Ch1 quiz
1. A disease caused by some form of medical intervention is termed__
a. Idoppathic
b. Heritable
c. Iatrogenic
2. A disease having an unknown cause is termed
a. Idiopathic
3. Match each term with the correct description
a. _5. Acute_signs and symptoms develop quickly over a short period of time
b. _6. syndrome_a group of correlationed signs and symptoms
c. _1.chronic_ signs and symptoms develop slowly and persist for a long period of time
d. _3 subclinical_disease without signs or symptoms
e. _2.sequelae_pathology that persist after the disease
f. _4. Exacerabation_signs and symptoms suddenly increase in severity
g. 1. Chronic 2. Sequelae 3.subclinical 4.exacerbation 5. Acute 6. Syndrome
4. Match each term with the correct description
a. __1(convalescence)__ time period during which recover from disease occurs
b. _3_(remission) time period when signs and symptoms of disease decrease or disappear;
it is not known whether or not the disease has been cured
c. __4_(prodromal) time period when the signs and symptoms of disease first appear
d. _2_(latent) time period when signs and symptoms disapper, though it is well known that
they will reappear later
e. _5_(incubation) time period between the etiological event and the first signs and
symptoms of disease
5. Which of the following is not a component of pathophysiology?
a. Etiology of disease
b. Pathogenesis of disease
c. Risk factor for disease
d. Clinical manifestation of disease
e. Treatment of disease
6. The term for the cause of a disease is__
a. Etiology
7. A symptom is a manifestation of disease that is reported by__ while a sign is a manifestation of
disease reported by
a. Patient, a medical professional
8. The scale at the clinic you visit for your annual physical is calibrated every month. Your weight
on the scale is 130 lbs. you go hom and weigh yourself on the scale you bought at yard sale for
5$.00 your weight on that scale is 125 lbs. Alas, you know you should trust the clinic scale
because its measurement is much more likely to be__
a. Valid
9. Normal clinical values are expressed as a _
a. Range of values
10. A measuring device is __if repeated measurements using that device give the same result
a. Reliable
11. __ is a clinical sign that decreases with age.
a. Normal bone density
12. Which of these clinical signs has a circadian rhythm
a. Body temperature
13. Which of these clincal signs is least likely to vary with the gender of a patient
a. Body temperature
14. The rate and depth of breathing is a parameter that is regulated by multiple mechanisms,
including a mechanism mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid
arteries. The most potent chemical signal for the chemoreceptros is an increase in the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. When the chemoreceptors are triggered
impulses travel in the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the ventral respiratory group (VRG)
in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem. For there nerve impulse travel in the phrenic and
intercostal nerves to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles at an increased rate to
cause an increase in the rate and depth of breathing . this causes the partial pressure of CO2 to
decrease. Match each component of this homeostatic mechanism to the correction description.
a. _1_chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries
b. 3__phrenic and intercostal nerves
c. 4_vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
d. 2__increased partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood
e. 6__ventral respiratory group in the medulla oblongata
f. _7_diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
g. _5_decreased partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood
h. 1. Stimulus
2. Receptor 3. Afferent pathway 4. Stimulus 5. Response 6. Efferent 7.
Efferent pathway
15. Systemic blood pressure is a parameter that is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including the
baroreceptor mechanism. For example, if arterial blood pressure drops, the change in pressure
is detected by the baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses. Nerve impulse travel via cranial nerve IX
(glossopharyngeal nerve) to the medulla oblongata of the brain stem where the cardiac centers
and vasomotor centers are located. Impulese from the cardoacceleratory center travel in
sympathetic fibers of the thoracic spinal nerves to the SA and AV nodes to increase the heart
rate. And to the myocardium to increase myocardial contractility. As a result the blood pressure
rises. Match each component to this homeostatic mechanism to the correct description.
a. Efferent/step6__ SA node, AV node and myocardium
b. Responses/step_7_increased blood pressure
c. _stimulus/step1_decreased blood pressure
d. Efferent pathway_5_sympathetic fibers in the thoracic spinal nerves
e. Afferent pathway/ step3__glossopharyngeal nerves
f. Receptor step2/__baroreceoptors in the carotid sinuses
g. Integration center / step4__cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata
h. 1. Efferent pathway
2. Stimulus
3. Afferent pathway
4. Response
5.
