Smart Task 02
SMART TASK ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
DONE BY
MR. RAHUL RAJU KUNDIYA
Submitted to
VARDHAN CONCULTING ENGINEERS
VARDHAN HOUSE, Anand Bazar, Danapur Cantonment,
Patna, Bihar
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Smart Task 02
Intern’s Details:
Name
Rahul Raju Kundiya
Email-ID
rahulkundiya31@gmail.com
Smart Task No.
02
1. Write detailed process flow analysis of MSW Management Unit
and What are the steps and how each step manages the waste
content.
Flow analysis of MSW management:
Municipal Solid Waste Management is an organized process of storage, collection,
transportation, processing, and disposal of solid residuals in an engineered sanitary
landfill. It is an integrated process comprising several collection methods, varied
transportation equipment, storage, recovery mechanisms for recyclable material,
reduction of waste volume, and quantity by methods such as composting; refuse
derived fuel (RDF), waste-to-energy, and disposal in a designated engineered
sanitary landfill.
The selection of a suitable MSWM process is driven by the source and quality of
waste produced. Solid waste is generated from a number of sources which include
households (kitchen and yard), commercial areas (shops, hotels and restaurants),
industries (raw material and packaging), institutions (schools, hospitals and
offices), construction and demolition sites, wild and domesticated animals
(carcasses of dead animals, manure), parks (fallen branches, leaves from trees), and
streets (sand, silt, clay, concrete, bricks, asphalt, residues from air deposition, and
dust).
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Steps of MSWM:
a. Analysis
b. Collection of wastes
c. Transportation of wastes
d. Recovery or Waste treatment
e. Disposal
How each step manage waste content:
Analysis:
In this steps, select suitable solid waste management process according to source
and quality of waste produced. There are many types of wastes and their sources
are analyze and then select proper disposal technique. For example, house hold
waste are used for composting process.
Collection of wastes:
Collection from all the waste generators has to be at door step. This would include
residential, commercial and institutional facilities. The MSW from markets and
other common places would be collected through sweeping teams. The waste
collected from door to door system and by the sweeping teams deployed for market
areas and other public spaces will be disposed in the landfill. Roads sweeping and
drain cleaning would be a separate waste flow from collection to disposal. Another
collection is bulk waste collection. This waste generate from industries.
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Transportation of wastes:
The transportation of the waste will be classified into primary and secondary
transportation.
The primary transportation vehicles will be auto tippers, push carts and 4 wheeled
vehicles involved in door to door collection. These primary transportation vehicles
will collect the waste from the generators on a daily basis and dispose the waste at
landfill site.
The secondary transportation of waste from road sweeping and drainage cleaning
will be done by Tractor trailers to the land fill site. Tractor trailers will be used to
transport drainage waste and construction debris.
Recovery or Waste treatment:
It consists of biological waste treatment and other waste treatment process for
example aerobic composting, vermicomposting and recycling etc,
Disposal:
The final disposal of the waste has to be through a sanitary landfill site, after
removal of the recyclable and biodegradable waste. This need to be processed
separately and only inert and non biodegradable waste should be taken to the
landfill site. The handling of waste and the landfill site has to be scientific to avoid
accidents.
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2. How Compost/fertilizer, RDF, and Plastics are extracted from
MSW?
A. Compost/Fertilizer:
Composting is a process of controlled decomposition of the organic waste,
typically in aerobic conditions, resulting in the production of stable humus-like
product that is compost.
Screening: Screens are used to control the size of feedstock. They separate small
dense material such as food scrap, glass, and plastics from the bulky light fraction
of the feedstock.
Separation: All MSW are collect and then get to separation process, In this
process remove metals and non metals from solid wastes.
Biological process: The process of aerobic composting passes through two distinct
stages of high significance thermophilic stage (sanitisation) and mesophilic stage
(decomposition).
Thermophilic stage: This is the first phase of composting wherein
microorganisms decompose the easily degradable organic substances producing
heat as a result of intense metabolic activity.
