SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Oral Communi cation
in Contex t
Module No. 2
Models of Communication
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
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Oral Communication in Context
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Oral Communication in
Context
Module No. 2
Models of Communication
First Semester
First Quarter
2 hours
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Title Page
Table of Contents
Module Overview
General Instruction
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ii
iv
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Module Lesson : Models of Communication
What I Need to Know
What I know
What’s In What’s
New
Activity 1:My Y and Y
What Is It?
Topic :
Common Models
Activity 2: Agree / Disagree
Activity 3: Seen Scenario
Activity 4: Key Ideas
Activity 5:Compare and Contrast
What’s More?
Activity 6:Comic Strips Analysis
What I Have Learned
Activity 7:Reality Check
What I Can Do
Activity 8: Follow Your Lead
Assessment
Activity 9: How Well Do You Know
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3
5
5
6
8
9
11
12
13
16
17
18
Self-Check:
Activity 10: Self-checking Additional
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Activity:
Activity 11: Reflection Time
Let’s Sum Up
Post Test
Key to Answers
References
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OVERVIEW
the process of communication. It is about time to learn the different models of
communication to further understand the process of communication and how
communication happens. These communication models are conceptual models.
Conceptual models are structures that simplify the explanation of how something
or how a system works. Because communication is a process as discussed in the
previous module, the communication models will do a better way of explaining the
process.
This module focuses on the various models of communication introduced by
communication experts and contains essential learning competencies especially
crafted by the Department of Education. Understanding the underlying models will
enable you to have a better grasp of the process of communication. The lesson in this
module jump-starts with the basic definition of communication, down to its function,
nature, elements and processes that will help you achieve your role as effective
communicator. Hence, this module contains the following:
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
 Differentiate the various models of communication. (EN 11/ 12 OC-1a-3)
 Distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the other.(EN
11/ 12 OC-1a-4)
Semester:
1st Semester
Quarter:
1st Quarter
Number of Hours: 2 Hours
Stay with me in this journey through learning the models of communication!
Your Speech Teacher
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GENERAL INSTRUCTION
To attain the goals of this module, do the following:

Do not put some markings on this Module as there are still other students who will
be using it. You will need a separate COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK
where you will write all your answers and writing activities of this module. Be sure to
LABEL your work according to the Module, lessons, and the date you work on it.

Each Module has a brief instruction and followed by a list of objectives. Read them
and follow instructions carefully.

Before going over the activities, answer the PRETEST first then find out how well
you did by checking your answers given in the self-assessment activity. Each activity
must be according to the objectives of this Module.

Take note of the skills or strategies you are trying to develop.

After each activity, you need to go over the items which you think you failed.

Wait for the teacher’s instruction as to when to take the POST TEST. This is usually
done when you have mastered the previous lessons.

Always make sure you read the module carefully and all the indicated instructions.

Follow the directions and instructions in the activities conscientiously.

Ensure that all exercises are answered and activities are complied.

