Chapter 1:
The First River
Valley
Civilizations
Two Early City-States
Catal Huyuk
Jericho
Catal Huyuk is the oldest and the largest
Neolithic city found, so far. It dates to 8,000
years BCE and was occupied continuously
for 376 generations. No specific reasons for
its abandonment have been found.
A section of an earlier dig
An artist’s reconstruction of Catal Huruk
Archaeologists at work
A skeleton found in a house.
A mural of two animals
A fertility goddess
A pottery bowl with
tripod stand
Jericho
~8000 BCE
Mesopotamia - The Land Between
Two Rivers
Mesopotamia was a place where many cities began to grow. As
its name suggests, Mesopotamia was located between two
rivers. The two rivers were the Tigris River and the Euphrates
River.
When a newborn baby begins life, he or she is placed in a
cradle. Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization
because the first civilizations began there, about 5,500 years
ago in 3500 B.C.
Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East, and surrounded
by desert. People came to Mesopotamia because the soil
between the two rivers was very fertile.
USA
Mesopotamia was
located in the
Middle East.
Mesopotamia
was located in
what is now the
country of Iraq.
City-States Formed Along the Rivers
Many city-states formed
along the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in
Mesopotamia. They each
had their own form of
government, and the people
worshipped different gods
and goddesses. Eventually,
they each had their own
kings. The region where
the two rivers meet was
called Sumer. The people
who lived in the Sumer
region were called
Sumerians.
Why Did These Cities Develop?
Due to the fertile soil in
Mesopotamia, farming was
very successful. In fact,
people were able to create
surpluses of food. This
meant that some people
could stop farming and
begin doing other things,
like building a city.
As cities began to develop, people
began to worry about others who
might come and invade their city.
They wanted to protect themselves
from enemies, so people in
Mesopotamia built walls around
their cities.
Sumerians
Remember, Sumer is the
region where the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers
meet.
Writing first began in Sumerian
cities. The first schools were set
up in Sumer over 4,000 years
ago. Sumerian schools taught
boys the new invention of
writing. Those who graduated
became professional writers
called scribes. Scribes were the
only people who could keep
records for the kings and priests.
Boys that wanted to be scribes
had to attend school from the
age of 8 to the age of 20.
Sumerian Society
• Sumer was different from all other earlier
civilizations
–
–
–
–
–
Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology
• Developed city-states
• Food surplus increased population
expanded trade expansion of Sumerian society
Sumerian Society (cont.)
• Polytheistic
• Wrote myths (Epic of Gilgamesh)
• Had social classes
– Priests and kings were at the top
– Slaves were at the bottom
• Women probably couldn’t attend school but had
many other rights
• Advances in mathematics
– Number system based on 60 (60 seconds = 1 minute)
Sumerian Inventions
• Wagon wheel
• Potter’s wheel
• Number system using base 60
– time and circles
• 12 month calendar
• Metal plow
• Sail
• Some of the 1st known maps
• New architecture: Bricks
• Arch and ramp
Sumerian Writing
Scribes used a sharp point called a stylus to etch words
into clay tablets. These tablets have been discovered by
archaeologists and looked at by historians.
A Sumerian City
Sumerian city
streets were so
narrow that you
could hardly get a
cart through them.
Sumerian houses
faced away from
crowded streets.
Instead, they faced
onto courtyards
where families ate
and children played.
Narrow Streets
Courtyard Area
Sumerian Cities
On hot nights,
people slept
outdoors on the top
of their house’s flat
roof.
Sumerians had a form of light
at night. They burned oil
lamps.
Sumerians even had plumbing!
Clay pipes that were buried
underground carried their waste
away. Inventions like plumbing
wouldn’t come around for
another thousand years in other
parts of the world!
Sumerian Religion
Sumerians
worshipped
many gods, not
just one. This
belief in many
gods is called
polytheism.
“Poly” means
many and
“Theism”
means gods.
The picture above shows a ziggurat.
Ziggurats were the main temples used to
worship the gods of a city. Ziggurats were
built in the center of the city. They had steps
and ramps, and it was believed that the gods
descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a
ladder.
Sumerian Mythology
Sumerian myths, or stories, explained people’s
beliefs. Sumerians believed that a person must keep
the gods happy by going to the ziggurat and praying
to them. They believed that the gods would reward
them for good service. They also believed that the
gods would punish the people who made them angry.
ziggurat
Gods
The Epic of Gilgamesh
Search for immortality by semihistorical King Gilgamesh of
Uruk (~2700 BCE) after death
of his friend Enkidu.
Realizes that only gods enjoy
immortality; humans must
content themselves with fame
derived from performing
mighty deeds
Story of a devastating flood in
later version
The Epic of Gilgamesh Pow
The Downfall of the Sumerians
Each of the Sumerian city-states
had a ruler, and these city-states
began fighting each other. They
fought over land and the use of
river water. Since the Sumerians
were constantly at war with each
other, they became weak. By
2000 BC, Sumer was a weakened
area, and by 1759 BC, Sumer was
conquered by another group of
people - the Babylonians, who
were from the north.
Who Controls Mesopotamia?
From Sumerians to Babylonians
• The Sumerian city-states eventually fell to
foreign invaders (2000s BC)
• The Akkadians:
– Semites- nomadic people from the Arabian
Peninsula that migrated to Mesopotamia
– Sargon I (2300-2200 BC) unites all
Mesopotamian cities (creates first empire)
The Ancient
Babylonians
• Amorites (2000-1600 BC)
• Conquered many parts of old Sumeria
(including Babylon)
• Hammurabi - created a law code with
harsh punishments
• Borrowed heavily from Sumerian culture
• After Hammurabi’s death Babylon declined
Hammurabi’s Code (~1700 BCE)
Hammurabi was the king who
united most of Mesopotamia
and conquered the Sumerians.
He developed a “code” of
laws. The laws were
numbered from 1 to 282. Law
number 196 states: If a man
put out the eye of another
man, his eye shall be put out.
Some people summarize
Hammurabi’s code by saying
“an eye for an eye.”
Law number 195 states: If a
son strike his father, his
hands shall be hewn off.
There are many, many more
laws like this in
Hammurabi’s Code.
A statue of
Hammurabi
On the left is a stela, which has all 282 of
Hammurabi’s laws engraved on it. This stela is
located in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France.
Stelas containing Hammurabi’s Law Code were
erected throughout the Mesopotamia River Valley.
The Hammurabi stela was discovered in 1909, in
Susa, Elam, which is now Khuzestan. Khuzestan is a
province of southern Iran.
Susa
The Law Code of Hammu
Hittites
• Began to conquer Asia Minor
(2000 BCE)
• A strong army with chariots
• Conquered Babylon in 1595
BCE)
• Borrowed from
Mesopotamian and Egyptian
culture
• Had a law code less harsh
than Hammurabi’s
• Lasted until about 1200 BCE
Assyrians
• Started to gain strength
about 900 BCE
• Powerful army
• Treated conquered people
cruelly
• Large empire with good
roads
• Collapsed about 612 BCE
Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians)
• Defeated the Assyrians in about
612 BCE
• Descended from Hammarabi’s
Babylonians
• At its height during the rule of
Nebuchadnezzar (605-562
BCE)
– Spent a lot of money on Babylon
– Built Hanging Gardens
• Empire collapsed in 539 BCE
after being defeated by the
Persians
Persians
•
•
Were Indo-Europeans
Cyrus (conquered from the
Nile to the Indus)
•
Darius I
– Administered the empire using
satraps (governors)
– Tolerant to those who were
conquered
– Increased trade and built roads
– Lost to the Greeks in 480 BCE