Which type of tissue makes up rings of the trachea
A. Compact bone
B. Spongy bone
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Fibro cartilage
E. Elastic cartilage
2. Match the following
A. Elastic cartilage
1. Lies in lung tissue
B. Fibrocartilage
2. Lies in trachea, bronchi
C. Hyaline cartilage
3. Lies in pubic symphysis
D. Elastic tissue
4. In external ear
2. Which type of tissue lines the pharynx
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. Ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium with goblet cells
E. Both c and d
Which type of cartilage is found in the larynx
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Elastic cartilage
C. Fibro cartilage
D. Both a and b
E. All the above
4. Which cell is a macrophage found in the skin
A. Kupffer cells
B. Histiocyte
C. Dust cell
D. Microglia
E. Langerhans cell
5. Which type of fiber has a lot of mitochondria
A. Red fibres
B. White fibres
C. Intermediate fiber
D. All the above
E. None of the above
6. Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system
A. Receptors
B. Brachial plexus
C. Sciatic nerve
D. Ganglia
E. Spinal cord
7. During preparation of a routine h&e slide, what allows the tissue to be visualised
A. Fixation
B. Embedding in paraffin
C. Staining
D. Slicing
E. Dehydration
8. During preparation of a routine h&e slide, how is the tissue preserved
A. Fixation
B. Embedding
C. Staining
D. Slicing
E. Dehydration
9. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth er
C. Lysosome
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Mitochondria
10. Which cell is a mature bone cell
A. Chondrocyte
B. Chondroblast
C. Osteoclast
D. Osteocyte
E. Bone lining cell
11. Which cell is a macrophage in the central nervous system
A. Kupffer
B. Histiocyte
C. Dust cell
D. Langhern cell
E. Miccroglia
12. What do you call a space where the chondrocyte sits
A. Space of disse
B. Space of mall
C. Vacuole
D. Lacuna
E. Howships lacuna
13. What is woven bone
A. Cancellous bone
B. Compact bone
C. Dense bone
D. Immature bone
E. Spongy bone
14. Which of the following is a characteristic of cells in the epidermis
A. Microvilli
B. Stereo cilia
C. Cilia
D. Keratinisation
E. Microvilli and stereocilia
15.during preparation of routine h &e slide, what allows the tissue to hold its form
A.fixation
B. Embedding
C. Staining
D. Slicing
E. Dehydration
16. What is the cell body of a neurone called
A. Ganglion
B. Soma
C. Astrocyte
D. Nissl
E. Terminal button
17.what are the basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough er found in neurons
called
A. Ganglion
B. Perikaryon
C. Astrocyte
D. Nissl
E. Terminal button
18.which layer of the epidermis has cells which have keratohyaline granules
A. Stratum basale
B. Stratum spinosum
C. Stratum granulosum
D. Stratum lucidum
E. Stratum corneum
19. Which type of tissue lines most of the gastro intestinal tract
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epthelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
E. Transitional epithelium
20. What percentage of matrix of cartilage is water
A. 0
B. 10-40
C. 40-60
D. 60-80
E. 80-100
21. What are motor neurones
A. Unipolar
B. Pseudounipolar
C. Bipolar
D. Multipolar
E. Unipolar and pseudo polar
22. What type of tissue makes up the adams apple
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Elastic cartilage
D. All the above
E. None of the above
23. What type of muscle contains centrally placed nuclei
A. Smooth muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Smooth and cardiac
E. All the above
24. Which fiber is seen in smooth muscle
A. Red fibres
B. White fibers
C. Intermediate fibers
D. All the above
E. None of the above
25. Which microscope makes things appear three dimensional
A. Simple microscope
B. Compound microscope
C. Phase contrast microscope
D. Dissection microscope
E. Transition electron microscope
26. What type of glands are the the ceruminous glands
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Eccrine glands
C. Endocrine gland
D. Apocrine gland
E. Oil gland
27. What type of neuron is most abumdant
A. Sensory neurone
B. Motor neurone
C. Relay neurone
D. Interneurone
E. All the above
28. What type of tissue is a tendon composed of
