A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTCIPATION:
THE CASE OF BRGY. TINOTO AND BRGY. KAMANGA,
MUNICIPALITY OF MAASIM, SARANGANI PROVINCE
_______________________
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the
Department of Political Science, College of
Social Sciences and Humanities,
Mindanao State University,
General Santos City
________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
________________________
JORDAN D. AMADORA
April 2016
Acknowledgement
This piece of paper is not enough how grateful I am in concluding this thesis.
I struggled, ran out of patience, challenged by time yet at the long run I seized the
success like an army being victorious after the war. I know, that this is just the
beginning of a long journey and the additional piece of my life’s puzzle but it is the
ticket to my dreams.
First, I just wanted to express my deepest gratitude and respect to all the
Professors behind this success for without them, this thesis will not be successful,
well- written  as it is.
To my thesis adviser, Ma’am Janice Ann P. Ciocon, thank you so much for
guiding me in this thesis, I owe you a lot, no value of money can replace your
sleepless nights checking my paper and being so patient. I know I failed you
sometimes for being so importunate in getting my paper, inquiring if my paper is
already done or something and I am very lucky that you are still kind. Million thanks
Ma’am!
To the members of the Panel, Dr. Prescillano Campado and Ma’am Joy
Calva who are also my adviser in the organization which I am the President, Sir
and Ma’am thank you so much. Both of you became my second thesis advisers,
who guided, corrected and improved me not just as a researcher, a student leader
but the person I am now, I’ve been idolizing the personal characters you two as
father and daughter have and I will never forget all of the values you shared to us.
Being so kind, considerate and understanding. Thank you Ma’am Joy and Sir Ecil!
To the Political Science Faculty, Sir. Wulfranie Arrubio, Sir Richard Pernia
and Sir Colt Ian Del Castillo, thank you for being so approachable in times when
my thesis adviser is not around I got to asked one of you and provided me answers,
suggested improvements that need to be addressed in my thesis, wisdom every
day, smile every day and inspiration every day to strive hard to be able to graduate.
🎓
--------Second, to the most special people in my life-my inspiration, Mama Bebing
and Papa Amos, no words can explain how thankful I am for your unconditional
love and undying support. You provided me everything and I could not ask for
more. Ma and Pa, at the very first day you already been part of this journey, we
dreamed together and so this will be the start.
To my ever supportive Ate Janna and Kuya Joseph, still being thankful to
the both of you. You’ve been part of this success and I am very thankful to God
that I have siblings like the two of you. You supported me all the way since
elementary up to College by providing me financial assistance. Although
sometimes, you scolded me every time I asked money    but I never mind
that because I know both of you loves me.
To all of my family, thank you also for the motivation and pressure. For
without these two, it will not be the same feeling as I am writing this
acknowledgement.
---------Third, to Mama Odan and the rest of MASP (Movement for the
Advancement of Student Power) and ASAP (Alliance of Students’ for Alternative
Politics) Pips. Thank you for giving me an opportunity to serve Mindanao State
University studentry. I could not imagine my stay in the University without you all.
Our successes, failures, rallies, candle lighting activities and food trips made my 4
years in MSU being so colorful. And I am proud to say that I am a ‘TatakASAP’
and a MASP PRESIDENT!
To all of the College of Social Sciences and Humanities students, the
VANGUARDS. Thank you for giving me a wonderful experience being your Vice
President Academic Year 2014-2015
To the Political Science Students Organization and Human Rights Society,
thank you!
--------To all of my classmates, Political Science Graduates Batch Bantugaen. I
am really happy having all of you specially my friends, Cheche, Pajoi, Delbert and
Jules. I will never forget our sleepless nights studying for our midterm and final
exams, our downfalls, frustrations, conflicts sometimes and our “Alak Night”. I love
you all! Hoping for our success stories in the future!
--------Above all, to the Almighty God. Thank you for these blessings. Thank you
for giving me loving parents and family, understanding professors, happy people
and this life for without you I am nothing. Lord, salamat jud kaayo, wala nakoy
maistorya pa!
With Love 💋,
JORDAN DELA PEÑA AMADORA
AB POLITICAL SCIENCE
BATCH 2016
ABSTRACT
This thesis is primarily to compare the Level of Political Participation
(specifically the Level of Participation, Extend of Motivation and Level of
Activeness) of Women in Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga, Maasim,
Sarangani Province based on the political activities identified by Robert Dahl which
includes: voting, political campaigns, running for public office, membership in
political clubs or organizations, policy advocacy, persuading others to vote,
working for a political party or candidate, participation in political meeting or rallies,
making contact with government official about some issues and problems and
working with others in trying to address some community problems.
A descriptive and qualitative research design with emphasis on comparative
explanation was used to determine the findings of the study. Survey
Questionnaires and Key Informant Interview (KII) were used in gathering the data.
The data were analyzed using mean, comparative analyses and thematic analysis
in analyzing the data. The findings of the study revealed that, in comparison,
women in both Barangays have Very High Level of Participation in “Voting”, Very
Low Level in “Running for Public Office” Very Low level in “Working for a Political
Party or Candidate” and Low Level in “Membership in Political Clubs and
Organizations”. In terms of their extent in motivation, both women respondents
have a Very High in “Voting”, High in “Participation in Political meetings and Very
Low “Running for Public Office”. Furthermore, women respondents in both
Barangays are strongly active in their participation in the voting process. As to the
over-all mean, Barangay Tinoto have a higher mean compared to Barangay
Kamanga which means that women respondents of Barangay Tinoto are more
participative than that of the women respondents from Barangay Kamanga.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET
TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I
PAGE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Assumptions of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
Significance of the Study
Conceptual Model
1
3
5
5
6
8
10
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Locale and Subjects of the Study
Data Collection Tools/Instrumentation
Data Gathering Procedure
Treatment and Analysis of Data
13
14
14
15
15
CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
16
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Political Participation of Women
of Barangay Tinoto and Barangay
Kamanga, Maasim, Sarangani Province
KII Data Analysis
28
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER V
29
43
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
64
Conclusions
66
Recommendation
67
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A. Survey Questionnaires
B. Interview Guide Questions
C. Letters
LIST of FIGURES and TABLES
PAGE
Figure 1
Figure 2
Conceptual Model
Research Design
10
13
Table 1
Level of Participation
in Political Activities of Women in
Brgy. Tinoto and Brgy. Kamanga
29
Table 2
Extent of Motivation
to participate in Political Activities
of Women in Brgy. Tinoto
and Brgy. Kamanga
34
Table 3.A
Level of Activeness of Women
in Brgy. Tinoto
39
Table 3.B
Level of Activeness of Women
in Barangay Kamanga
41
Table 3.C
Comparative Table
of Women Respondents as to their
Level of Activeness
42
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
“...the full and complete development of a country, the welfare of the world and
the cause of peace require the maximum participation of women on equal terms
with men in all fields “.
UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women, 1979
Although women around the world have made rapid advances in politics
over the past two decades, women’s political participation and leadership are still
restricted from local to global level.
In a global perspective, women are underrepresented as voters, as well as
in leading positions, whether in elected office, the civil service, the private sector
or academia. These occur despite their proven abilities as leaders and agents of
change, and their right to participate equally in democratic governance.
This is an irony of democracy’s quest to equal participation. One of the five
principles of traditional democratic theory is the Effective Participation which
means everyone has to be able to participate effectively, through unhindered
voting or some other way of sharing opinions and making views known. (Dahl,
1961)
De Leon (2002) Filipino women today have been involving themselves in
worthy causes and activities. They have always been ready to heed the country’s
call to service- women shape a better future for all Filipinos.
In the Philippines, women constitute nearly half of the population and by
that it’s a powerful political and economic force that their voices be heard on
matters affecting their welfare and the country as a whole. “Women- power is such
a huge, limitless pool of intellectual resource that every nation cannot afford to take
for granted”. (De Leon, 2008)
Emplacing women in the position especially in politics is not new in the
Philippines. Since time immemorial, women here are already in the pedestal.
Historically, women are regarded as the “chanterer” and “babaylan” wherein they
have a greater role in the society. Moreover, the Philippines has already disposed
two women Presidents namely: Corazon C. Aquino and Gloria M. Arroyo which is
very rare in a patriarchal tradition especially in Asia.
Furthermore, the constitution gives recognition to the role of Filipino women.
They are viewed not just a plain and good housewives but as partners in nation
building. Thus, they are given legitimate share with men in leadership and major
decision making processes, at all levels and in all spheres of human activity
outside their homes. Also, they are allowed to form groups/ associations,
implemented policies favored for women and programs for their empowerment.
The researcher is interested to study the level of political participation of
women in the Municipality of Maasim, Sarangani Province specifically in the
Barangays of Kamanga and Tinoto in political activities such as but not limited to,
voting, running for public office, persuading others to vote, membership in political
organizations and policy advocacy.
The Municipality of Maasim, is a 4 th class municipality, an industrial center
and is soon to be the energy capital of Sarangani Province with the municipality’s
soon to generate Sarangani Energy Corporation’s SM200 Coal Fired Power Plant.
AMADORA|2
It is composed of sixteen (16) barangays where fishing and agriculture are
the basic source of income in the said municipality.
Barangay Kamanga, has a total number of 2,323 registered voter and
46.45% of it are registered women. Barangay Tinoto on the other hand, has a total
of 2,800 registered voters and 44.75% of it are registered women.
Lastly, this study will look into how the constitution lives true to realities of
women in the local level.
Statement of the Problem
The focus of this study is to compare the level of political participation of
women in Barangay Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto, Municipality of Maasim,
Province of Sarangani.
Specifically, the study attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of participation of women in the barangays of Kamanga
and Tinoto in these following political activities?
A. Voting
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public Office
D. Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to vote
G. Working for a political party or candidate
H. Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
I. Making contact with government official about some issues
AMADORA|3
and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some community
problems.
2. What is the extent of motivation of women in the barangays of Kamanga
and Tinoto in these following political activities?
A. Voting
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public Office
D. Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to vote
G. Working for a political party or candidate
H. Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
I. Making contact with government official about some issues
and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some community
problems
3. How active are the women in the barangays of Kamanga and Tinoto in
the engagement in the following political activities?
A. Voting
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public Office
D. Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
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E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to vote
G. Working for a political party or candidate
H. Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
I. Making contact with government official about some issues
and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some community
problems
Assumptions
The study will adopt the following assumptions:
1. The women of both barangays are involved in certain political activities.
However, women in Barangay Kamanga are more motivated by some
factors.
2. The participation of women in Barangay Kamanga varies with that of the
Women in Barangay Tinoto.
3. Women in Barangay Kamanga are more active than the women of
Barangay Tinoto.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The focus of the study is to determine and compare the political participation
of women in Barangay Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto specifically their Level of
Participation, Extent of Motivation and Level of Activeness in the political activities.
The following political activities are: voting, political campaigns, running for public
office, membership in political clubs or organizations, policy advocacy, persuading
AMADORA|5
others to vote, working for a political party or candidate, participation in political
meeting or rallies, making contact with government official about some issues and
problems and working with others in trying to address some community problems.
Political activities which are not indicated are excluded from the coverage
of this study.
The respondents are the women residents of Barangay Kamanga and
Barangay Tinoto, Maasim, Sarangani Province who are duly registered voters and
who have voted last 2013 midterm election. .
The researcher used survey questionnaires and Key Informant Interview
(KII) in administering the research. The latter served as the secondary instrument
for the collection of data.
The researcher started the gathering of data in January 2016. The writing
of the manuscript was completed on the second week of February.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally in this study:
Political Participation. Conceptually, refers to, “a voluntary action by which
members of a society share in the selection of rules and directly or indirectly, in the
formation of public policy. It includes activities like voting, seeking information,
verifying, attending meetings, campaigning and running for office” (McClosky,
1968).
Operationally, in this study, it refers to any activity that shapes, affects, or
involves the political sphere and also refers to the involvement of the women in
Barangay Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto in the following political activities from
AMADORA|6
voting, attending rallies and make direct contact to government agencies to
address certain issues confronting their localities.
Women.
Conceptually,
person who plays a significant role (wife)
refers
in
to
the life of
a
female
a particular man.
(http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/WOMAN)
Operationally, in this study, this refers to the female respondents, residents
of barangays Kamanga and Tinoto, who are registered voters and who have voted
last 2013 midterm election.
Maasim. Conceptually, is a third class municipality in the Province of
Sarangani. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 52,933 people. As
of 2010, it has a total voting population of 28,654 voters.
Operationally, this refers to the locale of the study, specifically Barangay
Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto.
Factors. Conceptually, refers to a fact or situation that influences the result
of something. (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/factor)
Operationally, in this study, this refers to political participation indicators
based on Robert Dahl. This also refers to the cause of motivation of women to
politically participate.
Accessibility. Conceptually, refers to the capability of something that is
easy to reach, communicate, of being used or seen. (Merriam- Webster Dictionary)
Operationally, in this study, it refers to the roads and or availability of any
government services and facilities that contributes to the active participation of
women in the barangays of Kamanga and Tinoto, Maasim, Sarangani Province.