Equip yourself with the necessary vocabulary and terminology in each given
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TI
VARIOUS MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
“Communication is a skill that you can learn. If you’re willing to work
at it, you can rapidly improve the quality of every
part of your life.” -Brian Tracy-
NEED TO KNOW
At the end of this module you are expected to:
1. identify the three standard communication models;
2. differentiate the various models of communication; and
3. distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication
process from the other.
WHAT I KNOW
3
Before the discussion of the models of Communication, let us
see your background knowledge on this topic by taking the
PRETEST first.
Read the statement carefully and answer the question that
follows. Write your answers on your Communication Activity
Notebook.
1. Which proponent of the communication model says that Communication
is linear?
a) Schramm Model c) Shannon-Weaver
b) b) Charles Osgood's Model
d) Dance
2. This theorist refers transmission model of Communication as that involves
signal.
a) Shannon-Weaver
c) Schramm
b) Charles Osgood's
d) Dance
3. It is the medium that transmits the signal from the transmitter to the receiver.
a) The channel c) receiver
b) messenger
d) television
4. The
is to whom the message is intended to be sent.
a) the channel
c) sender
b) The receiver d) barrier
5. He showed Communication as a dynamic or two-way process in which there is
interactive relationship between the source and the receiver of the message.
a) Osgood c) Shannon
b) Schramm
d) Weaver
6. The following elements are added to the Transactional Model, EXCEPT:
a) nonverbal communication c) context
b) feedback
d) meaning
7. Transactional Model says people can be both sender and receiver, is proposed by:
c) Osgood c) Shannon
d) Schramm
d) Weaver
8. Communication is
a) verbal only
b) from ONLY one to many only
c) transmission of information with passive recipients
d) a process
9. Which of the following is NOT true of the Shannon Weaver Model of Communication?
a) message does not consist of written and spoken words
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b) the model does not introduce the concept of noise.
c) It is a two-way process
d) all of the above
10. The following are the main elements of Wilbur Schramm's simplified communication
model (1954), except;
a) barrier c) channel
b) speaker / Source
d) receiver
Here’s another thumbs up for you! You did a great job and I
guess, you are just as excited as I am to discover new things
related to communication.
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WHAT’S IN?
In our previous lessons, you have been acquainted with the elements of communication.
These elements are the sender, receiver, message, encoding, decoding, channel,
feedback, barrier and context which are all essential in the communication process.
The next lesson will shade light on how some language and
communication experts developed the models in communication and how significant
these models are to the world. Among the models, we will only tackle 3 standard
models of communication.
WHAT’S NEW?
Activity 1: My X and Y
Instruction: On your Communication Activity Notebook, Think of a
possession (thing) you consider very important to you that you
acquired or that your parents bought you 5 - 10 years ago. It could
be a cell phone, bag, shoes, laptop, car, etc.
Follow the example in the matrix and fill it in with the needed details. Note: The
activity is named “My X and Y” referring to past important items (Ex) and the reason for
liking it (Why)
Name of the
object
Ex. Cellphone
ITEM
1ST
2ND
3RD
4TH
ACQUISITION
Year
2001
2004
2008
2010
Nokia 7280
Sony Ericsson Motorola A955
Model / brand
Nokia 3310
It has torchlight
Special
feature
It was affordable
Why chose
and durable
the product
Answer the following questions after doing the matrix.
1. Why did you like that object?
2. Why did you choose that brand/model?
3. Why do you think brands/models keep changing?
4. Do you agree with the modifications of these brands? Why or why not?
5. What do you think is the relevance of this activity to our new lesson?
My X and Y
T IS
Very good! You just did a great job. Now, let us
find out first what does "MODEL" mean?
A model is a graphic representation
designed to explain the way a variable works. It
is a pattern, a plan, representation or description
to sh5ow the structure or workings of an object,
system and concept.
IT?
Communication models describe the process of
communication, visually show the relationship among variables
and help find and correct communication problems.
What are the three standard models of communication?
1. Linear Model of Communication (Transmission Model)
The linear model was the first kind of model that experts have made to understand
the process of communication. It has improved and has been updated over the years.
The following are the remarkable characteristics of the linear model:
1) Unidirectional - Linear model is one-way communication where the speaker
sends messages to the receiver with or without effect. Senders can only transmit
messages while receivers can only receive the messages. This model of