A. Mucous connective tissue
B. Mesenchyme
C. Loose irregular connective tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
E. Dense regular connective tissue
29. Hwat are neurones in the retina
A. Unipolar
B. Bipolar
C. Pseudounipolar
D. Multipolar
E. Unipolar and pseudounipolar
30.what are the small tunnels seen in bone
A. A. Canaliculi
B. Sharpey’s fibers
C. Trabeculae
C. Tone’s process
E. Lacuna
31. Which cell is the most abundant cell in the epidermis
A. Langerhan cell
B. Keratinocyte
C. Melanocyte
D. Merkel cell
E. Fibroblast
32.what type of neurone is multipolar
A. Motor neurons
B. Interneurones
C. Sensory neurones
D. Motor neurones and interneurones
E. All the above
33. Which cell is a resting osteoclast
A. Chondrocyte
B. Osteocyte
C. Chondroblast
D. Osteoclast
E. Bone lining cell
34. What type of tissue lines the upper oesophagus
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
E. Transitional epithelium
35. Which of the following is not considered neuroglia
A. Astrocytes
B. Ependymal cells
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
E. Schwann cells
36. Which of the following is not primarily composed of connective tissue
A. Spinal cord
B. Pubic symphysis
C. Ligament
D. Areolar tissue
E. Organ capsule
37. Connexins are the proteins found in which plasma membrane specialisation
A. Desmosomes
B. Gap junctions
C. Microvilli
D. Tight junctions
38. This type of tissue lines the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
A. Transitional epithelium
B. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D.. Stratified columnar epithelium
39. Of the extracellular matrices in these tissues, which of the following is most
likely to have collagen type 11
A. Bone
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Dense irregular connective tissue
D. Dense regular connective tissue
E. Hyaline cartilage
40. Cement lines are regularly found in
A. Cancellous bone
B. Osteonal bone
C. Trabecular bone
D. Immature bone
E. None of the above
41. Among the defensive cells of connective tissue, the one that forms antibodies
and provides humoral immunity is
A. T lymphocyte
B. Plasma cells
C. Mast cell
D. Histiocyte
E. None of the above
42. Within the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, this structure consists of
small fibres that normally remain unbundled and rorms a useful environment for
cells of defense
A. Collagen type 1
B. Collagen type 11
C. Collagen type 111
D. Collagen type four
E. Elastic fiber
43. The structure described in the previous question mostly occurs in
A. Loose connective tissue
B. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Dense regular connective tissue
D. Cartilage
E. Bone
44. Which of the following comes under loose connective tissue
A. Areolar tissue
B. Adipose tissue
C. Reticular tissue
D. All the above
45.where is blood liquid tissue usually found
A. Chambers of the heart
B. Tracha
C. Papillary region
D. Lymphatic vessels
46. What is the major vfunction of dense irregular connective tissue
A. Protection
B. Support
C. Strong attachment
D. None of th above
47. Which of the following statements is not triue
A. Adipocytes store triglycerides
B. Unctions of bone tissue include protection,support, storage
C. Hyaline cartilage lines the external ear
D. Extracellular matrix of bone is hard and brittle
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ANATOMY HISTOLOGY RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
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HistologyGeneralConnective tissue
Connective tissue
Characteristics
Location
Cellular component
Extracellular matrix
Clinical considerations
Fibrosis and scarring
Carcinoma staging
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Loose connective tissue
Author: Adrian Rad BSc (Hons) • Reviewer: Catarina Chaves MD
Last reviewed: June 03, 2021
Reading time: 17 minutes
Loose connective tissue (Textus connectivus laxus); Image:
Loose connective tissue
Textus connectivus laxus
1/3
The human body has several types of tissues, a specific one being connective tissue.
Situated virtually at every site, both internally and externally, it is crucial for
providing strength, elasticity and metabolic support for all other tissues.