AMADORA|7
Comparative. Conceptually, refers to involving the act of looking at the
ways that things are alike or different. (http://www.merriamwebster.com)
Operationally, it refers to the type of this study which aims to compare the
level of women’s political participation between the barangays of Kamanga and
Tinoto.
Significance of the Study
Basically, this study provides the basic information on the level of
participation of women in the Barangays of Kamanga and Tinoto, Maasim,
Sarangani Province. It serve as point of reference of Local Government Unit to
review its implementation of programs and policies aiming for women
empowerment and participation.
Moreover, the results from this study serve as a guide and basis for nongovernmental organizations whose advocacies, programs and projects are geared
towards development of women especially in the southern part of Mindanao, with
a more diverse and challenging context.
Furthermore, this study serve as point of reference to future researchers
who will undergo similar studies on women participation, particularly in the context
of Sarangani Province.
Lastly, the result of this study has an important contribution to the larger
body of knowledge on women’s studies in the Philippines.
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Conceptual Framework
According to Robert Dahl (1978), there are individuals in a state who are
concerned with political life and are actively involved in politics. On the other hand,
there are also individuals who are said to be apolitical or apathetic, they are
inactive and do not care about politics. He coined it the former belonged to Political
Stratum and the latter belonged to Apolitical Stratum.
This study adopted the political activities identified by Dahl. These includes:
voting, political campaigns, running for public office, membership in political clubs
or organizations, policy advocacy, persuading others to vote, working for a political
party or candidate, participation in political meeting or rallies, making contact with
government official about some issues and problems and working with others in
trying to address some community problems.
The criteria for the inclusion of women as respondents for this study are as
follows: be a resident of Barangay Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto, Maasim,
Sarangani Province, duly registered voter and have voted last 2013 midterm
election.
The level of political participation (very active, moderately active, and not
so active) of women in both barangays varies according to the number of political
activities that they have participated in. The politically apathetic or indifferent
women (i.e. inactive women) are excluded from this study.
Figure 1 presents the conceptual model.
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Figure 1. Conceptual Model
Level of
Participation
Level of
Activeness
Extent of
Motivation
Political Activities:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Voting
Political Campaigns
Running for Public Office
Membership in Political Clubs or
Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to vote
G. Working for a political party or candidate
H. Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
I. Making contact with government official
about some issues and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address
some community problems
Political
Participation of
Women in Barangay
Kamanga
Level of Political
Participation
(Very Active,
Moderately Active,
Not so Active)
Political
Participation of
Women in Barangay
Tinoto
Level of Political
Participation
(Very Active,
Moderately Active,
Not so Active)
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
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The model shows the political activities participated by the women in
Barangay Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto and their level of participation, extent of
motivation to participate and the extent of their participation. Both affects women
of Barangay Kamanga and Tinoto, their level of political participation
AMADORA|11
Chapter II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, research locale and subjects of
the study, instrumentation, data gathering procedure, and data treatment and
analysis.
Research Design
Baran Heidenheimer, Heclo and Adams (1983) define comparative
research, as the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering
something about one or all of the things being compared. Further, Taylor (1990)
defines it as the general method of comparing things is the same as it is in our
everyday practice of comparison.
The research design of this study employed descriptive and qualitative
survey method with emphasis on comparative explanation. The qualitative
approach enables the researcher to draw a sharper line of exploration about the
roles of women in politics in both barangay and describing what has been observed
and found about their behavior, perspective and experiences of the women.
Moreover, in a qualitative description studies, researchers leave less room for the
unanticipated. (Becker, 1996)
This study relied on multiple sources of data to be generated through survey
guide questionnaires and Key Informant Interview (KII).
Figure 2. Research Design
Areas to be
investigated
Sources of
Data
Level of
Participation of
Women in
Political
Activities
Women of
Barangay
Kamanga and
Barangay Tinoto,
Maasim, Sarangani
Province
Extent of
Motivation of
Women to
participate in
Political
Activities
Women of
Barangay
Kamanga and
Barangay Tinoto,
Maasim, Sarangani
Province
Level of
Activeness of
Women in
Political
Activities
Women of
Barangay
Kamanga and
Barangay Tinoto,
Maasim, Sarangani
Province
Data Gathering
Tools
Data Analysis
Survey
Questionnaire
Mean and
Comparative
Analysis
Key Informant
Interview
Survey
Questionnaire
Key Informant
Interview
Survey
Questionnaire
Key Informant
Interview
Thematic
Analysis
Mean and
Comparative
Analysis
Thematic
Analysis
Frequency,
Percentages and
Comparative
Analysis
Thematic
Analysis
AMADORA|13
Research Locale and Subjects of the Study
This study was conducted in Barangay Kamanga and Barangay Tinoto,
Maasim, Sarangani Province. Both barangays were neighbors and were located
at the coastal part of South Central Mindanao. Barangay Kamanga has a total
population of 3, 628 and Barangay Tinoto has a total population of 4,582. (As of
2010 May Population Census)
A purposive, quota non- probality sampling was applied in this study in
selecting and identifying the respondents. A total of one-hundred (100) women
were taken as respondents: fifty (50) women from Barangay Kamanga, and fifty
(50) women from Barangay Tinoto.
For the Key Informant Interview, a total of ten (10) key informants were
chosen: five (5) women per barangay.
Data Collection Tools/ Instrumentation
A structured questionnaire was designed for the conduct of the survey to
the one hundred (100) women respondents. The researcher made sure that the
questionnaire contains all the needed items that addressed the specific questions
raised in the Statement of the Problem.
For the Key Informant Interview (KII), the researcher prepared an Interview
Guide. The general questions contained in the Interview Guide were supplemented
with detailed and probing questions that were asked in the course of the interview.
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Data Gathering Procedures
The researcher secured letters of recommendation and permission to both
Barangay Chairperson of Barangay Kamanga and Tinoto, Maasim, Sarangani
Province before conducting the research. This procedure is important to gain
confidence and trust of the respondents. The researcher personally administered
the survey questionnaires to the respondent and to gather a well ironed
information, the researcher translated it to the language spoken by the
respondents or to the language understood by the majority.
For the Key informant Interview (KII), the researcher identified the
informants who can give the needed information. Establishing direct contact to the
informants can be a way to make sure that they can give the exact, truthful and
reliable information. KII is an effective device to collect information from a wide
range of people—including community leaders, professionals, or residents—who
have first-hand knowledge about the topic.
Treatment and Analysis
All the data gathered from the questionnaires is presented in tables. Mean,
frequencies and percentages were used in treatment and analysis. The description
and explanation is done through comparative analysis.
The data that were drawn and elicited through KII was discussed and
analyzed by the researcher. The researcher identified the themes and sub-themes
from the data obtained. This is helpful to really dig in into the situation of women
of both barangay that goes beyond mean, frequencies and percentages.
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Chapter III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature. The review includes
published materials and online sources that have relevance and bearing to the
study.
Lester Milbrath (1965) assembles the fourteen different forms of citizen’s
participation in politics, in ranging from the holding of public office to simply
exposing oneself to political information and the different forms in a hierarchy of
involvement in which the greatest citizen involvement occurs in holding of office
and the least citizen involvement occurs in terms of simple exposure to political
information.
Robert Dahl (1991) explored issues concerning the extent of political
participation and the control of the political agenda, advances beyond his initial
pluralist theory. Moreover, Dahl exhibited an egalitarian impulse by exploring
contradictions between unequal distribution of wealth and democracy, and he
examined possibilities for wider participation in business decision making as a
means for controlling corporate power. Dahl‘s comparative indices of democracy
contributed to the theory of democratic peace, the finding that democracies almost
never in the last century engaged in war with one another. Comparative indices of
democracy are now widely used as a basis for the evaluation of political regimes
by political and economic-development decision makers.
CAPWIP, N.D (1997) it has been observed that in the late 1960, women’s
participation in Asia to politics was low. “Women’s involvement in the political
process is, nowhere in the world, proportionate to the 50% of the population which
they represent approximately or to their input to society.” This is due to the fact
that issues on women’s political participation have long been neglected and even
set aside by certain perceived priorities such as economic meltdown, inter-country
feuds, natural and human made disasters and several other problems. There is
therefore a need to continuously determine and assess the current situation and
modest advances made to promote women’s political participation on various
countries around the globe in order to overcome the prevailing obstacles or threats
while strengthening the opportunities of women toward such end goals. This is also
to help stress relevant and responsive plans, programs and activities for further
enhancing women’s political participation and empowerment. However, in the mideighties was a major turning point for women’s political participation was given
priority through various means, such as, the Beijing Conference, the creation and
establishments of the Center for Asia- Pacific Women in Politics (CAPWIP) and
the Global Network (GlobalNet).
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According to an article by Christine Pintat entitled A Global Analysis: What
has Worked for Women in Politics and What Has Not (1975-1998), the “evolution
of women‘s political participation and empowerment can be traced to certain
essential factors. These are: (1) a change in outlook, (2) an evolution of the legal
environment, and (3) education and economic emancipation of women”. “Women
have won the battle to aspire for participation in politics. These obstacles to
women’s participation are cultural stereotyping that perceived women as having
no place in politics, out rightly excluded from the political realm and unfit to occupy
elective and/ or leadership positions ”. She stressed also that the most important
factor which led to the promotion of women’s political participation is their
education and economic emancipation. With education, women are now more able
to understand, appreciate and defend their rights and privileges. Education, also
facilitated women to decide on their own and for themselves. (Pintat 1998)
Thus, validating UNESCO (1993) that women who have high education,
training and competence as well as socio-economic resources have no problem in
entering political profession or in participating politics.
Drage (2001) Research has found out that women, accelerate the pace of
change, promote collaborative styles of leadership and decision-making, broaden
perspectives and move communities forward. Evidence in the Asia-Pacific region
shows that women:
1. Have a greater sense of the social issues and the well-being and welfare
of their communities and factor these into the decision-making process.
2. Promote policies and activities which strengthen communities.
AMADORA|18
3. Encourage participation.
4. Emphasize the importance and the practice of good communication with
the community.
5. Have a different approach to the way their local authority is governed.
6. Develop a team approach.
7. Set different priorities.
8. Bring the mediation skills that they have developed as mothers, the
ability to have clear goals, to juggle many tasks at once, and to be
practical.
9. Are dedicated, responsible, practice what they preach and show a great
deal of spirit.
10. Stimulate and encourage other women to be part of development;
On Women’s Political Participation in Asia and the Pacific Study (Jacqui
True, Sara Niner, Swati Parashar and Dr. Nicole George, 2012) this study
examines current patterns of women’s political participation in the four sub
regions (Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, South Asia and the Pacific Islands).
The key findings are:
1. On average women’s political representation is lowest in the Pacific sub
region at 3.65% (excluding Australia and New Zealand), then East Asia
at 17.6% closely followed by Southeastern Asia at 18.09% (including
Brunei) and South Asia with 19.76%. Women’s representation is below
the global average in all four sub regions.
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2. In all sub regions there is strong resistance to women’s participation in
public life evidenced in the formal statements of leaders and politicians
and in the mentalities of the broader societies. Cultural, customary and
religious discourses are frequently used to moralize that the ‘rightful’
place of women is NOT in politics.
3. Women’s political participation does not increase at the same pace as
economic development. But women’s economic participation is a
necessary (it brings resources, access to public networks and knowhow) albeit not sufficient precondition for increasing women’s political
participation.
In the case like Japan, the reasons usually given for the small number of
women representatives in politics are as follows (1) ingrained concepts about the
sexual division of labor (discriminatory voter perception of female candidates), (2)
women‘s lack of will and capability to run in an election and (3) social and political
structures including the electoral system itself, that place women at the
disadvantage. (Mikanagi, 1999)
(Sepideh Labani, Carla Zabaleta Kaehler, Paula De Dios Ruiz, 2009)
“The case of the South-East Asian region is quite surprising, especially with
regard to women’s political participation and representation. Despite the strong
local patriarchies reflected in various gender coercions varying from one country
to the next, with a very clear separation of roles, stereotypes and prejudices
regarding women’s role in society.”
AMADORA|20
Thus, the first women in the world to be elected through democratic
processes and to gain the highest positions of political representation have done
so in this region. Moreover some countries have equality measures in place in
terms of political representation and there is a significant associative and activist
feminist fabric. However, this reality has not had an impact in the lives of most
women. The region presents high levels of poverty, illiteracy, social and economic
discrimination primarily affecting women. Women’s political representation and
participation is still very low.
