. wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic
value:
capital
168. certificates representing part-ownership of a company: stocks
169. certificates of debt issues by governments or companies to raise money: bonds
170. an offer to buy shares in order to take over the company: takeover bid
171. buying and selling stocks or shares for clients: stockbroking
172. all the investments owned by an individual or an organization: portfolio
173. someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts, insolvent: bankrupt
174. describes an asset that cannot be quickly converted into cash without much loss of value: illiquid
175. the removal of some government controls over a market: deregulation
176. a group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization:
conglomerate
177. a fixed charge for borrowing money: interest
178. a person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business: entrepreneur
179. financial crisis that began from the lending practices made to subprime borrowers, i.e. borrowers who had poor
credit ratings: subprime crisis
180. a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high;
credit squeeze: credit crunch
181. an estimate, based on previous dealings, of a person's or an organization's ability to fulfill their financial
commitments:
credit rating
182. a security pledged for the repayment of a loan: collateral
183. the practice of offering small, collateral- free loans to individuals who otherwise would not have access to the
capital necessary to begin small businesses or other income-generation activities: microfinance
184. indentifying customers, defininig and developing the products or services they want and distributing them, and
even anticipating and creating customers' needs: marketing
185. the blending of four marketing elements - product, distribution/place, price, and promotion: marketing mix
186. characteristics of a product, e.g. its colour, design, quality, etc.: features of a product
187. a pricing policy whereby a firm charges a relatively low price for a product initially as a way to reach the mass
market: penetration
188. a high price is set to ensure large profits are made and R&D costs recovered before the competitors are able to
produce a similar product:
skimming
189. a pricing strategy based on what all the other competitors are doing; the price can be set at, above, or below
competitors' prices:
competition pricing
190. establishing a single price for all products in a product line: product line pricing
191. selling more than one product together for a single price, e.g. several software packages included in the
purchase of a PC:
bundle pricing
192. pricing goods and services at price points that make the product appear less expensive than it is:
psychological pricing
193. any activity designed to create a favorable image of a business, its products, or its policies: public relations
194. short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service, e.g. discounts, sales, placing
products, etc.: sales promotion
195. personal presentation by the firm's sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer
relationships.:
personal selling
196. the selling of goods to final consumers: retail
197. the selling of goods to merchants usually in large quantities: wholesale
198.set of people and organizations responsible for the flow of products and services from the producer to the
ultimate user:
distribution channel
199. the process of dividing a market into meaningful, relatively similar, and identifiable segments or groups:
market segmentation
200. real or imagined differences between competing products in the same industry: product differentiation
201. possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services:
market opportunities
202. the specific characteristics of a product: product features
203. the extent to which supply or demand of a product responds to changes of price: price elasticity
204. as a company produces larger numbers of a particular product, the cost of each of these products goes down:
economies of scale
205. a reduction in costs that a company achieves by producing two or more related products or providing several
services, rather than separate products or services: economies of scope
206. all the companies or individuals ('middlemen') involved in moving goods or services from producers to
consumers: distribution channel
207. making a product (appear to be) different from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences,
advertising, packaging, etc.:
product differentiation
208. the attributes of characteristics of a product, such as size, shape, quality, price, reliability, etc.:
product features
209. an intermediary that stocks manufacturers' goods or merchandise, and sells it to retailers and professional
buyers:
210.
wholesaler