You can imagine it as a scaffold supporting surrounding structures and the cells
which constantly try to maintain homeostasis. In order to perform its function,
connective tissue has certain distinct components, such as cells and fibers. The
proportions and organizations of the fibers result in several types of connective
tissues, one being loose connective tissue.
Key facts
Category
Connective tissue proper
Cellular components
Resident cells:
- fibroblasts - synthesize the components of the extracellular matrix
- macrophages - inborn immunity cells that protect the tissue by fagocyting
potential pathogenes
- mast cells - adaptive immunity cells that mediate wound healing process and
alergic reactions
- adipocytes - specialized cells that accumulate fat (energy resevoar)
- mesenchymal stem cells - stem cells that give rise to fibroblasts and new blood
vessels
Transient cells:
- immune cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, plasma cells,
lymphocytes
Extracellular matrix components
Ground substance - viscous gel with high
water content; consists of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
Reticular fibers - fibers comprised of collagen type I that give the mechanical
strength to the tissue (later the collagen type I is replaced by collagen type III)
Elastic fibers - fibers responsible for the flexibility of the tissue
Location
Dermis, lamina propria of the digestive and respiratory tracts, mucous
membranes of reproductive and urinary tracts, glandular stroma, mesentery
Clinical relations
Fibrosis, scarring, keloids, carcinoma staging
This article will first describe some general aspects of connective tissue and then it
will zoom into the key components of loose or areolar connective tissue.
Contents
Connective tissue
Components
Classification
Characteristics
Location
Cellular component
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal stem cells
Extracellular matrix
Ground substance
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
Clinical considerations
Fibrosis and scarring
Carcinoma staging
+ Show all
Recommended video: Loose connective tissue
Structure and cellular components of loose connective tissue.
Connective tissue
Components
Connective (supporting) tissue is a voluminous, strong, yet elastic type of tissue
with significant roles in the human body. It provides mechanical strength, together
with physical and metabolic support to all the other types of tissues. You can think
of it as a mesh-like matrix that physically connects other tissues between them. This
extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for the physical properties of connective
tissue and it is a major constituent of this tissue type. The ECM is a mixture of
protein fibers and ground substance. The protein fibers, these being collagen and
elastin, are responsible for providing connective tissue with tensile strength and
elasticity, respectively. The ground substance is a wet gel that permits the exchange
of nutrients and wastes between cells and the blood. It is composed of
glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates.
In addition to the ECM, connective tissue also has a cellular component. The cells
can be separated into two groups, resident and transient. Resident cells, such as
fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes and certain immune cells are always present
in connective tissue. Their main roles is to secrete, maintain, recycle, repair and
protect the ECM and surrounding tissue structures.
Wondering how you're going to consolidate your knowledge? Look no further than
our connective tissue quizzes and free labeling worksheets.
Transient cells are those that can migrate to the connective tissue in response to
specific stimuli, such as tissue injury and inflammation. They circulate via blood and
lymphatic vessels, which enrich all connective tissue, except cartilage. They are
mostly immune cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, plasma
cells, and lymphocytes. All cells, resident and transient, perform their functions
inside the ECM component of connective tissue.
Classification
Connective tissue is classified according to the composition and organization of the
ECM and cellular components, as follows:
Classification of the connective tissue
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Muscous connective tissue
Connective tissue proper Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue (regular and irregular)
Specialized connective tissues
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose
Blood
For more details about connective tissue, take a look at the following study unit:
Cells and tissues
Cells and tissues
Explore study unit
Characteristics
Loose connective tissue (LCT), also called areolar tissue, belongs to the category of
connective tissue proper. Its cellular content is highly abundant and varied. The
ECM is composed of a moderate amount of ground substance and two main types of
protein fibers: elastic and reticular fibers. The ground substance occupies a high
volume in comparison to the fibers. It plays a significant role in the diffusion of
gases, nutrients and metabolic wastes between the cells and the vessels that
perfuse the tissue. Out of the types of fibers, the reticular ones predominate, but
they are thin and loosely arranged. All of these characteristics give LCT a delicate
and flexible consistency that is not very resistant to stress.