“In Southeast Asia, there are socio-cultural and ideological factors that
constitute powerful barriers for women’s political participation. Well-rooted
patriarchal norms and values establish discrimination mechanisms and systems
based on gender roles, stereotypes and hierarchies. The rates of women
presenting themselves for elections as candidates are still very low in all countries
studied and, except in the direct vote systems with open lists, women have very
little chance of being elected.” (Analysis of Women’s Political Participation in 7
South-East Asian Countries, Labani et. al, 2009)
On a Conference Report in 2002: Strengthening Women’s Political
Participation in Indonesia, participants identified factors that restrict participation,
and proposed strategies to reduce their salience and where possible, to eliminate
them. These factors may be categorized in the following areas: political, socioeconomic, ideological and psychological factors. "The political factors include lack
of support from political parties. More specifically, the participants thought that the
Indonesian political system and the political parties were not gender sensitive.
AMADORA|21
The political structure is built upon a highly exclusive ‘old boys network’.
The leadership within this structure is dominated by men. Another factor affecting
the political system is the perception of women primarily as housewives rather than
as citizens or political actors. This view limits the chances for women to be active
in the political arena”.
On Jean Drage’s Comparative Analysis entitled Women in Local
Government in Asia and the Pacific (2001), “barriers to participation of women in
Thailand is that not being perceived as credible leaders, this belief continuing to
inhibit women’s political participation. According to the old Thai tradition there is a
belief that a woman is not strong enough to stand by herself and so had to stay
at home and participate only in household traditions. Political involvement was
strictly for men only. Women face economic, social and cultural obstacles and as
a group they are forced into a passive role in society.” However, “to encourage
and support women to take part in political activities and to work together to find
solutions which will improve the lives of women. The focus is on improving
access to and the quality of education, employment, family life, and health and
Thai culture for women.”
In Vietnam, “Leadership positions, in particular, are seen as being men’s
positions as of right and this leads to prejudice when promotions to leading posts
are made”. A prevailing belief that women’s work is to take care of their families
while men participate in politics means that the family burden can constrain their
involvement in public life. (Drage 2001).
AMADORA|22
Aristotle returns to the subject of household rule, and takes up the question
of the proper forms of rule over women and children. This means that it is natural
for the male to rule: The relation of male to female is by nature a relation of superior
to inferior and ruler to rule. And just as with the rule of the master over the slave,
the difference here is one of reason: ―The slave is wholly lacking the deliberative
element; the female has it but it lacks authority; the child has it but it is incomplete.
(Barnes, 1984)
“The full and complete development of a country, the welfare of the world
and the cause of peace require the maximum participation of women on equal
terms with men in all fields”. (UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women, 1979)
Women‘s civil and political participation is women‘s ability to participate
equally with men, at all levels, and in all aspects of public and political life and
decision-making. It extends to other arenas, such as family life, cultural and social
affairs and the economy.
The Philippines is known for its very liberal and progressive Constitution
that was formulated during the euphoria of People Power Revolution in 1986.
Gender equality is a key element of this Charter and as enshrined in Article II,
Section 14 of the 1987 Constitution, ―the State recognizes the role of women in
nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women
and men. Section 11 of the Magna Carta of Women (MCW) provides for the
acceleration of women‘s participation and equitable representation in decisionmaking and policy-making processes in government and private entities.
AMADORA|23
Filipino women have been enjoying the right to suffrage and eligibility to
public offices through Act No. 4112, approved by then Pres. Manuel L. Quezon,
during the Commonwealth Period.
In the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 13, Section 14 specifically
mentions that the ―State shall protect working women by providing safe and
healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such
facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to
realize their full potential in the service of the nation. This legal framework
promoting gender equality is in turn elaborated in various legislations.
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act 7160) provides for the
election of sectoral representation, including women, in local legislative councils.
The Party List Law provides for the creation of women-oriented or womenbased parties to compete under the party-list system. Women are one of the nine
(9) sectors identified in the law.
The Women in Nation Building Law (Republic Act 7192) is an Act that
promotes the integration of women as full and equal partners of men in
development and nation building‖. The law provides that a substantial portion of
government resources be utilized to support programs and activities for women.
The law also encourages the full participation and involvement of women in the
development process and to remove gender bias in all government regulations and
procedures. Women are highly committed to promoting national and local policies
that address the socio-economic and political challenges facing women, children
and disadvantaged groups. Women are particularly effective in promoting honest
AMADORA|24
government. Countries where women are supported as leaders and at the ballot
box have a correspondingly low level of corruption. Women are strongly committed
to peace building, as they often disproportionately suffer the consequences of
armed conflict. Reconstruction and reconciliation efforts take root more quickly and
are more sustainable when women are involved. By helping women become
participating members of a democracy, one can look to mitigate conflicts or stop
conflicts before they begin. Women are strongly linked to positive developments in
education, infrastructure and health standards at the local level. Where rates of
gender development and empowerment are higher, human development
standards are also higher.
In one study of Philippine politics conducted by the UNESCO, it was found
that after the post war period, the study showed that the common means for
women’s public involvement are through the local level groups and associations
and other mass or sector- based organizations, the support extended by other
cause- oriented groups, and the people themselves who want genuine change and
it was found that after the post-war period, Filipino women have slowly entered the
political scene through their own efforts, and also with the support of and
encouragement from the male politicians who have been in politics for a long time
and have already established their niche in that respect. (The Participation of
Women in Philippine Elections, Ma. Karla Balili- Gener and Cassandra Urbiztondo,
pp. 7-8).
Further, People’s perception of women in politics has not yet been fully
developed; thus the support and encouragement from the society is low.
AMADORA|25
On Women Empowerment in Politics and Governance in General Santos
City (Arim, 2014), this study was to determine the perception of Empowered
Women in the City on politics and governance. According to her informant Ms.
Erline Grafilo, Department Head of City Population Management Office/ Gender
and Development Focal Office, “Women are free to run in government office (as
an elected official) or hold any government position as participating actors and
leaders imploring the voices of woman in policymaking and development
planning.” Moreover, according to Hon. Elizabeth Bagonoc an empowered woman,
she is not contented to be at the back of man, but need not to be ahead of man,
but be a partner for development shared responsibility.”
On The Political Participation of Women in Barangay Poblacion,
Municipality Of Norala, South Cotabato (Punayan 2015), this study was to
determine the level of Political Participation of Women in Barangay Poblacion,
Norala, South Cotabato as well as the motivating factors that influenced their
participation or engagement in the political activities. The activities that are
considered in this study are based from the book of Robert Dahl that include voting,
political campaigns, running for public office, membership in political clubs or
organizations, policy advocacy, persuading others to vote, working for a political
party or candidate, participation in political meetings or rallies, making contact with
government official about some issues and problems and working with others in
trying to address some community problems. As for the motivating factors stated
by Dahl, it includes the following: value of rewards to be gained, alternatives are
important, desire to help change the outcome, and belief that outcome will be
AMADORA|26
unsatisfactory if does not get involved and has knowledge or skill that bears on the
issue or problem at hand. The respondents were professional and nonprofessional women. Majority (83.33%) of the professional women respondents
are strongly active to participate during voting. Also a high majority (90%) of the
non-professional women are strongly active in voting.
AMADORA|27
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents the findings and analysis of the data gathered by the
researcher. The data are based on the responses of the women respondents of
Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga. The data are presented in table with
corresponding discussions and explanations. For Comparative Analyses, a Venn
diagram is used to determine the similarities and differences on the response of
women respondents in their level of participation, extent of motivation and level of
activeness in political activities. Moreover, these data provide answers to the
questions raised in the statement of the problem, particularly on the level of political
participation of women in the Barangays of Tinoto and Kamanga, Maasim,
Sarangani Province.
This chapter is divided into three parts: (a) presents the mean and
comparative analyses of women in Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga, their
level of participation and extent of motivation in political activities. Also, presents
the frequency and percentage distribution of women respondents in their level of
activeness in political activities. And (b) discusses the data obtained through Key
Informant Interview. The narratives of the KII are presented and a Thematic
Analysis is done by sorting out the themes and the sub-themes of the study.
A. Political Participation of Women in Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga in Political Activities
Table 1. Level of Participation in Political Activities of Women in Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga
2
0
0
3
1
0
BARANGAY TINOTO
(Responses)
4
5
Total Mean
0
49 50
4.96
0
11 50
1.8
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
F
F
1
0
34
2
0
0
A. Voting
B. Political
Campaigns
C. Running for Public
Office
D. Membership in
Political Clubs or
Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F
F
1
0
39
F
48
0
0
2
0
50
1.12
Very Low
F
49
0
0
1
0
50
1.06
Very Low
F
30
2
3
3
12
50
2.46
Low
F
28
2
2
0
18
50
2.34
Low
F
7
1
8
6
28
50
4.06
High
F
24
1
6
3
16
50
2.8
F. Persuading others
to vote
G. Working for a
Political Party or
Candidate
H. Participation in
political meetings
and rallies
I. Making contact
with government
official about some
issues and
problems
J. Working with others
in trying to address
some community
problems
F
4
0
1
3
42
50
4.66
Very High
F
16
0
4
1
29
50
3.64
Moderately
High
High
F
40
0
0
1
9
50
1.62
Very Low
F
45
3
0
1
1
50
1.28
Very Low
F
18
0
7
3
22
50
3.3
Moderately
High
F
16
0
7
4
23
50
3.68
High
F
7
0
7
10
26
50
3.9
High
F
15
3
3
3
26
50
3.4
Moderately
High
F
12
1
4
11
23
50
3.54
High
F
18
9
3
6
14
50
2.42
Low
3.142
Moderately
High
2.77
Moderately
High
Grand Mean
Verbal Interpretation:
5
(4.21-5.00)
Very High
4
(3.41-4.20) High
3
(2.61-3.40)
Moderately High
Remarks
Very High
Very Low
BARANGAY KAMANGA
(Responses)
3 4 5
Total Mean
1 0 49 50
4.96
2 5 9
50
2.12
2
1
(1.81-2.60) Low
(1.00-1.80) Very Low
Remarks
Very High
Low
AMADORA|29
Table 1 presents the data and responses of Women of Barangay Tinoto
and Barangay Kamanga on their Level of Participation in the following political
activities.
As shown in the table above, the women respondents of Barangay Tinoto
agree that the following political activities account their level of participation: A)
Voting ( =4.96); B) Political Campaigns ( =1.8); C) Running for Public Office (
=1.12); D) Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
( =2.46); E) Policy Advocacy ( =4.06); F) Persuading others to vote ( =4.66);
G) Working for a Political Party or Candidate ( =1.62); H) Participation in Political
Meeting or Rallies ( =3.3); I) Making contact with government official about some
issues and problems ( =3.9); and J) Working with others in trying to address some
community problems ( =3.54).
Notably, the response with a highest mean ( =4.96) is “Voting” followed by
“Persuading others to vote” ( =4.66), “Policy Advocacy” with a mean of
( =4.06) and “Making contact with government official about some issues and
problems ( =3.9), Working with others in trying to address some community
problems ( =3.54) and Participation in Political Meeting or Rallies ( =3.3)
Among the eleven political activities enumerated, the lowest mean ( =1.12)
is “Running for Public Office”, along with “Working for a Political Party or
Candidate” ( =1.62), “Political Campaigns” ( =1.8) and “Membership in Political
Clubs or Organizations” ( =2.46)
The overall mean is
=3.142.
AMADORA|30
On the other hand, the women respondents of Barangay Kamanga agree
that the following political activities account their level of participation: A) Voting (
=4.96); B) Political Campaigns ( =2.12); C) Running for Public Office ( =1.06);
D) Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations ( =2.34); E) Policy Advocacy (
=2.8); F) Persuading others to vote ( =3.64); G) Working for a Political Party or
Candidate ( =1.28); H) Participation in Political Meeting or Rallies ( =3.68); I)
Making contact with government official about some issues and problems ( =3.4);
and J) Working with others in trying to address some community problems (
=2.42).
The response with a highest mean ( =4.96) is “Voting” followed by
“Participation in political meetings and rallies” ( =3.68), “Persuading others to
vote” with a mean of ( =3.64), “Making contact with government official about
some issues and problems ( =3.4) and “Policy Advocacy” ( =2.8)
The political activities with a lower mean in participation are “Running for
Public Office” ( =1.06), “Working for a Political Party or Candidate” ( =1.28),
“Political Campaigns” ( =2.12), “Working with others in trying to address some
community problems” ( =2.42), and “Membership in Political Clubs or
Organizations” ( =2.34)
The overall mean is
=2.77.
The Table indicates that both women (Barangay Tinoto and Barangay
Kamanga) respondents have an over-all Moderately High level of participation in
the political activities. With “Voting” (Very High), “Running for Public Office” (Very
Low), “Working for a Political Party or Candidate” (Very Low) and “Membership in
AMADORA|31
Political Clubs and Organizations” (Low) as the common political activities
with the same level of responses. However, political activities such as “Political
Campaign”, “Policy Advocacy”, “Persuading others to vote”, “Participation in
political rallies and meetings”, “Making contact with government about some issues
and concerns”, and “Working with others in trying to address some community
problems” varies differently in both barangay.