Integration center
6. Effector
7. Receptor
16. Both the adrenal catecholamines and the adrenal qlucocorticoids causes non carbohydrate
molecules to be convereted to fuel molecules for cellular respiraton. What is the term for this
process.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
a. Glycolysis
b. Glycogenolysis
c. Gluconeogenesis
Match each hormone to the endocrine tissue that releases it.
a. 3_cortisol
b. 2_corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
c. 1_epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. 4_adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
e. 1.adrenal medulla
2. Anterior pituitary gland 3. Posterior pituitary gland 4. Adrenal
cortex
Which of the following is not an effect of the fight or flight mechanism?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Increase rate and depth of breathing
c. Shunting of blood toward the digestive organs and kidneys
d. Dilation of bronchioles
e. Constriction of systemic arterioles
The effects of catecholamines are __ prolonged than the effects of glucocorticoids
a. Less
Select the two body systems that are more involved in mediating homeostatsis
a. Cardiovascular and nervous
b. Cardiovascular and endocrine
c. Endocrine and nervous
d. Respiratory and nervous
The bodys response to stress is aimed at preparing for an increase in the level of aerobic cellular
respiration.
a. true
the integration center for the stress response is the __
a. hypothalamus
hydropic swelling an indicator of cell injury. It is an osmotic response to the intracellular
accumulation of__in stressed cells.
a. Sodium ions
The cellular activity that consumes the most ATP is
a. Operation of Na+/K+pumps
b. DNA synthesis
c. Transcription
Accumulation of calcium ions in the cytoplasm of a cell suffering from ATP deficit will lead most
directly to __
a. Hydropic swelling
b. Activation of damaging enzymes
c. Cell lysis
Hydropic swelling is a sign of cellular injury associated with__
a. ATP deficit
If the gene that codes for Enzyme 3 is the biochemical pathway below is mutated such that
enzyme 3 is not produced, what substance will accumulate in the cell?
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
a. Substance A
b. Substance B
c. Substance D
Alcoholism commonly causes __ to accumulate inside the damaged liver cells
a. Fat
Proteins called chaperones are capapble of __
a. Dissolving damaged proteins
b. Refolding damaged proteins
c. Exocytosing damaged proteins
A protein called ubiquitin is capable of __
a. Escorting damaged proteins to proteosomes
b. Dissolving damaged proteins
c. Exocytosing damaged proteins
Under certain pathophysiological conditions cell ingest substances that they cannot digest.
Pigment molecules are especially difficult for cells to digerst. Which of these indigestible
substances is not a body pigment.
a. Bilirubin
b. Calcium phosphate crystal
c. Melanin
Match each term with the correction description.
a. 3 atrophy__cells become smaller
b. _2 hyperplasia_cells divide more often
c. 4 metaplasia__a normal cell typechanges to a different normal cell type
d. _1 dysplasia_normal cells change to cells that are abnormal in size
e. 1. Dysplasia
2. Hyperplasia 3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia 5. Hypertrophy
Alzheimers disease is characterized by __ of brain cells
a. Atrophy
In response to an increased load muscle fibers undergo__
a. Hypertrophy
A pap test is aimed to detect__ in cells of the uterine cervix
a. Dysplasia
Based on its rate of mitosis which of these tissue types has the greatest capacity for
replacement of injured cells
a. Epithelial tissue
Atherosclerosis, as occurs in coronary artery disease, is an example of __ in injured endothelial
cells
a. Hyperplasia
The conversion of stratified squamous tissue to simple columnar tissue is GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disorder ) is an example of __ in injured epithelial cells.
a. Metaplasia
b. Hyperplasia
c. Hypertrophy
d. Atrophy
All of the following cell types respond to increased function demand by hypertrophy except__
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
a. Skeletal muscle cells
b. Liver cells
c. Skin cells
d. Thyroid gland cells
Stephanie broke her right leg, she has had her leg in a cast and has been on crutch for three
months. When stephanies cast is removed she should expect to observe evidence of __ in the
skeletal muscle cells of her right leg.
a. Atrophy.
