CONNECTIVES
1. Cause
Adverb clause words
Because
Since
Now that
Transitions
- Because the weather
was cold, we stayed
home.
- He failed the test
because he didn’t
study.
- Now that (= because
now) I live only a few
blocks from work, I
walk to work and enjoy
it. (explanation of a
new situation)
Conjunctions
for
- The child hid
behind his mother,
for he was afraid of
the dog.
Prepositions
Because of
Due to
Owing to
Due to / Because of
the fact that
- Because of the cold
weather, we stayed
home.
- Due to the cold
weather, we stayed
home.
2. Effect
Adverb clause words
So ... that …
Such … that …
- It was such good
coffee that I had
another cup.
- The coffee is so hot
that I can’t drink it.
Transitions
Therefore
Consequently
- Ann didn’t study.
Consequently, she failed
the test.
- Ann didn’t study.
Therefore, she failed the
test.
- Ann didn’t study. She,
therefore, failed the test.
- Ann didn’t study. She
failed the test, therefore.
- Ann didn’t study, and
therefore, she failed the
test.
Conjunctions
so
Prepositions
- Ann didn’t study, so
she failed the test.
NOTES: VỊ TRÍ VÀ DẤU
-
-
Adverb clause: có thể đứng trước hoặc theo sau mệnh đề độc lập. dùng dấu ‘,’ nếu
adverb clause đứng trước.
Preposition + cụm danh từ. Dùng dấu ‘,’ nếu preposition đứng trước mệnh đề độc lập
Transition: được dùng với câu thứ 2 trong một cặp câu. Transition có thể di chuyển
nhiều vị trí trong câu thứ 2. Dùng dấu ‘.’ hoặc ‘;’ để ngăn cách 2 câu. Dùng dấu ‘,’ để
ngăn cách transition với phần còn lại của câu.
Conjunction: đứng giữa 2 mệnh đề độc lập. Dùng dấu ‘,’ ngay đằng trước conjunction.
3. CONTRAST
Adverb clause words
Unexpected result
even though
although
though
Direct contrast
while
whereas
- Even though /
Although / Though it
was cold, I went
swimming.
- Mary is rich while /
whereas John is poor.
Transitions
Conjunctions
Prepositions
nevertheless
nonetheless
however … still
but … anyway
but … still
yet … still
despite
in spite of
despite / in spite of
the fact that
however
on the other hand
- It was cold.
Nevertheless, I went
swimming.
- It was cold;
nonetheless, I went
swimming.
- It was cold.
However, I still went
swimming.
But
- Mary is rich;
however, John is
poor.
- John is poor; Mary
is rich, however.
- Mary is rich. John,
on the other hand, is
poor.
- Mary is rich, but
John is poor.
Transitions
Otherwise
Conjunctions
or (else)
- I always eat
breakfast. Otherwise,
I get hungry during
class.
- I always eat
breakfast, or (else) I
get hungry during
class.
- It was cold, but I
went swimming
anyway.
- It was cold, but I
still went swimming.
- It was cold, yet I
still went swimming.
- I went swimming
despite the cold
weather.
- I went swimming in
spite of the fact that
the weather was cold.
4. CONDITION
Adverb clause words
if
unless
only if
even if
whether or not
in case
in the event of / that
- If I don’t eat
breakfast, I get
hungry.
- You’ll get wet
unless you take your
umbrella.
Prepositions