Location
Dermis; Image:
Dermis
1/4
Synonyms: Corium
The areolar tissue is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath the
epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings. It is also a
component of the lamina propria of the digestive and respiratory tracts, the mucous
membranes of reproductive and urinary system, the stroma of glands, and the
hypodermis of the skin.
It is also found in the mesentery which is surrounding the intestine. Due to its
position, LCT is a major site of inflammatory and immune reactions. This is where
potential pathogens that have breached the skin are challenged and hopefully
destroyed by the immune system. LCT is also well-vascularized to facilitate effective
immune cell migration.
Cellular component
Fibroblasts
Fibroblast (Fibroblastus); Image:
Fibroblast
Fibroblastus
1/3
Fibroblasts are the most numerous cell type in LCT. They synthesize both types of
fibers and the complex carbohydrates of the ground substance. Usually, only the
nuclei are visible after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, which appear
condensed, elongated and disclike. The nucleolus can be evident sometimes. The
cytoplasm is composed of thin, pale-staining and flattened processes extending into
the matrix. Fibroblasts reside close to collagen fibers, resulting in an inability to
clearly distinguish the cytoplasm.
During periods of wound repair or active growth, fibroblasts become activated and
produce ECM. Their nuclei are large with a prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm is
more extensive, displays basophilia due to increased amounts of rough endoplasmic
reticulum (rER) and a prominent Golgi apparatus. Myofibroblasts are a specific type
of activated fibroblasts associated with tissue repair. In addition to the typical
characteristics of activated fibroblasts described above, they also exhibit
characteristics of smooth muscle cells upon examination with a transmission
electron microscope (TEM). Such characteristics include bundles of longitudinal
actin filaments and dense bodies within the cytoplasm. The nucleus also appears to
be undulated. The cytoplasmic processes of different myofibroblasts can contact
each other. These contact points contain gap junctions for intercellular
communication. The smooth muscle cell characteristics permit the myofibroblasts to
anchor the ECM, strengthen it and transmit their contractions throughout the ECM
during wound contraction.
Macrophages
T issue-resident macrophages (histiocytes) are derived from monocytes that mature
after migrating into connective tissue. Transient macrophages enter connective
tissue in response to tissue injury and inflammation. Macrophages are phagocytes
and they protect the LCT by ingesting potential pathogens and cell debris.
Subsequently, they can activate the adaptive immune system by releasing cytokines
and presenting antigens, if required.
Monocyte; Image:
Monocyte
1/4
In light microscopy, they are usually identified by the presence of ingested material
within the cytoplasm following phagocytosis. Their nucleus is kidney shaped.
Lysosomes are abundant and can be identified using a stain for acid phosphatase
activity. The ultrastructure of macrophages, as seen with TEM, displays additional
characteristics. The cytoplasmic surface is folded and has many finger like
projections called pseudopodia. The heterochromatin is clumped around the nuclear
envelope. Other apparent components are endocytic vesicles, phagolysosomes,
residual bodies, ER and the Golgi apparatus.
Mast cells
Mast cell (Mastocytus); Image:
Mast cell
Mastocytus
1/2
Mast cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. They travel as
agranular and immature cells through the peripheral circulation. They mature upon
entering connective tissue and develop their characteristic granules. High affinity Fc
receptors are expressed on their surface to which IgE antibodies bind and
aggregate. This triggers mast cell degranulation, which involves exocytosis of
granule content such as histamines, serine proteases, chemoattractants,
leukotrienes and interleukins. These vasoactive mediators are important in
mounting an immune response, but they can also cause the typical symptoms of
allergic reactions. Mast cells are distributed in the connective tissue throughout the
body, with the exception of the brain and spinal cord.