BARANGAY KAMANGA

BARANGAY TINOTO






Persuading others to vote (Very
High)
Policy Advocacy (High)
Making contact with government
about some issues and
concerns (High)
Working with others to other in
trying to address some
community problems (High)
Participation in political rallies
and meetings (Moderately High)
Political Campaign (Very Low)





Voting (Very High)
Running for Public Office
(Very Low)
Working for a Political
Party or Candidate (Very
Low)
Membership in Political
Clubs and Org’s (Low)




Persuading others to vote
(High)
Participation in political
rallies and meetings (High)
Making contact with
government about some
issues and concerns
(Moderately High)
Policy Advocacy (Moderately
High)
Political Campaign (Low)
Working with others to other
in trying to address some
community problems (Low)
The Venn diagram shows the activities participated by women from Brgy.
Tinoto and Brgy. Kamanga. In the center is the similarities and both sides are the
differences in the political activities.
Clearly, women respondents of Barangay Tinoto are said to have a Very
High Level of participation on Persuading others to vote, High Level on Policy
Advocacy, High Level on Making contact with government about some issues and
concerns, High Level on Working with others in trying to address some community
AMADORA|32
problems, Moderately High on Participation in Political Rallies and meetings and
Very Low Level in Political Campaign.
While women respondents of Barangay Kamanga are said to have a High
Level of participation on Persuading others to vote, High Level on Participation in
Political Rallies and meetings, Moderately High Level on Making contact with
government about some issues and concerns, Moderately High Level on Policy
Advocacy, Low Level on Working with others to other in trying to address some
community problems and Low Level in Political Campaigns.
Comparatively, there are many political activities which have a higher mean
in the case of women respondents of Barangay Tinoto than the women
respondents of Barangay Kamanga. Also, in terms of overall mean, women of
Barangay Tinoto have a higher mean ( =3.142) compared to that of the women
respondents of Barangay Kamanga ( =2.77). Thus, it can be inferred from the
data that the women of Barangay Tinoto has a higher level of participation in
political activities than the women of Barangay Kamanga.
AMADORA|33
Table 2. Extent of Motivation to participate in the Political Activities of Women in Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga.
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
BARANGAY TINOTO
(Responses)
4
5
Total Mean
0
50 50
4.98
0
8
50
1.72
2
1
50
1.12
Remarks
Very High
Very Low
Very Low
F
F
F
1
0
34
47
2
0
1
1
BARANGAY KAMANGA
(Responses)
3 4 5
Total Mean
1 0 49 50
4.96
3 4 8
50
2.12
1 1 0
50
1.06
A. Voting
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public
Office
D. Membership in
Political Clubs or
Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F
F
F
1
0
42
46
F
22
4
5
3
16
50
2.64
Moderately
High
F
29
4
1
0
16
50
2.36
Low
F
6
2
6
8
28
50
3.98
High
F
23
2
6
2
17
50
2.72
F. Persuading others
to vote
G. Working for a
Political Party or
Candidate
H. Participation in
political meetings
and rallies
I. Making contact with
government official
about some issues
and problems
J. Working with others
in trying to address
some community
problems
Grand Mean
F
4
0
2
2
48
50
4.72
Very High
F
15
2
4
2
27
50
3.76
Moderately
High
High
F
41
0
1
1
7
50
1.62
Low
F
44
3
1
1
1
50
1.22
Very Low
F
13
0
10 8
19
50
3.42
High
F
14
11
6
4
24
50
3.76
High
F
12
1
2
10
25
50
4.04
High
F
17
5
1
1
26
50
3.3
Moderately
High
F
17
2
4
8
19
50
3.4
Moderately
High
F
20
10
5
4
11
50
2.48
Low
3.164
Moderately
High
2.774
Moderately
High
Verbal Interpretation:
5
(4.21-5.00)
Very High
4
(3.41-4.20) High
3
(2.61-3.40)
Moderately High
2
1
Remarks
Very High
Low
Very Low
(1.81-2.60) Low
(1.00-1.80) Very Low
AMADORA|34
Table 2 shows the responses of women of Barangay Tinoto and Barangay
Kamanga on their Extent of Motivation to participate in the following political
activities.
The women respondents of Barangay Tinoto agree that the following
political activities account their extent of motivation to participate:
A) Voting ( =4.98); B) Political Campaigns ( =1.72); C) Running for Public Office
( =1.12); D) Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations ( =2.64); E) Policy
Advocacy ( =3.98); F) Persuading others to vote ( =4.72); G) Working for a
Political Party or Candidate ( =1.62); H) Participation in Political Meeting or
Rallies ( =3.42); I) Making contact with government official about some issues
and problems ( =4.04); and J) Working with others in trying to address some
community problems ( =3.4).
Among the eleven political activities enumerated, the women respondents
have very low extent of motivation in “Running for Public Office”
( =1.12), followed by “Working for a Political Party or Candidate” ( =1.62),
“Political Campaigns” ( =1.72) and “Membership in Political Clubs or
Organizations” ( =2.64).
It can be noted that the response with a highest mean ( =4.96) is “Voting”
followed by “Persuading others to vote” ( =4.72), “Making contact with
government official about some issues and problems ( =4.04), “Policy Advocacy”
with a mean of ( =3.98),
The overall mean is
=3.164
AMADORA|35
For Barangay Kamanga, the women respondents agree that the following
political activities account their extent of motivation to participate: A) Voting (
=4.96); B) Political Campaigns ( =2.12); C) Running for Public Office ( =1.06);
D) Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations ( =2.36); E) Policy Advocacy (
=2.72); F) Persuading others to vote ( =3.76); G) Working for a Political Party
or Candidate ( =1.22); H) Participation in Political Meeting or Rallies ( =3.76); I)
Making contact with government official about some issues and problems ( =3.3);
and J) Working with others in trying to address some community problems (
=2.48).
The response with a highest mean ( =4.96) is “Voting” followed by
“Persuading others to vote” and “Participation in Political Meeting or Rallies” with
the same mean of ( =3.76), Making contact with government official about some
issues and problems ( =3.3) and “Policy Advocacy” ( =2.72).
Among the eleven political activities enumerated, the women respondents
have very low in participation in “Running for Public Office”
( =1.06), “Working for a Political Party or Candidate” ( =1.22), “Political
Campaigns” ( =2.12), “Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations”
( =2.36) and Working with others in trying to address some community problems
( = 2.48).
The overall mean is
=2.771.
Notably, as shown in the Table above, both women respondents are said
to have an over-all Moderately High level on their extent of motivation to
participate in the political activities. Thus, “Voting” (Very High), “Participation in
AMADORA|36
Political meetings and rallies” (High) and “Running for Public Office” (Very Low)
as the common political activities with the same level of responses. However,
political activities such as “Political Campaign”, “Policy Advocacy”, “Persuading
others to vote”, “Making contact with government about some issues and
concerns”, “Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations” and “Working with
others in trying to address some community problems” varies differently in both
barangay.







BARANGAY KAMANGA
BARANGAY TINOTO
Persuading others to vote (Very
High)
Policy Advocacy (High)
Making contact with government
about some issues and concerns
(High)
Membership in Political Clubs
and Organizations (Moderately
High)
Working with others in trying to
address
some
community
problems (Moderately High)
Working for a Political Party
(Low)
Political Campaign (Very Low)





Voting (Very High)
Participation in Political
Meetings and rallies
(High)
Running for Public
Office (Very Low)





Persuading others to vote
(High)
Policy Advocacy (Moderately
High)
Making contact with government
about some issues and
concerns (Moderately High)
Political Campaign (Low)
Membership in Political Clubs or
Org’s (Low)
Working with others to other in
trying to address some
community problems (Low)
Working for a Political Party or
Candidate (Very Low)
The Venn diagram shows that, Women of Barangay Tinoto are said to
have a Very High Level as to the extent of their motivation to participate in
Persuading others to vote, High Level on Policy Advocacy, High Level on Making
contact with government about some issues and concerns, Moderately High Level
on the Membership in Political Clubs and Organizations, Low Level on Working
AMADORA|37
with others in trying to address some community problems and Very Low Level in
Political Campaign.
While women respondents of Barangay Kamanga are said to have a High
Level of participation on Persuading others to vote, Moderately High Level on
Making contact with government about some issues and concerns, Moderately
High Level on Policy Advocacy, Low Level on Working with others to other in trying
to address some community problems, Low Level in Political Campaigns, Low
Level on Working with others in trying to address some community problems and
a Very Low Level in Working for a Political Party and Candidate.
Comparatively, as to the Extent of Motivation of women in both Barangay in
terms of overall mean, women of Barangay Tinoto have a higher mean
( =3.164) compared to the women of Barangay Kamanga ( =2.771).
Also, there are many political activities which have a higher mean in the
case of women respondents of the former. Thus, it can be inferred from the data
that the women of Barangay Kamanga has a lower level extent of motivation in
political activities than the women of Barangay Kamanga.
AMADORA|38
Table 3.A. Level of Activeness of the Women in Barangay Tinoto
BARANGAY TINOTO
NOT
ACTIVE
F
%
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION
NOT SO
MODERATELY STRONGLY
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
F
%
F
%
F
%
Total
F
%
A. Voting
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
50
100.00
50
100
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public
Office
D. Membership in Political
Clubs or Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to
vote
G. Working for a Political
Party or Candidate
H. Participation in political
meetings and rallies
I. Making contact with
government official
about some issues and
problems
J. Working with others in
trying to address some
community problems
42
48
84.00
96.00
0
0
0.00
0.00
0
2
0.00
4.00
8
0
16.00
0.00
50
50
100
100
20
40.00
5
10.00
8
16.00
17
34.00
50
100
4
5
8.00
10.00
1
2
2.00
4.00
14
3
28.00
6.00
31
40
68.00
80.00
50
50
100
100
35
70.00
5
10.00
1
2.00
9
18.00
50
100
12
24.00
5
10.00
8
16.00
25
50.00
50
100
7
14.00
2
4.00
15
30.00
26
52.00
50
100
13
26.00
5
10.00
12
24.00
20
40.00
50
100
Table 3.A presents the frequency and percentage of the data as to how
active the women respondents of Barangay Tinoto in their participation in political
activities.
The data reveals that, all (100%) of women respondents are strongly active
in "Voting”. On "Running for Public Office” as a political activity, (96%) are not
active and (4%) are moderately active. On “Political Campaigns”, (84%) are not
active and (16%) are strongly active. On the "Membership in Political Clubs and
Organizations", (40%) are not active, (10%) are not so active, (16%) are
moderately active and (34%) are strongly active. The majority (68%) of the
AMADORA|39
respondents are strongly active in "Policy Advocacy", (28%) moderately active,
(2%) not so active and (8%) are not active. In terms of "Persuading others to vote",
the participation of the (10%) of the respondents is not active, that of the (4%) is
not so active, that of the (6%) is moderately active, and that of the remaining (80%)
is strongly active. On "Working for a Political Party or Candidate” as a political
activity, (70%) are not active, (10%) are not so active, (2%) is moderately active,
and (18%) are strongly active. In terms of participation in “Political Meetings or
rallies", (24%) are not active, 10 are not so active, (16%) are moderately active,
and (50%) are strongly active. On "Making contact with Government Officials" as
a political activity, (14%) are not active, (4%) are not so active, (30%) are
moderately active and (52%) are strongly active. And, on "Working with others in
trying to address some community problems", (26%) are not active, (10%) are not
so active, (24%) moderately active and (40%) are strongly active
AMADORA|40
Table 3.B. Level of Activeness of the Women in Barangay Kamanga
BARANGAY KAMANGA
FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION
NOT
NOT SO
MODERATELY
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
F
%
F
%
F
%
STRONGLY
ACTIVE
F
%
A. Voting
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public
Office
D. Membership in Political
Clubs or Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to
vote
G. Working for a Political
Party or Candidate
H. Participation in political
meetings and rallies
I. Making contact with
government official
about some issues and
problems
J. Working with others in
trying to address some
community problems
37
49
74.00
98.00
0
0
0.00
0.00
6
1
31
62.00
2
4.00
27
16
54.00
32.00
0
0
47
94.00
25
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
Total
F
%
50 100.00
50
100
12.00
2.00
7
0
14.00
0.00
50
50
100
100
1
2.00
16
32.00
50
100
0.00
0.00
5
4
10.00
8.00
18
30
36.00
60.00
50
50
100
100
1
2.00
1
2.00
1
2.00
50
100
50.00
2
4.00
7
14.00
16
32.00
50
100
25
50.00
1
2.00
4
8.00
20
40.00
50
100
23
46.00
12
24.00
3
6.00
12
24.00
50
100
Table 3.B presents the frequency and percentage of the data on how active
the women respondents of Barangay Kamanga are in their participation in political
activities.
As indicated in the table, all women (100%) are strongly active in "Voting".
