Lesson 5: THE KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN (THE KKK)
*Historical context*
The Founding of the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao
Diwa, and Deodato Arellano
Met secretly at a house on Azcarraga (now Claro M.
Recto), near Elcano Street, Tondo, on July 7, 1892 and
decided to form a new secret organization called
Katipunan.
These teachings are expected from the members even
after the attainment of freedom from the colonizers.
The teachings are followed by a form to be filled out
with name, hometown, age, occupation, status, and
address
*ASSOCIATION OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
To those who want to join this association.
Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the Filipino
propagandist and organized an underground movement
against Spain.
In order that all who want to enter this Association may
have a full understanding and knowledge of its guiding
principles and main teachings, it is necessary to make
these things known to them so that they will not,
tomorrow or the next day, repent, and so that they may
perform their duties wholeheartedly.
This was a result of the failure of Reform Movement in
Spain in which Filipinos attempted to demand reforms
for the Philippines.
This Association pursues a most worthy and
momentous object: to unite the hearts and minds of all
the Tagalogs (*) by means of an inviolable oath.
*The Katipunan
KKK was a revolutionary society that espoused
independence and freedom for the Philippines through
force of arms.
Its main objective was separation of the Philippines
from Spain, at the same time, the development of the
Filipino citizens of their own nation once independence
was achieved
*Katipunan Membership
The recruitment process of the Katipunan followed
Masonic initiation rites.
The new members of the society were indoctrinated
with the Katipunan rules an its teachings that
emphasized the value of love of one’s country and
fellow Filipinos.
New members performs the ancient blood compact and
signed their membership papers with their own blood.
The payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte (25
centavos) and a monthly due of media real (12
centavos).
Katipun – first grade members – Anak ng Bayan
Kawal – second grade members – GomBurZa
Bayani – third grade members - Rizal
*Kartilya ng Katipunan
It was penned by Emilio Jacinto (Pingkian), the greatest
writer of the Katipunan.
It was printed as a small pamphlet that was distributed
to the members of the Katipunan.
Serves as a primer as the primary lessons for the
members of the Katipunan.
(*The word Tagalog means all those born in this
Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan, Ilocano, or
Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a Tagalog too.)
One of the foremost rules here is true love of the native
land and genuine compassion for one another.
Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are equal and true
brethren.
As soon as anybody enters here, he shall perforce
renounce disorderly habits and shall submit to the
authority of the sacred commands of the Katipunan.
All acts contrary to noble and clean living are
repugnant here, and hence the life of anyone who
wants to affiliate with this Association will be submitted
to a searching investigation
Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that threatens the
Filipinos who contemplate these things that are sacred
(and even those that are not) and the sufferings they
are made to endure by the reign of cruelty, injustice and
evil.
Everybody also knows the need for money, which today
is one of the main things upon which we depend to
bring sustenance to all. In this regard, the punctual
payment of dues is required: one peso upon entry and
then twelve and a half centimos each month. The
custodian of the funds will periodically render an
account to the members, and each member has a right
to examine the accounts, should he so wish. The funds
cannot be expended without the consent of the
majority.
All this must be thought over and deliberated upon
calmly, as it cannot be accomplished or endured by
anyone who has no love for his native land and no
genuine desire to promote progress.
And for the upliftment of your mind and virtue,
read the following
*TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE
PEOPLE
A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is
like a tree without a shade, or a poisonous weed.
A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire for
personal profit and not from a sincere desire to do
good.
True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for
one’s fellow men, and in making true Reason the
measure of every move, deed and word.
Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can
be superior to another in knowledge, wealth and
beauty... but not in being.
A person with a noble character values honor above
self-interest, while a person with an ignoble character
values self-interest above honor.
An honorable man’s word is his bond
Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be recovered, but
time lost is lost forever.
Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor
An intelligent man is he who takes care in everything he
says and keeps quiet about what must be kept secret.
