By Ayesha Aslam S-18 DPT-21 Programme: Doctor of Physical Therapy Course Title: Behavioral sciences Instructor Name: Arva Naeem Semester: 5 Max Mark: 25 Attempt all questions: Q.1 the word cognition derived from the Latin word cognoscere which means a. To know b. To conceptualize c. To recognize d. All above Q.2_______________is using an existing schema to deal with new objects and situations a. Assimilation b. Equalibrisation c. Adaptation d. Accommodation Q.3Age limit of concrete operational stage a. 0-2 years b. 2-7 years c. 7-12 years d. 7-18 years Q.4 Stage in which we understand world through hypothetical thinking and logical reasoning a. sensorimotor stage b. Concrete operational stage c. Formal stage d. Preoperational stage Q.5 “Now that you have described your complaint of feeling weak and lethargic, can you describe which specific part of body you were referring to?” is example of a. Paraphrasing b. Funneling c. Empathy building d. elective reflection e. a. b. c. d. Q.6 Factors improve effective communication Lean slightly towards the client Eye contact reasonably maintained Relax while listening All above th Q.7Nature v/s nurture debate was first time found in a book _______Written in 13 century AD a. Silence b. Nightmare abbey c. Moonstone d. None Q.8 In 1913 an American psychologist ________ founded a new movement that changed the focus of psychology a. John B. Watson b. Leonhard Euler c. Amedeo Avogadro d. Joseph Stefan Q.9 Often identical twins have very different personalities and preferences due to a. Nature b. Nurture c. Genes d. Both a and b Q.10 Chromosomes are composed of a. DNA(30%) and proteins(70%) b. DNA(40%) and proteins(60%) c. DNA(25%) and proteins(75%) a. DNA(50%) and proteins(50%) SEQs Q.1 Define conflict and explain its causes? (5) Conflict is a clash of interest. It is an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles and has not yet reached agreement. They can happen at any time or moment and usually common when needs are not met. They should be dealt with as soon as possible as they create numerous issues, within and around and endanger the peace .Conflicts can surface due to any number of reasons e.g. poor communication, power seeking, dissatisfaction with management ,weak leadership , lack of openness and changes in leadership along with ones mentioned below. • Poor communication→doctor/patient, doctor/medical staff, patient/patient • No compromise when it comes to wants→waiting in line for doctor or medicine • Needs/wants not met→ patient dissatisfied • Values tested→female patient reluctant to allow male examiner • Personality, race, gender or social class differences→trainees low tolerance leads to quick offence taking • Perceptions mocked/questioned→ no independent learning for medical students • Lack of Knowledge→family refuses diagnostic procedures like biopsy • Power hungry and would go to any extent to get what they want→competitions • High Expectations→complete cure from chemotherapy • As medics→bound to difficult patients and families in OPD & IPD and their over bearing and demanding attitudes. • Assumptions→patient assumes doctor is ignoring him on purpose Q.2 Define behaviorism and its learning theories (5) Behaviorism refers to a psychological approach which emphasizes scientific and objective methods of investigation. The approach is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors, and states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. The behaviorist movement began in 1913 when John Watson wrote an article entitled 'Psychology as the behaviorist views it,' which set out a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis. Three Learning Theories 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Observational Learning 1. Learning through association 2. Learning through consequence 3. Learning through observation Classical Conditioning ➢ Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) ➢ Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist ➢ learning through association→two stimuli (e.g. environment and naturally occurring stimuli) are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal ➢ Dog and the Bell ➢ the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus ➢ Ringing of bell was Environmental stimuli ➢ Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response→salivation Operant Conditioning ➢ Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) ➢ Developed by B.F. Skinner, a American psychologist in 1937 ➢ learning through→consequences of behavior(reinforcements and punishments) ➢ Desired result→ through an action, likely to occur again in future. ➢ Adverse outcomes→ less likely to happen again in the future EXAMPLE ➢ Skinner Box Experiment ➢ Positive Reinforcement • Presenting the subject with something that it likes→Skinner rewarded his rats with food pellets. ➢ Negative Reinforcement • Reward – in the sense of removing or avoiding some aversive (painful) stimulus→ Skinner's rats learned to press the lever in order to switch off the electric current in the cage. ➢ Punishment Imposing an aversive or painful stimulus→ Skinner’s rats were given electric shocks Observational Learning ➢ Referred to as shaping, modeling, and vicarious reinforcement ➢ Theorized by Psychologist Albert Bandura ➢ Learning occur through→ observation then imitation of those behaviors ➢ Important elements→attention, motor skills, motivation, and memory ➢ Most common→ childhood as children learn from the authority figures and peers • Child watches his parents fight with one another and then imitates these actions himself. ➢ Important role→socialization, as child learns to behave and respond to others ➢ Demonstrated in his "Bobo Doll" experiments • Imitation without direct reinforcement. ➢ In the experiment→ children observed a film in which an adult repeatedly hit a large, inflatable balloon doll. After viewing the film clip, children were allowed to play in a room with a real Bobo doll just like the one they saw in the film. ➢ Bandura found→children were more likely to imitate the adult's violent actions when the adult either received no consequences or when the adult was actually rewarded for their violent actions. Children who saw film clips in which the adult was punished for this aggressive behavior were less likely to repeat the behaviors later on. Q.3 Explain tools that can make our communication effective and skilful? (5) 1.Attending & Listening 2.Active listening 3.Verbal techniques Effective & Skillful Communication ➢ Act of truly focusing on patient involves a conscious effort on part of the doctor to be aware of what other person is saying/impling. ➢ Exclusivity→ relatively quiet corner of ward meant for interaction. Beyond merely hearing and making notes of what patient says,It involves: ➢ focus on words (linguistic or verbal aspect of speech) ➢ timing ,volume, pitch, accent, fluency, pauses. ➢ Body language &expressions→ cues and not clinical signs ➢ Preferably→point to draw Patients attention • I notice that you are frowning, how are you feeling at the moment? 'Do you feel fatigued after workout?' 'How do you get to work?' 'dont you think your pain radiates to lower limb?' 'Ill summarise..' 'your thoughts about this issue..' 'everything clear?' 'Now that you have described your complaint of lethargy, can you describe which specific part of body were you referring to?' 1.Closed ended questions 2.Open ended questions 3.Leading questions Inducing Repetiitionsummarise, Question, comment Eliminate insignificant to obtain required information Questions Checking for Understanding Funneliing VERBAL Empathy Building Ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Refrain from sympathy 'I understand your struggle with depression' Parapharsaing Selective Reflection Emotional Manipulation regarding issue “how does it feel when you fatigue after a short walk. You told me earlier, that you were once an athlete who could easily run a mile' Alternate Wording 'so,you have told me about weakness you feel in your legs after a short walk. Yes?'