On “Membership in political clubs or organizations" (62%) are not active, (4%) are
not so active, (2%) are moderately active and (32%) are strongly active. On "Policy
Advocacy” as a political activity, (54%) are not so active, (10%) are moderately
active and (36%) are strongly active. On "Persuading others to vote", (32%) are
not active, (8%) moderately active and (60%) are strongly active. On "Participation
in Political Meetings and rallies", (50%) are not active, (4%) are not so active,
AMADORA|41
(14%) are moderately active and (32%) are strongly active. On "Making contact
with government", (50%) are not active, (2%) are not so active, (8%) are
moderately active and (40%) are strongly active. And, "Working with others in
trying to address some community problems" as a political activity, (46%) are not
active, (24%) are not so active, (6%) are moderately active and (24%) are strongly
active.
Table 3.C. Women of Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga as to
their Level of Activeness. (Comparative Table)
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
A. Voting
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public Office
D. Membership in Political Clubs
or Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to vote
G. Working for a Political Party or
Candidate
H. Participation in political
meetings and rallies
I. Making contact with
government official about
some issues and problems
J. Working with others in trying
to address some community
problems
LEVEL OF RESPONSE
BARANGAY
BARANGAY
TINOTO
KAMANGA
Strongly Active
Strongly Active
(100%)
(100%)
Not Active (84%) Not Active (74%)
Not Active (96%) Not Active (98%)
Not Active (40%) Not Active (62%)
Strongly Active
(80%)
Strongly Active
(80%)
Not Active (70%)
Not Active (54%)
Strongly Active
(50%)
Strongly Active
(52)
Not Active (50%)
Strongly Active
(40%)
Not Active (46%)
Strongly Active
(60%)
Not Active (94%)
Not Active (50%)
The gray colored columns are the differences of Women in both barangay
in terms of their Level of Activeness. Clearly, in terms of “Voting”, women
respondents of both barangay have identical percentage (100%) as being strongly
AMADORA|42
active. It can be noted that, political activities such as Participation in Political
meetings and rallies, making contact with government official about some issues
and problems and Working with others varies differently in their response as to
their Level of Activeness. It is clear that, women respondents of Brgy. Tinoto are
strongly active (68%) in Policy Advocacy compared to the women respondents of
Brgy. Kamanga which is (54%) or the majority are not active in Policy Advocacy.
Strongly active (50%) in Participation in political meetings and rallies compared to
the latter which have (50%) women respondents who are not active. As to Making
contact with governments about some issues and problems, women respondents
of Brgy. Tinoto is strongly active than the women respondents of Brgy. Kamanga.
Lastly, women respondents of Brgy. Kamanga are not active (46%) in Working
with others in trying to address some community problems compared to the
Women respondents of Brgy. Tinoto (40%) who are strongly active.
B. KII Data Analysis
This part presents the data obtained from the interviews with key informants.
The KII data supplements the survey data. The KII narratives are first presented,
followed by the identification and analysis of themes and sub-themes that are
drawn from the narratives.
AMADORA|43
C.1. KII Narratives
BARANGAY TINOTO
Key Informant 1: NANCY I. CHUA
In her interview on February 8, 2016 at 8:19 in the morning, in her residence
at Purok 6 Asnalang, Barangay Tinoto. Mrs. Chua highlighted her interview in three
important aspects: The Advantages of Being an Active Women, The Quality of a
Good Leader and the Importance of Participation in the Government.
The Advantages of Being an Active Women. Accordingly, the
advantages of being an active women in a barangay is: First, you are able to help
and contribute to your community, especially when you are women you become a
model. “Even though we are women, we have something to do in the community,
we have simple acts to contribute for the betterment of our society” and “when you
are active, sometimes you will be invited by some organizations outside in your
barangay, to inspire other women in other barangays” she added. Second, you will
know about some problems of your barangay even if you are not a politician.
“When participating, we are then educating ourselves what is happening in our
society. That is why, I participated lots of organizations, activities and programs of
our government because of this I established Women’s organization for Indigenous
People. In her interview, she said “One reason why I am active when it comes to
participating in women’s organizations is that for women to become empowered
just like me. I’m a Bla’an myself and I want to empower my tribe especially those
women who are uncivilized when it comes to participation in the Barangay. She
highlighted also that, if women are inactive they are not aware what is happening
in their surroundings. If they will try to address some community problems they
tend to just be silent, pretending to know nothing. They’ll just stay in their house
and will not contribute to the community.
The Quality of a Good Leader. According to Mrs. Chua when I asked what
is her criteria of a leader or a politician. She replied, “God Fearing”. Accordingly, it
is the basic foundation of a good leader, if you have God in your life then you are
able to perform your functions as a politician and that is to serve the people and
the willingness to help the people. “The church is really a big help for me to
influence my colleagues as to how we choose politicians. I also encourages my
church mates to participate when election comes. “Bisag naa ta sa simbahan,
involve jud ta ani, and of course to vote because this is one of our rights as a
citizen”.
Importance of Participation in the Government. Mrs. Chua points out
that, “Halos ipakaon na sa gobyerno sa imuha, hangtud sa imung pag-usap gusto
nimo ang gobyerno gihapon ang magpausap sa imuha.”
When I asked about “Do you think that the public officials are the ones that
should provide the basic necessities for their constituents? Or the constituents
AMADORA|44
should also contribute?” she replied that it should be “Vice Versa”. First, do not
depend on the government because it cannot solve all the problems in the society
instead work and help the government. However, on the other hand, the
government should also work for the necessities of its people- and by that we can
show “Vice-Versa”. The government will help the people, the people will help the
government. She added that, “Dili ta magsalig sa gobyerno, trabaho tag atu. Di
man mahatod tanan.” Second, is “Voting” this is the only way to express our
freedom to choose, “madaog man or mapildi imung gipili” she emphasized. For
her, as long as you exercise your right to vote then you satisfy your right as a
Filipino and it is one of the important participation that you can contribute to the
government.
Mrs. Nancy I. Chua is a housewife as well as a Sanitary Officer and
Inspector in Brgy. Tinoto, she is also a church leader in their purok. She is a Bla’an
women aims to empower her tribe. She used to participate in Political Campaigns
and supports political party and candidates when her brother ran for public office.
She sponsored and supported ordinances in Brgy. Tinoto such as the “Sanitary
Ordinance” and “Zero- Open Defecation”. She is involved in different organization
such as the “WINDS Movement”.
Key Informant 2: LEONORA DINOPOL SON
In her interview on February 8, 2016 at 8:46 in the morning, in her residence
at Purok 5 Asnalang, Barangay Tinoto. Mrs. Son highlighted her interview in two
important aspects: The Importance of Registering and Voting and The Role of
Public Servant or Politician.
The Importance of Registering and Voting. Accordingly, she said that it
is very important to register in the COMELEC for us to be able to vote for our bets
in the election. “Sayang kaayo, dapat magparehistro” she added. Also, when we
are registered voters, we are able to qualify who we want as our public officials.
When asked about what is her criteria, she simply answered, a running politicians
should be capable of handling problems, have good manners, position is suited for
him and his abilities. She points out also that, “Bisan tagaan ko niyag kwarta, nya
diili sya angay sa posisyon di jud nako sya botohon.” Mrs. Son shared also that,
she accompanied people especially in her purok to go to COMELEC for
registration, she scouts neighbors who are not yet registered.
For Voting, she emphasized that it is our basic right, she cited an example
that “Kung di ta muboto, nya kung naa kay problema sa inyung balay? Kinsa man
imung duulan?” According to her, by voting, we are able to voice out what we want,
what we want for, progress or change. Also, we are able to help our community
compared to those people who didn’t vote.
The Role of Public Servant or Politician. According to her, when people
helped the politicians and or the government, politicians should always put in mind
to help also its people. Not that the public officials will just appear every time
AMADORA|45
election comes. “Mao nang dili ko muboto anang makit-an ra nimo panahon sa
eleksyon tapos pagmudaog dili na kabalo mulingi.” She points out also that, the
main reason why people tend to not participate in the activities of the government
it is because the government failed to reach out its people most especially those
who are already inactive since time immemorial. The government just let those
inactive people to forever be inactive and sometimes these people were already
disregarded by the government. Mrs. Son termed this inactive people as “dungol”.
That is why, she prefer to address community problems alone because of this
behavior cause by the failure of the government to reach out these kind of people.
She cited an example on Water Supply and Comfort Rooms, she said “Dungol na
ang mga tao, dili na maminaw pareha anang sa CR, mag-adto lang sa munisipyo
dala lang ug cedula para makakuha ug bowl sa CR, dili jud maminaw.” But she
then reiterated that, “Dapat mutabang ta sa barangay pareha anang musali sa mga
meeting or magdagyaw”.
Mrs. Leonora D. Son, is a housewife and a former barangay worker of
Barangay Tinoto, she was appointed by Mayor Lopez Sr. as a campaign manager
in 1995, a member of WINDS Movement and accordingly, during the time when
she is still in the barangay as worker, she is able to share new policies or
ordinances of Barangay in her family and neighbors. She used to work in YACAP
Partylist in her 50’s.
Key Informant 3: REMEDIOS L. MAULANI
In her interview on February 8, 2016 at 10:08 in the morning, in her
residence at Purok 3 Barangay Tinoto. Mrs. Maulani highlighted her interview in
two important aspects: Working with Colleagues and Others, Policy Advocacy and
persuading others to vote.
Working with Colleagues and Others. Accordingly, it is good to work with
others especially in addressing community problems because sometimes when
you work alone, people or the competent authority will not be convince rather than
that of the many. To quote, “Dapat naa juy kauban, kay kung ikaw ra isa dili ka
tuuhan maayo nang daghan mo” she said. She added that, when working with
others you are able to encourage and influence others because when people
especially women, they will be attracted to join a certain organization when they
witnessed that your group or your association is successful or do great things in
the community. But when I asked her, “Do you work with others in trying to address
community problems or you worked alone?” She laughed and answered, “Oo, pero
retired nako ana, pero katong nag edad pakog 30-40 that’s my work, but for now
ga-advice nalang ko.”
Policy Advocacy. When asked about did she ever try supporting a policy
or advocating a policy, she directly replied yes. According to her, when you are
AMADORA|46
advocating a policy, you need to apply first in your home your husband or wife and
children after that your neighbor and next your group or associations.
Persuading others to vote. According to her, election is the only time we
exercise our minds to choose for a better politician or the politicians we wanted to
vote. She laid down her criteria that a running public officials must be suited for
service, easy to approach and a good person, she then followed a statement, “Iconvince pa nako sila sa ubang tao na botohan.” That is why, she is really into
persuading others to vote for according to her, people will realize the importance
of voting and electing politicians. She highlighted that, “Kita man ang Gobyerno,
kita lang ang nagluklok sa mga politico to govern us, mao nang muboto ta para
maluklok nato kung kinsa ang atong gusto na mu-govern sa atua.”
Mrs. Remedios L. Maulani is a housewife and a member of WINDS
Movement and Farmer’s Association in Barangay Tinoto. She worked for about 5
months in the Municipal Hall of Maasim but focused now on her family. She was
never involve in Running into public office.
Key Informant 4: ROSIE J. PEJO
In her interview on February 8, 2016 at 11:30 in the morning, in her
residence at Purok 2 Barangay Tinoto. Mrs. Pejo highlighted her interview in one
aspect: The Advantage of an Active Women.
The Advantage of an Active Women. According to her, even though they
don’t know your values or you as a person, when you are active, people would
tend to listen to you. People will easily believe you and if you’re a women of
confidence and can face big people or politicians without qualms you’ll be
appreciated by your colleagues or neighbors and sometimes you will become
representative of your groups when it comes to addressing problems in your
community. When I asked her if she ever try participating political campaigns, she
confidently replied with Yes, “Naging coordinator ako nationwide sa Manila sa
panahon ni FPJ.” She also pointed out that, if you are active you will be
appreciated. When I asked her again, why she participated in Political Campaign,
she answered “Parang linya ko na talaga ang kampanya-kampanya”. Also, she
choose to be a campaign manager because she wanted to support her politician,
she observed that her supported politician is suited for the position, serious when
it comes to performing his task and a good future public servant. She added that,
she was then appointed as campaign manager in Leyte even if she is not a
registered voter in Leyte. In Maasim, she was appointed to be campaign person
during the 2010 Mayoral Election. She actually shared her experience when she’s
still residing in Brgy. Fatima, she was elected as official even though she didn’t ask
to be elected, she said “Sa Brgy. Fatima, kahit hindi ako nangangampanya, binoto
parin nila ako.”
AMADORA|47
Mrs Pejo also shared the problem of being active in a certain community,
according to her, in the case of Brgy. Tinoto, when there is a problem confronting
the people, there will be no action taken from the local officials to solve the problem
and sometimes being an active women will be misunderstood by some. She also
said in her interview that, Women’s organization are limited to those who are closer
to the heart of the politicians. Thus, women who are not related to the politicians
will not be part of the Organizations at all. She added that, Women will be active
when the government will try to eliminate the concept of “duol sa luwag” principle.
Mrs. Rosie J. Pejo is a housewife and a former FPJ’s Coordinator
nationwide. She was early registered at the age of 16 years old because of his
ability and being active in the community. She is really into Political Campaigns
and willing to volunteer just to support her political candidate. Mrs. Pejo viewed
Brgy. Tinoto’s system of government as the wrong doings in the community
sometimes tend to be correct for some and people don’t care about some problems
existing in the community.