They appear as large and ovoid, with a spherical nucleus. The cytoplasm is filled
with basophilic granules, together with small amounts of rER, mitochondria and
Golgi apparatus. The granules become apparent after staining with basic dyes, such
as toluidine blue, following glutaraldehyde fixation. The granules appear membrane
bound in TEM.
Adipocytes
Brown adipose tissue (Textus adiposus fuscus); Image:
Brown adipose tissue
Textus adiposus fuscus
1/2
Adipocytes are specialized cells that gradually accumulate fat, in the form of
triglycerides, within their cytoplasm. They are residents throughout LCT, either in
isolation or in small clusters. Whenever they accumulate in large numbers, they
form a specialised type of connective tissue, called adipose tissue. The stored fat is a
significant energy store. These cells also have an endocrine role by regulating
energy metabolism.
Adipose tissue can be of two types: brown and white. Brown adipose tissue is
present during fetal life but diminishes in the first 10 years of life. White adipose
tissue (WAT) is the predominant one in adults. It forms a layer called subcutaneous
tissue within the LCT. Externally, this subcutaneous layer is located underneath the
skin and thermally insulates the body. Internally, it is located around organs and
peritoneal structures.
Adipocyte (Adipocytus); Image:
Adipocyte
Adipocytus
1/3
Synonyms: Fat cell
Adipocytes are large and usually spherical cells containing a single and large lipid
droplet in the centre of the cytoplasm. This lipid mass compresses the nucleus,
flattens it and displaces it to one side, giving it a signet-ring appearance when
stained with H&E. The cytoplasm is reduced to a small rim around the periphery.
Adipose tissue appears as a mesh of paled stained polygons connected by thin
strands of cytoplasm and ECM.
Blood vessels are apparent in “islands” where several adipocytes meet. Adipocytes
are also surrounded by reticular fibers. The ultrastructure of these cells reveals the
presence of vimentin filaments in the portion between the contained lipid and
surrounding cytoplasm. In addition, the perinuclear cytoplasm contains a small
Golgi apparatus. The smooth ER is also abundant and prominent in comparison to
rough ER, especially within a thin rim of cytoplasm surrounding the lipid droplet.
Mesenchymal stem cells
A specific type of adult stem cells are located in LCT, called mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs). They are lineage specific cells and occupy specific sites, called niches. They
give rise to fibroblasts and new blood vessels.
If you are curious to find out even more information about loose connective tissue,
take a look below:
Loose connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Explore study unit
Extracellular matrix
Ground substance
Ground substance is a clear and viscous gel with a high water content. In routine
H&E staining the ground substance is not visible because it is lost during the
preparation procedure. It appears as a virtually empty background filled with cells
and fibers.
Ground substance occupies the greatest proportion in LCT, being responsible for the
flexible consistency of this tissue type. It consists of proteoglycans, which are
composed of complex carbohydrates called glycosaminoglycan molecules (GAGs)
and glycoproteins. GAGs are long and unbranched polysaccharide chains composed
of repeating disaccharide units. Each unit contains a uronic acid and either a glucose
or galactose derivative. GAGs attract many water molecules due to their highly
negatively charged nature, giving the ground substance a gel like consistency. There
are seven types of GAGs in total, the most predominant one being hyaluronate
(hyaluronic acid). It is also the longest, being composed of thousands of sugars.
Hyaluronate is important in the assembly of proteoglycan aggregates, which
provides turgidity to LCT and makes it an excellent shock absorber.
Glycoproteins form a smaller but important part of the ground substance. They help
stabilize the ECM by binding ECM proteins like GAGs, collagens and proteoglycans.
They also help in linking the ECM to the surface of cells. The two most important
glycoproteins in LCT are fibronectin (the most abundant) and fibrillin. Fibronectin
controls the deposition and orientation of collagen fibers in the ECM. To do this,
they bind to collagen itself, GAGs like heparan sulfate and cell membrane receptors,
such as integrins. Fibrillin is required for the deposition of elastin fibers, ultimately
becoming incorporated within the fibers themselves and around them.