Corns and calluses are evidence of _ in skin cells that have been stressed by friction
a. Dysplasia
hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia
Which of these cellular adapations may lead to neoplasia ( cancer) in some cases?
a. Dysplasia
The event that leads to irreversible cell injury ( cell death ) is __
a. Damage to mitochondrial membranes
b. Damage to ribosomes
c. Decreased activity of sodium potassium pumps
The two forms of cell death are necrosis and
a. apoptosis
Damaged cell membranes cause membrane ion pumps to fail. As a result too many __ ions
enter the cytoplasm. Those ions then activate enzymes that further injure the cell
a. Sodium
b. Calcium
c. Magnesium
Cell death will involve inflammation if cells
a. Break open and spill their contents
Pyknosis and karyolysis are terms that refer to the destructon of the __ during necrosis
a. Plasma membrane
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
Which of the following clinical manifestations of inflammation is a systemic sign rather than a
local sign?
a. Increased white blood cells
Match each type of necrosis with a tissue in which it commonly occurs
a. _4 fat_adipose tissue near the pancreas in pancreatitis
b. 3 liquefactive__brain tissue in the case of a massive stroke
c. 1 caseous_lung tissue in tuberculosis infection
d. 2 coagulative__heart tissue in myocardial infarction
e. 1. Caseous
2. Coagulative 3. Liquefactive 4. Fat
The term__ refers to a large ara of necrotic tissue
a. Gangrene
Which of these is not an apoptosis inducer?
a. Fas ligand binding to FAs receptors in the membrane
b. Release of cytochrome c form the mitochondria
c. Accumulation of sodium ions and water
52. Which of these situations does not describe apoptosis
a. Lysis of red blood cells as the result of infection by the malarial parasite
53. The type of enzyme molecule that intitiates apoptosis are called__
a. Proteases
b. Capsases
c. Ligases
54. P53 molecules are apoptosis inducers that
a. Accumulate inside a cell in response to DNA damage
b. Are components of extracellular matrix
c. Are released by damaged mitochondria
55. Gama rays and xrays have a __ wavelength and a __ energy level than ultraviolet rays.
a. Shorter, higher
56. Radiation injury occurs mostly through damage to DNa Molecules
a. True
57. Liver enzymes are capable of converting innocent chemicals into damaging chemicals
a. True
58. If atmospheric pressure is abnormally low, to much gas dissovles in the body fluids
a. Flase
59. __damages the human body by biding to hemoglobins
a. Carbon monoxide
60. DNA is most susceptible to damge by chemicals and radiation when it is replicating
a. True
61. The formation of oxygen free radicals is most associated with _injury.
a. Nutritional
b. chemical
c. reperfusion
62. Reduced tissue blood supply is __ , reduced tissue oxygen supply is __
a. Ischemica, hypoxia
63. Inflammation, the immune systems response to infection or necrosis can further damage human
cells.
a. True
64. The sudden availability of oxygen and calcium ions to ischemic tissue results in __ injury
a. Infectious
b. reperfusion c. nutritional
65. As we age__
a. All of the above; our DNA repair mechanism become less effective, the choromosomes
in our somatic cells become shorter, and free radical damage to our cell membranes
accumulates
66. Rigor mortis Is present immediately after somatic death occurs
a. False
67. Rigor mortis occurs because there is not enough ATP to allow crossbrided detachment
a. True
68. Putrefaction refers to
a. Widespread release of enzymes after somatic death