Key Informant 5: SANDRA M. TANKONG
In her interview on February 8, 2016 at 1:30 in the afternoon, in her
residence at Purok 3 Barangay Tinoto. Mrs. Tankong highlighted her interview in
two aspects: The Importance of Participation in the Government and Policy
Advocacy and Persuading others to vote.
The Importance of Participation in the Government. She points out that
the government cannot work without the participation of the people. She added
that, “Unsa may ilang ilihok kung walay suporta gikan sa katawhan?” According to
Mrs. Tankong, participating in the affairs of the government will help you to have
an edge to those women who are not participating in the government. She cited
examples such as: what if the government will give sack of rice to those women
who are active or there is an activity in the barangay which gives scholarships to
the children of the active women in the barangay? So basically the women who
are said to be inactive cannot benefit from the programs of the government. She
then added the statement, “Luoy lang sila” which she refers to those women who
just stayed at home and do nothing to help or participate in the barangay.
Policy Advocacy and Persuading others to vote. Mrs. Tankong admitted
that sometimes she was not able to attend barangay meetings or political rallies.
She’s able to attend if, according to her “pag may time”. However, even though
she cannot fulfill her duty to attend, she still ask her friends or neighbor what
happened during the meeting or what are the discussions during the rallies. When
I asked her if she is into supporting policies in her barangay, she angrily replied
yes, and then gave scenario on the policy implemented by their council about the
cleanest purok. According to her, their purok was accused of being the dirtiest
purok in Tinoto that is why she is angry because the validity of the statement as
the dirtiest purok is not yet proven and it was a lie because their purok was
AMADORA|48
evidently the cleanest and have a responsible residents compared to other puroks,
they have garbage cans, comfort rooms, etc. She explained why she is angry with
the statement it is because she herself was one who monitored, spread or do the
information drive about the cleanliness policy in their purok. She even asked DENR
for help as to how things done properly.
When I asked her if she persuades other to vote and why? She directly
answered yes for my political candidate will win. From her statement, if you want
your bet to win then you’ll ask others to vote for him but you cannot force them
whom they wanted to vote for. But the thing is, you have shared your insights as
to why you choose this kind of politician. She said that of course when election is
fast approaching some of the running politicians will be posting their faces in the
calendar or advertisement for that matter, but we still need to look at the bigger
scenario why they deserve our votes.
Mrs. Sandra M. Tankong owns a Sari-Sari store in their purok. She
sometimes appointed as a “watcher” during the elections. She admitted that she is
active in her barangay aside from addressing community problems, it is because
she didn’t want quarrel or misunderstanding in the part of some residents in their
barangay. She’s just sharing her thoughts particularly an issue to her neighbors or
Aunt.
BARANGAY KAMANGA
Key Informant 6: ANALYN B. CARREON
In her interview on February 10, 2016 at 9:08 in the morning, in the Brgy.
Hall of Brgy. Kamanga. Mrs. Carreon highlighted her interview in two aspects: The
Importance of Participation in the Government and Voting.
The Importance of Participation in the Government. According to her,
people especially women should participate in the affairs of the Government like
attending in General Assemblies or meetings. Here, people will be aware what is
the condition of the barangay council and the programs of the government for its
people. She added that maybe there are benefits or goods that will be given by the
Barangay for those who always participating in the affairs of the government. She
said, “Para naa kay kaayuhan madawat ba pareha anang mga scholarships sa
imung anak”. She added also her experience in their organization, she opted to
participate because she wanted to learn new things that could help her in her home
like being in the BHW or Barangay Health Worker, she used to participate in the
Information Drive in every purok which is primarily to spread alertness during
incidents or disasters, she said “Kay kana sa amua, sa BHW, gi—share namo
about kanang pagpangandam parehas anang medicine kit”. She also points out
that, when there is a problem in your community like gambling, people must be
watchful to report it directly in the competent authority or in the “Tanod” or Brgy.
Kagawad and also it is good to have colleagues to report in order for it to be
AMADORA|49
convincing, “Naa juy kauban para naa koy witness, para dili maingun na ako ra
nag buot-buot.” She said.
Voting. From her interview, she said Voting is sacred and that people
should not exchange it for goods or money. We must not allow politicians to pay
for our votes.
Mrs. Carreon accordingly, is really into participating in the elections and
persuading others to vote. “Kusog kaayo ko mangumbinse ug tao oy, kay sagrado
baya ang boto ingnan nato sila” she confidently said when I asked her why she
opted to persuade others to vote and what motivates her? She said, her family,
she wanted to have change in the government. She wanted a public servants who
is “madali-dali nato, maduulan, dali ra masampit”.
When asked about the importance of Voting, she said that “Sayang kaayo
oy, kung dili ka muboto.” “Basig ikaw pa diay makapadaog sa imung kandidato”
she added. According to her, it is our basic right as a Filipino to vote and if we
exercise our vote then we satisfy our citizenship as “Pinoy”.
Mrs. Analyn B. Carreon is a housewife and a member of RIC or the Rural
Improvement Club of Brgy. Kamanga, she once participated in the Political
Campaign of Capt. Rosadelima Mangelen. She labeled herself as one of the active
women in Brgy. Kamanga.
Key Informant 7: NORMIE C. MACAGCALAT
In her interview on February 10, 2016 at 11:00 in the morning, in the Brgy.
Hall of Brgy. Kamanga. Mrs. Macagcalat highlighted her interview in the aspect of
Support and Voting.
Support and Voting. When I asked her about her participation in the
Barangay she just answered with only “Voting” she’s active as of today. She never
attended Assemblies or meeting in the Barangay because she was never invited,
even in membership in the women’s organization. According to her, members of
the organization were chosen, the organization was limited to those who are closed
to the present administration. She preferred to just stay in her house and nurture
her children. She labeled herself inactive because the officials elected in the higher
positions in Kamanga was no longer her relative, she was active before compared
today. “Inactive na, lahi naman gud ang administration man gud”.
Before, she used to participate in the Political Campaigns of her relative but
after her relatives lost in the election she’s just inviting her neighbor to vote in the
precinct in order for her to have companion going to the voting station. She
emphasized also, that it is good to have a companion when going to the voting
station in order for the both of you will share opinions and suggestions who will you
vote or why did you vote for a certain politician.
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When I asked her about her basis of voting a politician, she enumerated
two: (a) Background Check and (b) Accomplishments and his/her Issues.
According to her, we should check the background of a certain politician if he is
good or performs well during his time as a public servant. Physically, let us also
look if he/she is still capable of serving. She said that, “Huna-hunaon jud nato kinsa
ang atong botohon.” And when I asked her why? She said that it is important to
really choose wisely our politician in order to improve our economy, she even
stated comment about the present scenario of a common Filipino that if we do not
think wisely who we will vote, our situation today will never change or improve. She
said, “sa karon man gud kung dili ta kabalo mamili o botohon, nya magpataka
pajud tag pamili mao ra gihapon ta wa gihapoy kabag-uhan.”
Mrs. Normie C. Macagcalat, was a former SK Chairperson in Brgy.
Kamanga under the administration of the former Brgy. Captain, Danrib L.
Macagcalat, she was the sister in-law of the latter. Accordingly, when I asked her
why she ran into public office, she admits that it was never her intention to run she
was just the replacement of the brother of her husband because the name of her
brother in law was allegedly never encoded in the master list of the registered SK’s,
according to her “Ako nalang gipadagan kay pareha mi ug apelyido”
Key Informant 8: MAGDING J. ESPETACION
In her interview on February 10, 2016 at 2:00 in the afternoon, in her
residence at Riverside, Brgy. Kamanga. Mrs. Espetacion highlighted her interview
in two aspects: The Advantages of an Active Women, Policy Advocacy and
Persuading others to vote.
The Advantages of an Active Women. Mrs. Espetacion said that, she is
active when it comes to Membership in Organizations in the barangay, she is a
member of different sectors such as the 4Ps. KALAHI CIDDS, RIC and BHW, she
was then elected as treasurer, secretary or even president in different
organizations. When I asked her, who motivated and why she opted to participate
in the Organizations she said that since she is involved in the different activities in
the barangay, she is often invited by some organization to be a member and
sometimes she is elected in the higher positions that is why everyday she is busy
and if these following organizations have seminars which is set on the same dates,
she left with no decisions but to choose either one seminar which is important. She
laughed and said that’s the other side of being active in different organizations.
She added that, it is very important to participate in these kind of
organization to avail services and benefits from the government aside from
educating ourselves, she insisted that “Unsay mga kaayuhan sa gobyerno, ikaw
juy purmente mahunahunaan ug adto.” However, she never think of herself alone,
although sometimes she became the representative of her purok to go to the
barangay to attend meeting or talking to the Barangay Officials, she encourages
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also her neighbors especially women to participate in the organizations to avail
services and programs of the government just like her. Accordingly, for quite some
time now, she’s able to bring his colleagues to her organizations and encourages
more members in her organizations. When I asked her about working in a politician
or political party, she just replied no for she don’t want to work for politicians, she
actually said “Wala, kay gaiwas ko kanang kontrahon ko, i-sekreto nalang nako
kinsa akong gusto kaysa magtrabaho ko sa ilaha.”
Policy Advocacy and Persuading others to vote. According to her, since
she is active in the affairs of the Barangay she is able to inform her neighbors about
the services and programs of the government like giving toilet bowls for those who
have not comfort rooms, scholarships given by the barangay, etc. She points out
that if you are active in the Barangay or in the affairs of the government your role
is to inform especially those who are not informed or those women who are busy
and cannot fulfill to participate in the meetings or assemblies because sometimes
according to her, “Kay kana bayang di kaadto mao nang daghan ug reklamo mao
nang ipasabot nako, kay ikaw man ang nakabalo ug nakaadto, ikaw nalang jud
magpasabot.”
When I asked her if she persuades or influence others to vote, she
answered with “Mao jud na!” then she follow up with the idea of “vote buying”.
According to her, she used to influence or persuade anybody to vote for her
politician in order to win. When it comes to vote buying, according to her let us just
receive what is given like canned goods, money, etc. but don’t let this act influence
who you wanted to vote, she even said follow what our hearts says. That is why
she encourages most especially her family and neighbors to choose leaders who
are worthy that will truly serve the people. She cited a scenario that most of the
politicians will just appear during the election and never look back to those people
who supported him and aside from that these politicians will never hear the voices
of those who are in need. When I asked her why she opted to do it? Mrs.
Espetacion said that, aside from voting as our basic right we should also remember
that influencing is also a right, her intentions was just to make people realize how
important to choose honest politicians for they are the one that will govern us, she
also looked back with her experience in the organization that the more voices most
probably you will be heard. And asking about how our vote is important? She just
said, “Para ang imong gusto ibutang sa pwesto maboto nimo na makatabang sa
atua, mao nang muboto jud ko, kay ang akong boto importante kaayo” she insisted
that we should vote because it is the right thing to do.
Mrs. Magding J. Espetacion is a housewife and really into different
organizations, when asked about her criteria of a politician she said: sincere to his
job and honest. Mrs. Japos actually concern to those women who never participate
in the government. Accordingly, as a Purok Leader she will be able to voice out
what are the needs of her Purok.
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Key Informant 9: GLORIA M. BUGHAW
In her interview on February 10, 2016 at 2:30 in the afternoon, in her
residence at Taliac, Brgy. Kamanga. Mrs. Bughaw was a bit reluctant and nervous
during the course of my interview. Her statement was limited. However, she
highlighted her interview in two aspects: Making contact with government official
about some issues and problems and Quality of a Good Leader.
Making contact with government official about some issues. According
to her, she prefer to work with others in addressing problem like her experience
when she’s still the Parents’ Association President of the Day Care Center in their
purok, together with the officers they went to the Brgy. Captain and Brgy. Kagawad
of Kamanga to ask for an assistance for the pupils of their Day Care Center like
chairs, table and school supplies. When I asked her why she opted to do it? She
just replied “para makatabang”.
Quality of a Good Leader. According to her, she wanted a leader who will
act as the mother that whenever her children ask for help the mother will probably
help her children. Also, a mother to nurture her children, lift up the life of her
children and of course to take care of its people. She said, “Gusto nako active,
dapat inahan para matubag niya tanan problema”. That is why she really into
advocating to choose politicians that will act like a mother, she used to persuade
others for her candidate to win. Mrs. Bughaw even participate in political
campaigns voluntarily although limited only for Brgy. Kagawad. She said,
“Gapangampanya rako sa akong mga manok, usahay wala ko gaapil mahadlok
ko.” “Kagawad ra akong ginakampanya” she added.
Mrs. Gloria M. Bughaw is a sister of a Brgy. Kagawad in Kamanga, she
never try to run as a public servant because she is not into politics. She was a
former President in the Parents’ Association in the Day Care Center in their Purok.