communication applies to mass communication.
2) Simple - This model presents a simple communication acts because the
transmission of message shows only the beginning and the end and that there is
no interchanging of roles between the sender and receiver.
3) Persuasion not Mutual understanding
This model shows the one-way direction of communication which promotes advice
and influence rather than mutual understanding between receiver and sender.
The first three characteristics emphasize the lack of feedback in this model which has
been criticized as a missing element in the communication process
4) Values psychological over social effects:
This model focuses more on the psychological effects (such as understanding the
messages) rather than the social effects (like building the relationship among
communicators).
The Shannon-Weaver model (1949), also known as the transmission model and
the mother of all communication models is one best example of a one-way or linear
process of communication consisting of five elements (see diagram below) which have
been criticized for missing one element in the communication process, feedback.
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In module 1, all the elements were discussed and will be elaborated further in the
next module. But the Shannon-Weaver Model acknowledges only 5 elements in the
linear process and noise is a kind of disturbance coming from people, the environment,
internal knowledge, beliefs, etc. which hinders the receiver from getting and
understanding the message.
The Shannon-Weaver Model illustration above shows the characteristics of the
Linear Model of Communication. First, as shown in the direction of the arrow, it is a
unidirectional or one-way direction where the speaker sends messages to the
receiver with or without effect. Second, it is simple as it only shows beginning and end
of communication, but there is no interchanging of communication roles between
communicators. The first two characteristics emphasize persuasion and
understanding the message rather than mutual understanding and social relationship.
Example of the elements of the Shannon-Weaver Model
Elements
Example:
Sender
You
Receiver
Your friend
channel
Your mobile network
encoder
Your mobile’s network company
Decoder
The receiver’s Smartphone
Noise
your friend receives only parts of the SMS message you tried
to send due to disruption of mobile signal
Have you lear ned something about the
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication?
What do you think is the most striking “YOU
CANNOT COMMUNICATE?”
Let’s try the next activity and see your
stand based on the lesson, are you ready?
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Activity 2: Agree / Disagree
Write A if you agree to the statement and D if you disagree. Please write
your answer in BIG LETTERS in the column provided. Write your answers on your
Communication Activity Notebook.
Agree
/
Disagree
Statements
1. In the Shannon - Weaver Model of Communication, the
receiver can only receive the message.
2. If the role of the receiver in this model is to only receive the
message, then it means that there is no way the sender will know
whether the sent message was understood or not.
3. The linear model is a one-way direction of communication
which promotes advice and influence rather than mutual
understanding between receiver and sender.
4. Feedback from the receiver happens in the Shannon - Weaver
Model.
5. The decoder changes the message into a signal then sends it
over the communication channel.
6. The Shannon-weaver model is considered as the mother of all
communication models.
7. This model is said to have effects more on building relationship
with the communicators rather than understanding the messages.
8. The channel is the medium the sender uses to transmit the
message/s.
9. Shannon-Weaver model is different from transmission model.
10. In a linear model, the element of feedback is present.
Activity 3: Seen Scenario
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Fill out the empty boxes with a simple scenario reflecting a linear model of
communication. Write this on your Communication Activity Notebook.
Right! the Shannon - Weaver model is considered as the
mother of all models and is also known as the
transmission model. It was being criticized because the
model does not include feedback among its elements.
Now let us take a look at the second model of
communication. You may watch video here. (insert video)
Transactional Communication Model
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The Transactional Model of Communication illustrates how the sender and receiver
take turns in conveying and receiving messages and are called as “communicators.”
The sender and receiver’s roles are reversed each time sending and receiving
messages occur at the same time. Since both sender and receiver are necessary to
keep the communication alive in Transactional Model, the communicators are also
interdependent to each other. Thus, if the receiver is not listening to the sender,
Transactional Communication is not possible.
Frank Dance (1967) introduced the Helix model that best illustrates the
Transactional Model by showing how the development of communication is based on