Mesophilic stage: In the second stage, due to reduction in available nutrients and
readily available carbon, the microbial activity reduces, causing a decline in the
temperature of the heap.
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Particle size: The optimum particle size should have enough surface for rapid
microbial activity, but also enough void space to allow air to circulate for
microbial respiration.
Curing stage: This is a very important phase in the composting process. Microbial
species degrading complex polymers, such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses,
increase drastically during this phase.
B. Refuse Derived Fuel:
Refuse derived fuel is produced from domestic waste, which includes
biodegradable material as well as plastics. The RDF production line consists of
several unit operations in series to separate unwanted components and condition
the combustible matter to obtain required RDF characteristics. In general,
segregation and processing may include:
a. sorting or mechanical separation (in case of effectively source segregated
feed material, this process may not be required)
b. size reduction (shredding, chipping, and milling)
c. drying (where required)
d. separation
e. screening
f. air density separation (for removing fine inert material);
g. blending
h. packaging and
i. storage.
The end use of the RDF determines the necessary characteristics of RDF (size,
moisture, ash content, calorific value, chloride, heavy metals, etc.)
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C. Plastics:
Municipal solid waste consists of everyday items such as product packaging, yard
trimmings, furniture, clothing, bottles and cans, plastic, food, newspapers,
appliances etc. All municipal solid waste are collect and then get separate plastic
from MSW by using screening and ballistic separation process.
They separate small dense material such as plastics from the bulky light fraction of
the feedstock. Magnetic separation process are used for remove metals from
municipal solid waste and eddy current separation process are used for remove non
metals, ceramics etc. from MSW.
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3. What is a Sanitary Landfill? Explain in detail with examples.
A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site that employs the principle of spreading
solid wastes in thin layers, compacting the material to the smallest possible
volume, and applying cover material at the conclusion of each operating day. This
process involves the dumping of wastes into a landfill. The base is prepared of a
protective lining, which serves as a barrier between wastes and ground water, and
prevents the separation of toxic chemicals into the water zone. Sanitary
landfills are a method of waste disposal where the waste is buried either
underground or in large piles. This method of waste disposal is controlled and
monitored very closely.
Example: Municipal sanitary landfill
Sanitary landfill operation:.
During landfill operations, the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a
weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord
with the sanitary landfills waste acceptance criteria. After loads are deposited,
compactors or bulldozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working
face. Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil or
alternative materials daily. Alternative waste-cover materials are chipped wood or
other green waste several sprayed-on foam products, chemically fixed bio solids
and temporary blankets.
Components of a Sanitary Landfill:
Bottom liner: The bottom liner separates and prevents the buried waste from
coming in contact with underlying natural soils and groundwater. The liner is
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generally constructed with some type of durable, puncture-resistant synthetic
plastic HDPE (high density polyethylene) combined with compacted clay soils.
Cells: This is an area in the landfill designated for the disposal of waste. The cell
ranges from a few acres to large acres depending on the waste received.
Leachate collection system: This comprises of the plumbing system and a sump.
The plumbing system is situated at the bottom of the landfill which consists of a
series of perforated pipes, gravel packs and a layer of sand while the Sump is a
ditch where the leachate passing through the plumbing system is collected.
Storm Water Drainage: This is an engineered system designed to control and
collect water runoff during rain or storm events.
Methane Collection System: The series of pipes are embedded in the sanitary landfill
to collect methane gas since it has the potential to explode.
Cover or Cap: Waste that is placed in a cell is required to be covered daily with
either six inches of compacted soil or an alternative daily cover.
Groundwater Monitoring Stations: Stations are set up to directly access and test
the groundwater around the landfill for leachate contamination.
Site selection for sanitary landfill:
Environmental protection and public health considerations should be the principle
concerns in site selection. The factors which need to be addressed during site
selection include the potential for the pollution of water bodies, local topography
and soil erosion risk, the suitability of soils for earthworks and containment of
leachates, the adjacent land uses and the accessibility of the site to users.
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