Key Informant 10: LAYL L. FRONDOZO
In her interview on February 10, 2016 at 4:00 in the afternoon, in the Brgy.
Hall of, Brgy. Kamanga. Mrs. Frondozo highlighted her interview in the aspects of
Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations and Voting and Support.
Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations and the Advantage of
being an active Women. Mrs. Frondozo said in her interview, being in an
organizations especially women’s association, they are able to express
themselves in any ways, supporting advocacies, policies and programs of the
government. Aside from it, you can easily talk to the public officials. According to
her, when you are in the organizations you are able to influence other people even
though sometimes you can comment to the existing policies of the government or
even the people who violated the policies but the thing is you contributed to your
barangay. When I asked her why she opted to do it, she said “Kuan man, kaayuhan
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man sa barangay kay kinahanglan musunod ta, usahay gani makaistorya tag sakit
pero dili man jud na maiwasan,”She added also that when you are in the
organization you should always be present in the assemblies or meetings of the
barangay. The importance of participating in the meetings for her is that, in this
way we are able to be inform what is happening in the affairs of the barangay or
the situation of the barangay. She cited example such as when the Brgy. Captain
announced an important matters, with this we will be informed. “Kay kung dili man
gud ta musali, purmente ta walay nabal-an” she added.
Voting and Support. For her, when people do not support the government,
the government will never be productive or be progressive so the people must
support the government for that matter. She said also that, we should never let
politicians buy our votes or never replace our votes with money or goods. When I
asked her about her criteria of a politician, she said that they should be educated
or at least professionals because what is the essence of being a politician if they
are not professionals or educated because for her, there are things in the activity
of the government that professionals or educated politicians can only understand
compared to politicians who are not professionals. When I asked her the
importance of her vote, she said two reasons why it is important: First, by voting
we are able to justify the idea of being “Maka-Pilipino”, for her how will you justify
being a Filipino if you yourself you don’t vote and second, if you don’t vote you are
apathetic and do not care about the Philippines.
At the end of the course of my interview, I asked her for a last statement.
She said, for our country to be progressive or to be developed people must work
together hand in hand, respect should always prevail and we should fight
corruption. According to her, how we will solve the problems of our country or
community if we as citizens don’t understand and respect each other or even work
together for progress. Aside from that, we should choose leaders who are trusted
or as much as possible concerned about the welfare of the people, she said that
“Tapos mupili pud ta kanang masaligan, kay sa karon na panahon pag mupili ka,
bayad.” She even cited example such as those politicians who gave 20 pesos in
return with your vote. She said that, do not exchange the 6 years of your life for
just 20 pesos or more.
Mrs. Layl L. Frondozo is a Day Care Worker and a part time student at
Green Valley College. She used to participate in the political campaigns when her
father ran for Brgy. Captain in Kamanga twice. She is a member of WINDS
Movement of Kamanga. She said that she is very active because she attended
every meeting in the Brgy and she commented that most of the Women in Brgy.
Kamanga are inactive and do not care about what is happening in their
surroundings.
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C.2. Matrix 1. Thematic Analysis (Themes and Sub-Themes)
Key Themes
The key results of the thematic analysis are broken into three major
themes, namely: Importance of Participation in the Government, The Advantages
of an Active Women and Quality of a Good Leader.
THEMES
Importance of
Participation in the
Government
SUB-THEMES
DESCRIPTION
Support and Voting
One way of helping the
Government
Policy Advocacy and
Persuading other to
vote
Promote policies and activities
which strengthen their
communities.
Membership in Political
Clubs and
Organizations
Encourages participation.
The Advantages of an
Active Women
Values and rewards to be gain.
Develop a team approach.
Working with
colleagues or others in
trying to address
community problems
Have a greater sense of the social
issues, the well-being and the
welfare of their community and put
these into decision-making
process.
Making contact with the
government about some issues.
Quality of a Good
Leader
The role of Public
Servants and
Politicians
Politicians or Public servants
should always put the welfare of
its people as the top priority.
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Theme 1: Importance of Participation in the Government
This theme consists of two sub-themes: “Support and Voting” and
“Policy Advocacy and Persuading others to vote”. Support and Voting is by
far the largest sub-theme with the greatest emphasis and it is the detailed political
activity by the respondents.
Support and Voting
Voting, is actually viewed by the women informants as a political activity
tantamount to Communication, Help and a Promise.
Although majority of the interviewed women perceived voting as sacred and
is one way of helping the government. Women informants have this common
notion of, by voting – it is then an assurance to communicate their politicians
especially if the one they voted won in the election. They have this idea in their
mind that “Voting” removed the gap of a politician and the people supporting him
for they can ask easily their politicians without barriers when it comes to the
problem in their home, family or even in their community.
Voting is also a form of help, aside from the expectation of the people on
their politician to help back its people. By voting, then you are helping also the
politician himself. As one stressed:
“Sayang kaayo oy, kung dili ka muboto.” “Basig ikaw pa diay makapadaog
sa imung kandidato”
Women informants have the common idea that if you didn’t participate in
the election, maybe your vote will be the last resort or it is the only vote that would
probably save the politician to win in the election.
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Women of Brgy. Tinoto and Kamanga, sometimes tend to participate in the
election because of their relatives or tribe, they vote for it is their promise to support
their relatives such as their brothers, cousins or even church member.
Policy Advocacy and Persuading others to vote
The informants thinks that even if it is the work of the local government to
require an effort to encourage everyone to abide the rules, it is still our
responsibility to implement it in the community especially in our neighbors, friends
or colleagues. Women informants also viewed persuading others to vote as an
obligation to be fulfilled. Thus, encouraging everyone that it is necessary to
exercise their right to suffrage.
Informants of this study, are highly committed in promoting policies in their
localities. Their participation is valuable and is commendable. They are concern of
those women who are said to be not active in the government and who are
disregarded by their officials. They tend to encourage colleagues in promoting the
policies implemented by their local units.
Theme 2: The Advantages of an Active Women
This theme consist of two sub-themes: “Membership in Political Clubs or
Organizations” (related to which it encourages participation among women and
the values and rewards to be gain), “Working with others in trying to address
community problems” (related to the motivation to develop a team approach and
have a greater sense of putting problems and issues to decision making process).
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Membership in Political Clubs or Organization
The participants perceived this as, aside from promoting participation
among women, they also looked into it as the source of benefits for their family
such as scholarships for their children, providing goods and other necessities for
their living or sometimes to easily access facilities in the barangay. They believe
that it is the way they can benefit the government. As two of the women stressed:
1. “Unsay mga kaayuhan sa gobyerno, ikaw juy purmente mahunahunaan
ug adto.”
2. “Para naa kay kaayuhan madawat ba.. pareha anang mga scholarships
sa imung anak.”
Working with others in trying to address some community problems
The informants emphasized that with this such activity they can express and
address public concerns with the authorities by elevating team approach with their
co-women- here they are able to understand the problem well, how to address or
solve simple issues confronting their community and as a whole it enhances their
concerns or sense to the well-being and welfare of their community. Punayan
(2015) By women‘s involvement in the community and working with others in trying
to lobby issues and problems to authorities they address some concerns that other
politicians may not actually see. As one stressed:
“Dapat naa juy kauban, kay kung ikaw ra isa dili ka tuuhan maayo nang
daghan mo”
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Theme 3: A Quality of a Good Leader
This theme consist of only one sub-theme: “The Role of the Public
Servant and Politicians” (related to their criteria of a political candidate and the
performance of the government politicians).
The Role of the Public Servant and Politicians
Women informants emphasized the major role of the public servant and that
is to deliver services which is to sustain and lift up the life of its people and try not
to forget the people who put and elected them in the position.
Piecing the Data Together: Bridging KII and the Survey Data
The narratives of the ten (10) Key Informants supplemented the data gathered
in the one-hundred (100) women respondents equally from Brgy. Tinoto and Brgy.
Kamanga. The political activities with a high level of results which was emphasized
in KII and Survey is “Voting” and it is a manifestation that women are really into
voting, satisfying their rights to choose better politicians and viewed voting as
sacred and important tool for change. A prominent theme which is not included in
the survey gathering data and was emphasized in the KII was the “The Quality of
a Good Leader”. This means that, aside from participating in the political activities,
they also looked to the performance of the politicians if they really deserve the
position. Also, by doing such, helping the government makes a better community,
validating the role of women in nation-building.
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Women of Barangay Tinoto Compared to the Women of Barangay
Kamanga (this includes the comments, reactions and observations by the
respondents during the conduct of the study)
It is interesting to know that both women respondents realized their role in
their respective barangays, they participated most of the political activities although
vary in some degree.
Women respondents from Tinoto compared to the Women of Barangay
Kamanga, are said to have established a concept of ‘collectivism’ or a ‘collectivist
approach’ since the time being to which it can be associated with the traditional
‘balangay’ or the primitive barangay wherein it can be observed the practices of
kinship ties, patron client and a patriarchal form of governance. On the other hand,
Barangay Kamanga in such manner are said to have an ‘individualistic orientation’,
concerned mainly to the welfare of its family and undermining the activities outside
their home.
Basically these observations can somehow be proven by the history or the
current situation of both barangays. Tinoto on one hand, although resided with
Cebuano and Bla’an it is composed of a majority tribe of “Jolohano” which are
natives from Jolo, Tawi-Tawi and are Muslims believing in the teachings of Islam.
In terms of the history of governance, there is no woman who serve as a leader in
the barangay specifically the position of Barangay Captain. Nonetheless, by having
a patriarchal setup, participation of women in the local can still be observe due to
Kinship ties and patron-client relationship, they tend to participate since their
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leaders or the public officials were their cousins, relatives and or part of their tribe
‘Jolohano’. Also, they tend to listen to their politicians whom they trusted.
The problem however of Tinoto is that, they practiced the concept of ‘duol
sa luwag’ (based on the survey gathering) it is a practice wherein those who are in
the circles or relatives of the public servants for that matter are the ones to benefit
from the government, disregarding those who are too far from the capital of the
barangay or even sometimes discounting those who didn’t support during the
election. This practice somehow prohibit its constituents especially women who
are not part of their tribe to really participate in the government processes. And
that at the end of day, the political efficacy of Women in Barangay Tinoto when it
comes to participation depends on the confidence embedded within them.
On the other hand, Kamanga is still on the process- in terms of the newly
employed kind of governance and their newly elected officials. Kamanga the same
with Tinoto are headed by Man not until October 2013 Midterm Election, Barangay
Kamanga elected their first Women Brgy. Chairperson. It can be infer in this
phenomenon that putting women in the top spot is an advancement of women to
local politics and could be a motivation to other women in their participation in the
affairs of the government. However, this phenomenon is not an assurance to
justify the participation of women in Barangay Kamanga. Women in Kamanga, are
not active (commented by one of the respondent) and do not care about the
activities in the government. They just stay in their houses, take care of their
children or even work just for their living.
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Now, the only problem of Brgy. Kamanga is the lack of motivation to
participate and their concept of support, they will not support the officials if it’s not
their family, relatives or sometimes they don’t want to support because the current
elected politicos are not the ones whom they voted during the election. And with
this, it is now the duty of their local officials on how to really motivate these women.
In terms of political efficacy, like women respondents of Tinoto, the confidence of
women in participating in the political activities depends on them.
Lastly, the common to these barangays is their Politics are being played by
influential people, powerful families are battling for the positions, relatives and or
member of the family vying for the same post or threatening the lives of their
opponents.
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Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and
recommendation for this research study.
The target of this study is to compare the Political Participation of Women
of Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga, Maasim, Sarangani Province. Thus,
it aims to know their Level of Participation, Extent of Motivation and Level of
Activeness in the political activities. The political activities that are considered in
this study are based from the book of Robert Dahl that includes voting, political
campaigns, running for public office, membership in political clubs or
organizations, policy advocacy, persuading others to vote, working for a political
party or candidate, participation in political meetings or rallies, making contact with
government official about some issues and problems and working with others in
trying to address some community problems.
Summary of Findings
Based on the survey and KII data, the following are the findings:
1. Women respondents of Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga have
an over-all Moderately High Level of Participation in the political
activities. With “Voting” as a political activity have a “Very High” level of
participation in both respondents having the same mean of
=4.96.
2. Women of both Barangay have a “Low” level of participation in
“Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations” with Tinoto having a
mean of
=2.46 and Kamanga
=2.34.
3. “Running for Public Office” as a political activity have a “Very Low” in
participation in both barangay with Tinoto having a mean of
=1.12 and
Kamanga
=1.06.
4. Women of both Barangay have a “Very Low” level of participation in
“Working for a Political Party or Candidate” with Tinoto having a mean
of
= 1.62 and Kamanga
= 1.28.
5. Women of Barangay Tinoto have a higher over-all mean ( =3.142)
compared to the women of Barangay Kamanga ( =2.77).
6. Both women respondents have an over-all Moderately High level on
their extent of motivation to participate in the political activities.