If the applicant understands all this, and believes he will
be able to fulfil these duties, he should put his request
in writing, as follows:
TO THE PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE
OF __________________________________________
___
I, _________________________________
NATIVE OF THE TOWN OF _________________
PROVINCE OF _________________________MY AGE
IS___________YEARS, OCCUPATION_______________
MARITAL STATUS____________________________AND
RESIDENT AT ____________________STREET OF
________________________
Having fully understood the principles and teachings
proclaimed by the Katipunan of the Sons of the People, I
wish with heart and soul to become a
member. Respectfully, therefore, I beg to be deemed
worthy of admission and to be counted as one of the
sons of the association, and I pledge to comply with its
teachings and submit to its Orders.
[Sgd.]
the ____________of the month of _________________
____________________of the year 189__.
Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the way
and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes the
way of perdition, then so do those who are led.
Entrance fee has been paid.
Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but as a
helpmate and partner in the hardships of this
existence. Have due regard to her weakness, and
remember the mother who brought you into this world
and nurtured you in your infancy.
*Discovery
What you would not want done to your wife, daughter
and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter and sister of
another.
THE TREASURER
Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio dela Cruz were engaged in
a bitter personal dispute. Patiño deciding to seek
revenge, exposed the secrets of the Katipunan to his
sister who was a nun, who in turn revealed it to a
Spanish priest, Father Mariano Gil. The priest was led to
the printing press of Diario de Manila and found
lithographic and secret documents
A man’s worth does not come from him being a king, or
in the height of his nose and the whiteness of his face,
or in him being a priest, a REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD, or
in his exalted position on the face of this earth. Pure
and truly noble is he who, though born in the forest and
able to speak only his own tongue, behaves decently, is
true to his word, has dignity and honor, who is not an
oppressor and does not abet oppressors, who knows
how to cherish and look after the land of his birth.
*Relevance
When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun
of beloved liberty shines on these poor Islands, and
sheds its sweet light upon a united race, a people in
everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle
and the suffering will have been more than
recompensed.
Lesson 6: On the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and its
Aftermath
Causes of Philippine Revolution
It established the rules not only for the members of the
Katipunan but the principles for the citizens of a nation
once independence had been achieved.
Though written in the 19th century, the Kartilya is
significant to the lives of modern Filipinos as it reads
like a simple creed for living in the light of the many
changes occurring in the present.
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Abuses of the Spanish officials
Failure of Spain to grant reforms asked by the
people
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Persecution of oppressed people
Racial prejudice and discrimination against the
people
Desire to regain independence which their
ancestors enjoyed.
The first battle of the revolution took place in
San Juan del Monte at the dawn of August 30,
1896.
With less than 1,000 men, Bonifacio attacked
the Spanish garrison.
It is also know as the Battle of Pinaglabanan.
The revolution spread to several Luzon
provinces nearby. This prompted GovernorGeneral Ramon Blanco to place the first 8
provinces (Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas,
Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija) to
revolt against Spain under Martial Law.
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The Rise of Aguinaldo
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With the revolutionary group led by Emilio
Aguinaldo, the province of Cavite became a
hotbed for the revolution.
He joined the Katipunan in 1894 and adopted
the name Magdalo.
He had strings of victories starting with the
Battle of Imus.
The Magdiwang faction, led by Mariano Alvarez
(Bonifacio’s uncle), recognize Bonifacio as
supreme leader, being the founder.
The Magdalo faction led by Baldomero
Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo’s cousin) agitated for
Aguinaldo to be the organization’s head
because of his success in the battle field,
Bonifacio meanwhile has succession of defeat.
The greatest victory of Filipino arms was won by
Aguinaldo in Binakayan, Cavite (Battle of
Binakayan). It fanned the flames of revolution
and thousands of patriots for Bataan, Mindoro,
Zambales, and Ilocos joined the revolutionary
cause.
Bonifacio-Aguinaldo Rivalry
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In the middle of revolution, a bitter rivalry
between the two leaders developed.
A split occurred in the ranks of the revolutionist,
the Magdiwangs and the Magadalos.