previous experiences or behaviors as well as how the knowledge-base of a person
deepens and expands throughout life. He emphasized, “that communication while
moving forward is at the same time coming back to itself and being affected by its past
behavior…” Dance’s model also shows how the external and internal factors that are
learned throughout life influence the person’s understanding of a message.
The characteristics of Transactional Model
1.
2.
3.
4.
Communication evolves from the very first day (origin) until the existing moment.
Communication is largely dependent on its past.
Concept of time.
Communication process is the product of what we learned.
.
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So to put it in simple terms, Transactional Model of Communication involves
three principles:
1. people send messages continuously and simultaneously 2.
communication events that have a past, present, and future, and; 3.
participants play certain roles in the conversation.
How does the second model of communication look to you? Do you think the
second model is better than the first model? Why or why not?
Activity4. Key Ideas
This is to check your grasp of the topics discussed earlier. Write down on your
Communication Activity Notebook the essential ideas needed.
The 3 basic characteristics of Transactional Model
1.
2.
3.
The 4 characteristics of linear model
4.
5.
6.
7.
The two other names of linear model
8.
9.
The other name of transactional model
10.
Activity 5: Compare and Contrast
Create Venn diagram on your Communication Activity Notebook, then compare
and contrast the first 2 models of communication discussed in this module and
afterwards, discuss your diagram and the most striking
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characteristics/differences between the two models.
Similarities
Transmission Model
Transactional Model
There you go! How was your experience so far
with the first two models of communication? Ready to
venture to the third one? Watch this video first. Insert
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WHAT’S MORE?
Activity 6: Comic Strips Analysis
Study how the process of communication is shown in
this comic strip. Then answer the questions posed below as
direct as possible. Write your answers on your Communication
Activity Notebook.
Analysis Questions:
1. In comic strip 1, who is the source of the message and what is the medium of
communication?
2. Which comic strip shows the message of the conversation? Cite and explain.
3. Are the elements such as noise, feedback involved in the process? Cite and explain
4. What do you think is being talked about in comic strips 4? Is there any sharing of
field of experience? Cite and Explain.
5. Can you say that this conversation depicts a good communication model? Why or
why not?
You did a great job in the previous lessons.
Voila! We are now down to the last model of
communication, so, buckle up!
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Interactive Communication Model
This model, also known as the convergence model or the
Schramm Model of Communication emphasizes the coding and decoding elements of
the process which also focuses on the message exchanges between the sender and
receiver and vice versa. Rather than linear or a one-way process, communication is a
two-way street, with a sender and a receiver.
Wilbur Schramm introduced the interactive communication model where he
emphasized the need for the source to encode the message as well as for the receiver
to decode the message. These messages will always be affected by the “field of
experience” from various factors namely; social, cultural, psychological, situational
experiences or gained knowledge.
In this model, noise is considered as a form of barrier in communication. The
following elements are included in this model of Communication:
Elements
1. Sender
(transmitter)
2. Encoder
3. Decoder
4. Interpreter
5. Receiver
6. Message
7. Feedback
8. Medium or
media
9. Noise
(interference /
disruptions)
Functions
sends the message
converts the message into codes before sending
gets the encoded message then converts it into the
language understandable by the receiver
tries to understand and analyze the message. The message
is considered received after the interpretation is done and
message is understood. Interpreter and receiver are the
same.
gets the message. Decoding and interpreting is
also part of his/her role.
data sent by the sender and information that the
receiver gets.
process where in receiver responds to the
received message
channel used to send the message.
interference disruptions during the process. This is also
created when the intended meaning sent by the sender is
different from what was interpreted by the receiver.
10. Field
Experience
of patterns which affect the communication process. This can
be from society, culture, situations, psychological or
sociological events or experiences of the sender and
receiver.
Let us study the illustration below.
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Figure 2: Schramm Model of Communication
Features of Interactive Communication Model
1. It has a never-ending process of communication and feedback where there is
roleswitching between the sender and the receiver as they continue the exchange of