7. Women of both Barangay have a “Very High” Extent of Motivation in
“Voting” with Tinoto having
=4.98 and Kamanga
=4.96. On the other
hand, “Running for Public Office” has a “Very Low” Extent of Motivation
with Tinoto having
=1.12 and Kamanga having
=1.06.
8. “Working for a Political Party or Candidate” as a political activity has a
“Very Low” Extent of Motivation in both Barangay with Tinoto having
=3.42 and Kamanga
=1.06.
9. Barangay Tinoto have a higher mean ( =3.164) compared to the
women of Barangay Kamanga ( =2.771) as to their Extent of
Motivation.
10. All (100%) of Women respondents in both Barangays are strongly active
in “Voting” as a political activity.
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11. Majority of Women respondents in Brgy. Tinoto (84%) and Brgy.
Kamanga (74%) are not active in “Political Campaigns”.
12. Majority of Women respondents in Brgy Tinoto (96%) and Brgy
Kamanga (98%) are not active in “Running for Public Office”.
13. Majority (68%) of Women respondents in Brgy are strongly active in
“Policy Advocacy”. However, Majority of Women respondents in Brgy.
Kamanga are not active in “Policy Advocacy”.
14. Majority of Women respondents in Brgy. Tinoto (80%) and Brgy.
Kamanga (60%) are strongly active in “Persuading others to vote” as a
political activity.
15. Majority of Women respondents in Brgy. Tinoto (70%) and Brgy.
Kamanga (94%) are not active in “Working for a Political Party or
Candidate”.
16. Half (50%) of Women respondents of Brgy. Tinoto are strongly active in
Participation in “Political Meetings or rallies”. However, Half (50%) of
Women respondents in Brgy. Kamanga are not active in the mentioned
political activity.
17. Half (50%) of Women respondents of Brgy. Tinoto are strongly active in
Participation in “Making contact with the government officials about
some issues and concerns”. However, Half (50%) of Women
respondents in Brgy. Kamanga are not active in the mentioned political
activity.
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Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the researcher came up with the
following conclusions:
1. The study‘s findings support Robert Dahl‘s proposition that people who
belong to the political strata tend to get involved in the following
activities but at varying degrees:
A. Voting
B. Political Campaigns
C. Running for Public Office
D. Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
E. Policy Advocacy
F. Persuading others to vote
G. Working for a political party or candidate
H. Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
I. Making contact with government official about some issues
and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some community
problems.
2. The study’s findings supports the study of Weena V. Punayan (2015)
that the Political Participation of Women specifically their political
efficacy depends on their willingness to participate.
3. Women respondents of Barangay Tinoto and Barangay Kamanga are
involved in certain political activities and varies in some degree.
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4. By Comparative, Women of Both Barangay have a Very High Level of
Participation in “Voting”, Very Low in “Running for Public Office” Very
Low level in “Working for a Political Party or Candidate” and Low Level
in “Membership in Political Clubs and Organizations” but they vary in
their Level of Participation in some political activities. In terms of Extent
of Motivation, both women respondents have a Very High in “Voting”,
High in “Participation in Political meetings and Very Low “Running for
Public Office” and they vary in other political activities. In terms of how
active is their participation, both women of Barangay Tinoto and
Kamanga are strongly active in “Voting”. As to the over-all mean,
Barangay Tinoto have a higher mean compared to Barangay Kamanga.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researcher would
like to put forward these following recommendations:
1. Policy Recommendation
a. That the Local Government Unit of Maasim, Sarangani Province
must draft an ordinance or implement a policy mandating all
Barangay Councils to institutionalize Women’s Associations or
Organizations in their respective Barangays. Thus, imposing
penalties or sanctions for those who will not follow. By
institutionalizing it, it would be a great avenue especially for women
empowerment or for information dissemination. It will also enhance
the capacities of Women in helping their family because these
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associations will provide livelihood programs and other income
generating activities.
b. That the Barangay Councils of Tinoto and Kamanga must reach out
to women who are said to be not active in their respective Barangays
and eliminate the concept of “duol sa luwag” and the culture of
settling for less. These can be achieved by conducting seminars or
trainings in their Barangays in partnership with DILG, COMELEC or
any government offices that will help in building confidence and
further empower women in all barangays.
c. That the Barangay Councilor or Kagawad of both Barangay who is
assigned and who is tasked for Women’s Development must also
empower herself by attending seminars or trainings for Women
Empowerment and Development in order for her to cascade new
ideas- to help the women in their respective Barangay.
2. Research Recommendations
a. That this study be replicated or patterned by other researchers and
be conducted in other barangays in order to establish linkages such
as similarities and differences of the study.
b. Those future researchers who will be interested in this kind of study
must incorporate new political activities or include other motivating
factors which are not included in this study.
AMADORA|68
Also, it is also interesting that this study will be continued with different
tools and statistical methods in determining the factors that contributes
to variation and similarities of political participation.
AMADORA|69
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arim, D. D. (2014). Women Empowerment in Politics and Governance in
General Santos City. Undergraduate Thesis (AB Political Science)
Mindanao State University- General Santos City
Atal, Y. (1993). Women in Politics. UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia
and the Pacific P.O Box 967, Prakanong Post Office, Bangkok
10110, Thailand.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000966/096628eo.pdf
accessed on October 14, 2015
Barnes, J, ed. (1984). The Complete Works of Aristotle. The Revised Oxford
Translation. Two volumes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Conference Report (2003). Strengthening Women’s Political Participation in
Indonesia, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral
Assistance, Ameepro, Jakarta, Indonesia.
http://www.idea.int/publications/swppi/upload/STRENGTHENING_W
OMENS.pdf accessed on October 14, 2015
Dahl, R. (1991). Modern Political Analysis: Fifth Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc.: A
Division of Simon & Schuster Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
De Leon, H. S. (2008). Textbook on the Philippine Constitution. Metro Manila:
Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Gener, M. K. & Urbiztondo, C. (2001). “The Participation of Women in
Philippine Elections”. A Review on Women’s Studies.
Hega, M. (2003). Participation of Women in Philippine Politics and Society:
A Situationer, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Philippine Office.
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/50067.pdf accessed
on October 14, 2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasim,_Sarangani
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Political_Participation.aspx
http://www.philippine-islands.ph/en/kamanga-maasim-sarangani philippines.html
http://www.philippine-islands.ph/en/tinoto-maasim-sarangani-philippines.html
Labani, S., Kaehler, C.Z., & Ruiz, P.D. (2009). Gender Analysis of Women’s
Political Participation in 7 Southeast Asian Countries.
http://www.bantaba.ehu.es/obs/files/view/Gender_analysis_of_
women's_political_participation.pdf?revision_id=79226&package_id
=79202 accessed on October 14, 2015
Mathiaparanan, B. (2007). ASEAN Efforts to Improve the Status of Women,
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore.
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Milbrath, L. (1965). Hierarchy of Political Involvement, Political Participation,
Chicago, Rand MacNally
Philippine Report, Report on the State of Women in Urban Local
Government. http://www.capwip.org/readingroom/philippines.pdf
accessed on October 14, 2015
Punayan, W. V. (2014). The Political Participation of Women in Brgy.
Poblacion, Municipality of Norala, South Cotabato.
Undergraduate Thesis (AB Political Science) Mindanao State
University
Tapales, P. (2005). Women in Contemporary Philippine Local Politics.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zk78303 accessed on October 14,
2015
True, J., Niner, S., Parashar, S. & George, N. (2012). Women’s Political
Participation in Asia and the Pacific.
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2013/02/UNDPA-Women%E2%80%99s-Political-Participation-inAsia-and-the-Pacific.pdf accessed on October 14, 2015
AMADORA|71
APPENDICES
QUESTIONNAIRE
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTCIPATION:
THE CASE OF BRGY. TINOTO AND BRGY. KAMANGA,
MUNICIPALITY OF MAASIM,
SARANGANI PROVINCE
Name: ____________________________________________
Permanent Address:_________________________________
Occupation: ________________ Age: _____
Religion: _____________________Educational Attainment: _______
Civil Status: __________________
INSTRUCTION: On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being the highest) how do you rate the
level of your participation in the following political activities? (Check the
corresponding rates)
Legend:
5 – Very High
4 – High
3 – Moderately High
2 – Low
1 – Very Low
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Voting
Political Campaigns
Running for Public Office
Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
Policy Advocacy
Persuading others to vote
Working for a political party or candidate
Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
Making contact with government official about
some issues and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some
community problems
1
2
3
4
5
INSTRUCTION: On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being the highest) how do you rate the
extent of your motivation to participate in the following political activities? (Check
the corresponding rates)
Legend:
5 – Very High
4 – High
3 – Low
2 – Very Low
1 – Not At All
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
1
2
3
4
5
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Voting
Political Campaigns
Running for Public Office
Membership in Political Clubs and Organizations
Policy Advocacy
Persuading others to vote
Working for a political party or candidate
Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
Making contact with government official about
some issues and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some
community problems
INSTRUCTION: On a scale of 1-4 (4 being the highest). How active are you in
your engagement or participation in the following political activities? (Check the
corresponding rates)
Legend:
4 – Strongly Active
3 – Moderately Active
2 – Not So Active
1- Not Active
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
1
2
3
4
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Voting
Political Campaigns
Running for Public Office
Membership in Political Clubs or Organizations
Policy Advocacy
Persuading others to vote
Working for a political party or candidate
Participation in Political Meeting or rallies
Making contact with government official about some
issues and problems
J. Working with others in trying to address some
community problems
AMADORA|74
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW (KII) GUIDE
Name:
Permanent Address:
Occupation:
Religion:
Civil Status:
Age:
Educational Attainment:
Aside from voting in the elections, what are other political activities that you have
participated?
- Have you participated political campaigns?
- Have you run to any public office?
- Are you a member of a particular women’s club or organization in your
barangay?
- Have you tried supporting a policy or ordinance implemented in your
barangay and encourages everyone to abide?
- Have you tried persuading others to vote?
- Have you work for a certain political party or work for a politician?
- Have you participated in any meeting or political rallies in your
barangay?
- Have you lobbied in your barangay any public concerns such as
problems on the implementation of a policy in your area or issues
confronting the performance of your barangay officials?
- Do you work with others in trying to address community problems or
you worked alone?
If yes, why did you participate or why do you opt to do so?
1. In voting a particular candidate or political party, what are your basis or
criteria in choosing such?
2. What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of being an active
women in your Barangay?
3. Do you think that voting during elections satisfied your rights as a Filipino
citizen? If YES, do you think that the public officials are the ones that
should provide the basic necessities for their constituents? Or the
constituents should also contribute?
AMADORA|75
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
GENERAL SANTOS CITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
January 29, 2016
HON. ROSADELIMA MANGELEN
Barangay Captain
Barangay Kamanga, Maasim,
Sarangani Province
Madam:
Greetings of Peace and Prosperity!
I am Jordan D. Amadora, a senior AB Political Science student of Mindanao State
University- General Santos City and a resident of Sitio Tampuan, Barangay
Kamanga, Maasim, Sarangani Province. I will be conducting a thesis on Women’s
Political Participation in Barangay Kamanga and Brgy. Tinoto of this Municipality.
With this, I am writing your good office to allow me to conduct my research and
gather data in your Barangay especially by giving me permission and
recommendation letter to conduct survey.
This would be a way of my respect to you as the head of this Barangay. Your
approval would serve as an important protocol for the purpose of gaining the trust
and confidence of the respondents.
May this request be granted, merit your utmost kindness and gracious
consideration.
Thank you and God Bless!
Respectfully yours,
JORDAN D. AMADORA
Researcher
Noted by:
PROF. JANICE ANN P. CIOCON
Thesis Adviser
Attested by:
PROF. WULFRANIE A. ARRUBIO
Department Chairman
AMADORA|76
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
GENERAL SANTOS CITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
January 29, 2016
HON. RAJICK B. KUDARAT
Barangay Captain
Barangay Tinoto, Maasim,
Sarangani Province
Sir:
Greetings of Peace and Prosperity!
I am Jordan D. Amadora, a senior AB Political Science student of Mindanao State
University- General Santos City and a resident of Sitio Tampuan, Barangay
Kamanga, Maasim, Sarangani Province. I will be conducting a thesis on Women’s
Political Participation in Barangay Kamanga and Brgy. Tinoto of this Municipality.
With this, I am writing your good office to allow me to conduct my research and
gather data in your Barangay especially by giving me permission and
recommendation letter to conduct survey.
This would be a way of my respect to you as the head of this Barangay. Your
approval would serve as an important protocol for the purpose of gaining the trust
and confidence of the respondents.
May this request be granted, merit your utmost kindness and gracious
consideration.
Thank you and God Bless!
Respectfully yours,
JORDAN D. AMADORA
Researcher
Noted by:
PROF. JANICE ANN P. CIOCON
Thesis Adviser
Attested by:
PROF. WULFRANIE A. ARRUBIO
Department Chairman
AMADORA|77
The Researcher
AMADORA|78
To GOD be
the
GLORY! !
AMADORA|79