Aguinaldo’s troops gave no help to the
Magdiwang, in retaliation, Bonifacio’s men did
not come to aid when Magdalo towns were
under attack by Spanish forces.
Tejeros Convention
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In order to unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the
Magdalo invited Bonifacio to come to Cavite
and agreed to form a Revolutionary
Government (Pamahalaang Paghihimagsik) to
replace the Katipunan and continue the
struggle.
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On March 22, 1897, a meeting was held in
Tejeros that called for the election of officers of
the Revolutionary Government.
The session opened under the presidency of
Jacinto Lumberas. After a heated discussion
with the other members, Bonifacio reluctantly
chaired the election.
Bonifacio was confident that he would be
elected President, called for election results to
be respected.
President: Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President: Mariano Trias
Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
Captain General: Artemio Ricarte
Secretary of Interior: Andres Bonifacio
Daniel Tirona objected the election of Bonifacio
and said that the position should be occupied
by a more suitable person, a lawyer, specifically
Jose del Rosario.
Having lost his leadership, Bonifacio angrily
walked out of the Tejeros Assembly. He defies
the Revolutionary Government which the
patriots established by majority vote.
Aguinaldo won the presidency despite of being
absent in the assembly, and was away fighting
is Pasong Santol
Having lost his leadership, Bonifacio angrily
walked out of the Tejeros Assembly, and
declared the election null and void.
Bonifacio defies the Revolutionary Government
which the patriots established by majority vote.
In a letter written by Bonifacio to Jacinto, he
stated that “even before the elections were
made, some of those from Imus had secretly
spread the word that it was not good for them
to be under the leadership of someone from
another province. It was for this reason Captain
Aguinaldo was elected President”.
Lesson 1: HISTORY
HISTORY
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from the Greek word Historie or Historia which
means “learning, inquiry and or investigation”
a branch of the Social Sciences that deals with
the systematic study of significant past, a
branch of knowledge that records and explains
past events and which concerns people and
human nature.
Historiography
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refers to the study of history itself.
analyzes
the history writer
the motives of the writer
the sources of the writer
the context when the history was written.
Theories are applied and other historical
methods.
data are discovered, previous historical accounts can be
changed.
History sheds light to truth. Since a historian constantly
write about previous phenomena using historical
sources as basis, all claims therefore supports only the
truth base on the data available. This however does not
preclude the fact that a historian uses also unwritten
sources such as oral accounts and traditions.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY?
HOW DOES HISTORY LINKS THE PAST, PRESENT and
FUTURE?
It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous
events and phenomena which therefore will provide us
with proper basis on how to view the present and the
future.
Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers
for problems that pervades at present.
HISTORIAN- refers to the person writing the history.
Our historical view will in itself provide us with the
manner by which we view the present and how we
prepare for the future.
PLACE- The location where the history was written.
KENT ROGERS
PERIOD- Refers to the context of the time when the
history was written.
To know about the roots of our current culture.
ELEMENT OF HISTORY
SOURCES- Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the
historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
History has no subject matter of its own. Of course, the
subject matter of history covers all the persons and all
events that have happened in the past. It is actually very
broad since it does cover everything that has happened
in the society including all aspects from political,
economic social, culture etc.
History synthesizes knowledge from other fields. Since it
covers all phenomena, History as a branch of the Social
Sciences analyzes the relations of different events, their
cause and effects using also the knowledge used in
other fields of the Social Sciences such as Anthropology,
Sociology Economics etc.
History illuminates pieces of the past. History provides
for explanations of things that happened in the past. By
looking at relationships of different events and
phenomena, it provides explanations for seemingly
unexplainable gaps.
History is constantly changing. Since claims to historical
facts are based on personal accounts, documents and
artifacts, a historian makes an analysis based only on
available sources of data. The historian cannot conclude
something which is baseless. Unlike other Social
Sciences which can gather actual and real time data or
conduct experiments to test their hypothesis, historians
have to rely on what is available. Therefore, when new
To learn about human nature by looking at the trend
that repeat through history.
To learn about mistakes of those who have gone before
us.