Ground substance - histological slide
Ground substance - histological slide
Reticular fibers
Reticular fibers; Image:
Reticular fibers
1/3
Synonyms: Reticular fibres
Reticular fibers are the most common type of fibers in LCT. They actually consist of
collagen fibrils, which are composed of type III collagen. The building block of these
collagen fibrils are tropocollagen monomers, which are secreted by fibroblasts. Each
monomer consists of three polypeptide chains, called alpha chains, bound into a
helical protein. They polymerise longitudinally and transversely in the ECM, forming
collagen fibrils.
The collagen fibrils constituting reticular fibers are narrower, do not bundle into
thick fibers, are more branched and contain more sugar groups in comparison to the
typical type I collagen. The fibers form a delicate and branched mesh that supports
the resident cells of LCT and provide early mechanical strength. As a result, these
networks are primarily located at sites of wound healing and scar tissue formation,
where new ECM is synthesized by fibroblasts. At the end of the process, they are
replaced by stronger type I collagen fibers. Reticular fibers can be made visible by
the periodic-acid Schiff reaction or silver staining procedures, giving them a black
and threadlike appearance.
Elastic fibers
Elastic fibers; Image:
Elastic fibers
1/3
Synonyms: Elastic fibres
The flexibility of LCT is also due to elastic fibers, not just due to the high content of
ground substance. They are thin structures that are arranged in a branching pattern
to form a 3D network within the ECM. They are interwoven with collagen fibers to
prevent tearing from excessive stretching. The building blocks of elastic fibers is
elastin, the precursor of which is tropoelastin, which is synthesized by fibroblasts.
The enzyme lysyl hydroxylase polymerises the monomers within the ECM. Formation
of elastic fibers results from deposition of elastin on fibrillin glycoproteins, resulting
in fibrillin being incorporated in the final version of the fibers. Such fibers are
present in high amounts within structures that frequently adjust their shape, such
as blood vessels walls, lungs, skin and urinary bladder.
Elastic fibers appear as delicate threads within the ECM. They are stained by eosin,
although not readily, so they cannot be easily distinguished from collagen fibers.
However, they have a degree of refractility, which can facilitate their recognition.
Alternatively, they can be stained specifically using dyes like orcein or resorcinfuchsin.
Pelvis
Different types of loose connective tissue and related structures (20 structures).
START QUIZ
60
Basic structure identification questions
19
Advanced structure identification questions
15
Exam questions (Question bank)
Clinical considerations
Fibrosis and scarring
Following cellular and tissue damage, an inflammatory reaction ensues that
eliminates the damaging agent and clears away the dead tissue. Further repair
begins with proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells from the
periphery of normal tissue into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These cells enter the
damaged area, in which growth of new capillary blood vessels has also begun.
The fibroblasts and myofibroblasts begin secreting new ECM, filling the damaged
area with fibro-collagenous material. Over time, remodelling takes place to
maximise collagen strength and reduce the numbers of capillary vessels. This
process can result in normal functioning, but more often than not, the tissue is not
completely restored.
Carcinoma staging
Carcinoma is a type of cancer originating from the epithelium. Since the epithelium
is such a predominant human body tissue, both internally and externally, there are
quite a number of carcinoma types, which can affect various organs. As you have
seen, underneath the epithelium is the lamina propria, which is the classic example
of LCT.
The extent of invasion of the lamina propria is a feature used to determine the stage
and prognosis of several carcinoma types. For example, urogenital cancer is
considered noninvasive until the tumor has completely penetrated the lamina
propria (CIS, Ta, T1 stages). Once the cells have passed the lamina propria, the
cancer is considered invasive (T2 and beyond). Similar classifications are carried out
for gastric and colon cancers, using the lamina propria as a reference point.
Loose connective tissue: want to learn more about it?
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Kim BengocheaKim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver
Freie Universität BerlinDemocritus University of ThraceHochschule Fresenius University of Applied SciencesUniversity of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical
Campus
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