messages. It means that in the next flow of communication, the sender may become
the receiver while the receiver in the first communication process becomes the sender
in the next communication flow when gives his feedback or response.
2. Feedback is seen as an important part of this model to ensure that communication
takes place. With feedback, it gives the sender the chance to know whether his / her
receiver got the message the way he / she intended it to be understood. Feedback in
short, helps communicator to seek for clarification.
3. The field of experience affects the messages being exchanged. It means that the
background of the persons involved in the communication process plays a role in how
they interpret the messages received or how they encode the messages they will be
sending.
4. It encourages interaction. This means that the Interactive model triggers the
communicators to give their responses because they share common experiences and
thus share a common understanding.
“If there is no commonality in the sender and receiver
field of experience. Then, communication does not take place.”
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WHAT I CAN DO
Activity8. Follow Your Lead
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This is a 1-minute follow-all-instructions
activity. Your Teacher will provide you a copy of what to do. Do
not write anything on this activity sheet. Write your answers on
your Communication Activity Notebook. You start as soon as the
teacher tells you to do so and stop when time is up.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Instructions:
1. Read all instructions first.
Write your favorite color anywhere on the paper.
Draw a big circle at the center of your paper.
Write your birthday at the upper right corner of your paper.
Write a big “#1” below the big circle.
Write your Nickname below your birthday.
Draw a box in the lower left corner of this paper.
Draw any object that represents your dream profession inside the big circle.
Write the name of your crush inside the box.
Draw a star on top of the big circle.
Write the lesson of this module right after #1
Draw a smiley anywhere on your paper.
Put a checkmark before #1.
Write “I love Oral Communication” anywhere on your paper.
Ignore all other instructions and write your name on top of this paper.
Whoa! That was cool, isn’t it? Did you have
fun with what you did? Were you able to follow
the instruction? Well, that is what
communication is in the real sense. And based
on this lesson, we need encoding to be able to
put in the right message we intend to send to
our listeners and we also need feedback to
clarify whether our listener got the correct
instruction. Do you remember which model
of
communication
introduced
feedback? Right! Wilbur Schramm did!
ASSESSMENT
Activity 9: How well do you know the models?
Copy the matrix below on your Communication Activity
Notebook and fill it out with the necessary information
indicated in the first column.
Features
Proponent/s
Communication Models of Communication
Linear
Transactional
Interactive
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Common
Features
Striking Feature
Advantages
Disadvantages
Best Time to Use
1. I can identify the three standard communication models;
2. I can differentiate the various models of communication;
and
3. I can distinguish the unique feature(s) of one
communication process from the other.
I guess, you are indeed ready for a self-check.
SELF-CHECK!
Activity 10: Self-checking
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Great job! You have completed the lesson successfully! Before going to the next
lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.
I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach
what I learned to others.
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things
that I need to review and relearn.
I need to do additional work to be able to master the
lesson.
need help in some tasks.
If you checked the first icon, you are ready for
Module 3. If you have checked the second icon, you
need to review the things that you need to relearn. If
you have checked the third icon, it would be best if you
read more from the links given above and ask help from
your teacher, parents , or peers in clarifying the lessons
that you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly
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Activity 11: Reflect and Answer. Write your reflection on your Communication Activity
Notebook.
Wonderful! You had great
things to reflect on! Have you
also reflected on this, that there
is no such thing as wrong
models? There may be better or
best models though! Experts
made improvements on the
models of commun ication based
on their observation and analysis
and over the years, new theories
sprang out as they (theorists/
experts) keep on digging deeper
into communication structure.
Okay, so shall we do the
wrapping up of our lesson now?
LET’S SUM UP!
In this module, we have learned the following facts:
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
Communication models describe the process of communication, show the
relationship among variables, and help find and correct communication problems.