AMBETH OCAMPO
History can be a mere narrative of past events, while
kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay – it must
have saysay or meaning.
Saysay gives us a way or looking at the world, a Filipino
viewpoint that influences the way we see the past, the
present, and hopefully the future.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Source
provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event,
object, person, or work of art. the evidences by
eyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the
said event or phenomena.
Example: historical and legal documents, statistical
data, survey, eyewitness accounts, pieces of creative
writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art
objects, fieldwork, results of experiments, interviews,
Internet communications via email, blogs, and
newsgroups
Secondary Source
interpretations of history They describe, discuss,
interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary sources. products of
people or writers who were not part of the event or
phenomena.
Example: articles found in scholarly journals that discuss
or evaluate someone else's original research, articles in
newspaper, popular magazines, Book (except
autobiographies) and movie reviews.
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Unintentional errors
Intentional errors
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Examples: Almanacs, Chronologies, dictionaries and
encyclopedias, Directories, Guidebooks, Indexes,
Abstracts, manuals, textbooks.
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In cases of contradicting records, the historian
should corroborate the facts from other claims
or documents.
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Question the motive of the writer and question
the accuracy of the document.
The truthfulness or veracity of the document
should be established
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In cases of contradicting records, the historian
should corroborate the facts from other claims
or documents.
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Verify the writer of the document
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You must refrain from making your own
conclusions so as not to convey their own
interpretation rather than the true meaning of
the content.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
1.
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2.
Archival Material
Archives
Manuscripts
business and personal correspondence
Diaries
Journals
legal and financial documents
Photographs
Maps
architectural drawings
Objects
oral histories
computer tapes,
video and audio cassettes.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
provide evidence of activities, functions, and policies at
all government levels. It was already dated and
analyzed
AUTHORSHIP
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No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatà written
in Rizal's handwriting exists. The poem
supposedly wrote in 1869 where he was only 8
years old then.
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The poem contains some very mature insights
for an eight-year-old boy – the “stinky fish” line
notwithstanding.
DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION
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3. SERIALS
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4. BOOKS
Doctrina Cristiana- unang librong nailimbag
5. VISUAL AND AUDIO MATERIALS
•
Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and
there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal
himself did not learn the word until he was 25
years old. Rizal first encountered the word
atleast by 1872 the years after the execution of
GOMBURZA
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Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not yet
needed in writing before 1864 and even later,
especially since timawa/catimaoan was still
External Criticism
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physical examinations of sources like
documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets,
maps, inscriptions and monuments.
Authorship-author’s name in itself can provided
for the test of authenticity
Date and place of publication-correct
In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a
“c” rather than “k.” Further, the word
“kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice.
MEANINGS OF WORDS USED
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
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The poem was first published in 1906, a decade
after his death, in a book authored by the poet
Hermenigildo Cruz.
TEXTUAL ERRORS
Journals, magazines and news papers
Example: la solidaridad
Meanings of words used-words used usually
changes from generation to generation
Internal Criticism
Tertiary Source
contain information that has been compiled from
primary and secondary sources.
Textual errors
widely used back then as meaning
‘free/freedom.’”
LESSON 2:
Magellan’s voyage around the world
3 MAJOR REASONS
1. ECONOMIC
2. POLITICAL
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3. RELIGION
IMPORTANT SPICES THAT EUROPEANS SOUGHT
AFTER:
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PEPPER
CLOVES
NUTMEG
CINNAMON
WHY DO EUROPEANS NEED SPICES?
1. Used as Preservatives
2. Enhanced the tase of the food
3. For medical purposes
Marriage between Queen Isabella of Castile
and King Ferdinand of Aragon II resulted to in
the rise of Spain as a world power.
Inspired by the success of Portugal, Spain
aspired to have a fair share in the spice trade.
They started to explore their options outside
the Iberian Peninsula, even financed tansAtlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Ferdinand Magellan
 a Portuguese explorer who organized the
Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519
to 1522, resulting in the first
circumnavigation of the Earth, completed
by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
 One of his main objectives was to search for a
new maritime path to the Spice Islands that
would not violate Spain’s Treaty with Portugal
(Treaty of Tordesillas).