There are three standard models of communication namely: Linear,
Transaction and Interactive models.

The linear model is a one way process of communication that is
unidirectional, uses simple communication act, emphasis persuasion rather than
mutual understanding and values psychological over social effects;

In Transactional Model, the sender and receiver take turns in exchanging
information and are called communicators.

Frank Dance developed the Helical Model that emphasizes communication
as evolving from the start until the existing moment; it is dependent of the past and is
concerned on the concept of time.

The Transactional communication model suggests communication as a
product of what we learned.

Man’s field of experience affect the communication process according to
Wilbur Schramm because the commonality of experience taking place between sender
and receiver allows them to interact.
Congratulations, my dear learner! You
finally have completed Module 2! and you
are now ready to take the Post Test.
From here, you will be embarking on a
new learning journey with Module 3. So long!
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POST TEST
I.
True or False. Write T if the statement is True and if the
statement is False, change the underlined word with the correct
word/phrase to make the statement correct. Take note, please do
not answer give a straight T answer as there are 5 True and 5
False statements here.
1. Communication models describe how the process of
communication, show the relationship among variables and
help find and repair problems in communication.
2. Frank Dance introduced the Linear Model of
Communication.
3.Convergence Model of Communication is concerned more
on persuasion rather than mutual understanding.
4. The term unidirectional feature of communication means communication is a twoway process.
5. Transactional model shows the important roles of the sender and receivers as
communicators as they reverse roles.
6. Helical Model of communication is an example of
Transactional Model of communication.
7. Wilbur Schramm believes on the commonality of experience
between sender and receiver.
8. Field of Experience is found in Interactive Model of Communication.
9. When the sender and receiver share the background or field
of experience, Linear Model of communication is depicted.
10. Interactive model supports the idea that there is a never-ending process of
communication and feedback when communicators exchange messages in roleswitching manner.
II. Multiple Choice. Write your answers on the Communication Activity Notebook.
1. This communication model illustrates how the sender and receiver take turns in
conveying and receiving messages and are called as “communicators.”
a) Linear
b) transmission
c) transactional
d) interactive
2. Frank Dance introduced the Helical model under this model of communication.
a) Linear
b) transmission
c) transactional
d) interactive
3. The characteristic of the communication model such as “communication evolves
from the very first day until the existing moment is high:”
a) Linear
b) transmission
c) transactional
d) interactive
4. Feedback is seen as an important part of this communication model to ensure that
communication takes place.
a) Linear
b) transmission
c) transactional
d) interactive
5. This Transactional Model that shows the development of communication on how
the knowledge-base of a person deepens and expands throughout life is
introduced by:
a) Wilbur Schramm c) Frank Dance
b) Shannon-Weaver
d) Wilbert Schindler
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6. When a communication is affected by the society, culture, situations, psychological
or sociological events or experiences of the sender and receiver this element is
known as:
a) Channel c) feedback
b) Field of experience
d) context
7. In this model of communication, the roles of the sender and receiver are reversed
each time sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
a) Linear
b) transmission
c) transactional
d) interactive
8. This model of communication is also called as “convergence model of
communication.”
a) Linear
b) transmission
c) transactional
d) interactive
9. He emphasized that communication is a one-way process where the speaker
sends messages to the receiver with or without effect.
a) Frank Dance
c) Wilbert Schindler
b) Wilbur Schramm d) Shannon-Weaver
5. These characteristics emphasize the lack of feedback in the Linear Model of
Communication, except:
a) It is a simple communication act
b) has one-way communication
c) It values psychological more than social effects
d) It focuses on persuasion rather than on mutual understanding.
REFERENCES
Baraceros, Esther L. and Lintao, Rachelle, B. (2010). English 4: Oral
Communication in Context (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
Dapat, Jose Rizal O., Sadorra, Bryan Eli B., and Lumabi, Bethany Marie C.
(2016). Oral Communication in Focus. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City, Metro Manila. ; P38-54.
Diaz, Rafaela Hernandez. (2014). Speech and Oral Communication for
College Students, Revised Edition. Quezon City: National Bookstore.
Flores, C.and Lopez E. (2008). Effective Speech Communication 5th Edition. National
Bookstore: Philippines.
Galero-Tejero, E. (2008) Doorways to English Language Proficiency: A self
Improvement program, National Bookstore: Philippines.
Sipacio, P.J.F. & Balgos, A.R.G. Oral Communication in Context for Senior High
School. Types of Speech Styles. p35. 2016. C&E Publishing Inc. Quezon
City, Philippines.
Internet Link:
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https://oralcom.wordpress.com/2016/10/14/functions-of-communication/ Retrieved on
December 28, 2018
https://study.com/academy/lesson/osgood-schramm-model-of-communication-definiti
on-application.html Retrieved May 16, 2020
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