Treaty of Tordesillas
 treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in
which they decided to divide up all the land in
the Americas between the two of them, no
matter who was already living there.
Asian goods reached Europe either via Silk Road
Arab-Italian trade route
 Pope Alexander VI, was the Pope at the time of
the treaty. He drew an imaginary line
2,193 km to the west of the Cape Verde Islands,
gave Portugal the land to the east of this line,
and gave Spain the land to the west of this line.
Ferdinand Magellan
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Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
Put up a maritime school that trained sailors who would
later discover an eastern route to Spice Island
(Moluccas Island) and other island in Southeast Asia via
Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
Left the port of Sancular de Barrameda in
Seville on August 20, 1519 with around 270
men, and 5 ships (Victoria, Santiago, Trinidad,
Concepcion, San Antonio).
Antonio Pigafetta – chronicler
Juan Sebastian Elcano – second in command
Enrique de Malacca – slave/interpreter
Zamal Island
Magellan and his crew was welcomed by Raja Kulambu.
March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) – celebrated mass and
planted a cross to the highest summit of the island.
Padre Pedro de Valderama - celebrated the mass.
Second island: Humuno
 Present day “Homonhon Island, Eastern Samar
Pigafetta’s account on Magellan’s voyage in the
Philippine islands
Name of
the place
in the
source
Present name
of the place
Zamal
Samar Island
Humuno
Homonhon
Island, Samar
 Pigafetta described the place as “Acquada dali
beuni segnali” (clean waters)
 The island was inhabited
 Resting and gathering fresh food and water
Context of the battle
Mazzaua
Limasawa,
Leyte or
Masao,
Butuan??
Zubu
Cebu Island
Matan
Mactan, Cebu
First island: Zamal
Present day: Samar
Magellan alliance- Rajah Humabon ---conflict
Cilapulapu Datu Zula
Zubu (Cebu)
April 26,1521 – Zula, one of the chief of the Island of
Mactan sent one of his sons to present two goats to
Magellan, and to say that he would send him all he had
promised, but he had not been able to send him
because the other chief Cilapulapu refuse to obey the
king of Spagnia (Spain).
April 27, 1521
–Magellan and his crew, together with some of Raja
Humabon’s men, reached Matan (Mactan) 3hrs before
dawn.
 Encountered natives sailing to “Zuluan”
- Magellan died during the battle
 Encountered a drink called “uraca/arrack”
(palm wine or coconut wine)
Juan Sebastian Elcano
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 Described the uses of coconutoil,wine,vinegar,milk
 Natives are naked and are covered with tattoos
 Their natives where called “balanghai“
March 16, 1521 – Magellan and his crew reached the
nearby island of Homonhon near Samar.
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May 2, 1521 – they abandoned and burned the
ship Concepcion, the fleet reduced to Victoria
and Trinidad fled westward to Palawan.
June 21, 1521 – left Palawan and sailed to
Boneo and eventually reached Moluccas Island.
December 18, 1521 – they left Moluccas Island
for Spain.
Trinidad sprang a leak and unable to repair, was
abandoned.
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September 6, 1522 – the Ship Victoria retuned
to Spain after crossing the Indian and Atlantic
Ocean.
Relevance
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 The Magellan expedition proves that the earth
is not flat but an oblate sphere.
 Magellan and his men completed the first
circumnavigation of the world.
 It confirmed that the Portuguese route is not
the only ay to Spice Islands.
He came with the first batch of Franciscan
Missionaries in the Philippines in 1577
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Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs,
1589)
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Described the political, social,
economic, and cultural practices of the
Filipinos before they were Christianized.
He spent most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he founded numerous towns
in Luzon and authored several religious and
linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina
Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first book
ever printed in the Philippines.
 Bought to the attention of Europeans that on
the other side of American continent exist a
large body of water which they named Mar
Pacifico (Pacific Ocean).
He is believed to have arrived to the Philippines
in 1578, after a stopover in Mexico. As soon as
he arrived, he joined forces with another
missionary, Fray Diego de Oropesa, and they
both started preaching around Laguna de Bay
and Tayabas, Quezon, in Quezon Province,
where he founded several towns.
 Enriched Philippine historiography because it
contains important details about the Visayan
Islands in the 16th century.
 The prominent leaders were identifies,
economic activities, social and cultural
practices, and religious beliefs.
 It is the main historical information about the
beginning of Christianity in the Philippines.
 It showed the reaction of the natives when they
first met the Spaniards
During the following years they are also
credited with the foundation of a large number
of towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna
and Rizal, such as Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban,
Mahjayjay, Nagcarlan, Lilio(Liliw), Pila, Santa
Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong,
Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan.
LESSON 3: Customs of the tagalogs
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Father Juan de Plasencia
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Spanish: Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalog
de Filipinas
Social Status; tagalog societies practice the “”semi-caste
system
It was written on the year 1589 during the
Spanish Colonial Period
Caste system: A person is considered a member of the
caste into which he or she is born and remains within
that caste until death.
A task by Governor Santiago De Vera
A guide for the Alcalde Mayors in settling the
dispute among native Filipino
Put an end into the injustice committed against
the ancient Filipinos
Dato (Datu
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Dato (Datu): Chieftain
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Governs the barangay and captain of wars.
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Obeyed and revered by the members of the
barangay.
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Create and execute laws. With the help of
Council of Elders
First form of civil code
Help in understanding and preserving traditions
of ancient Filipinos
Obtain simple truths regarding their:
The Barangay
social classes
inheritance
government
slaves
administration of justice
dowries
Juan de Plasencia
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Juan del Puerto Carrero is a Spanish Friar of the
Franciscan Order
 Political system (30-100 families)
Started out as a single clan comprised
of parents, children, their extended
family members, and their slaves.
 Each barangay was independent,
although some entered into alliances.
 Alliances are formed through blood
compact or sandugo.
Social Classes
MARRIAGE
Maharlikas
Males give dowry to the family of the desired bride
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Nobles/Freeman
They do not pay taxes
Freeborn
Must accompany the Datu in war, at their own
expense, but divide the spoils.
 Warriors, rich traders, and craftsmen.
Commoners or Timawa class
 Lower ranking than the Maharlika
 Also called Aliping namamahay.
 Everyday folks, forming the majority of the
population.
 They pay taxes and served the Datu as well as
the Maharlikas.
 They live in their own houses, and are lords of
their property and gold.
 offer labor to the upper class but they are not
considered as property
 They are allowed to earn money but have to
surrender a percentage of earnings to their
masters.
 They cannot be slaves nor either parents nor
children can be sold.
 They cannot be taken away from their own
village and be carried with the master who is
going to dwell to another village.
DOWRY- thru pieces of gold, property or land
Divorce is practiced:
GROUNDS:
Adultery
Abandonment
Cruelty Insanity
Dowries

Dowries are given by men to women’s parents.

If the women’s parents are living, they will
enjoy the use of it. At their death, provided the
dowry has not been consumed, it is divided like
the rest of the estate, equally among the
children.

If the wife, at the time of her marriage has
neither father, mother, nor grandparents, she
enjoys her dowry.
Family and social status
Alipin or Aliping Sagigilid





Could not own anything.
Usually captives of war or sentenced criminal.
Could be bought or sold at will.
Couldn’t enter into a contract or marriage.
Used in sacrificial ceremonies and could be
buried alive upon the death of their masters, to
continue serving them in the after life.
 Slaves (offer labor and property of Maharlicas
and Datus; they can be sold
SLAVERY
Inheritance of social status
If two persons married, one is Maharlica and another is
a slave, the status of the children will be divided:
Father side inheritance: odd number (1st, 3rd, 5th
child…)
Mother side inheritance: even number (2nd, 4th, 6th
child…)
Dowries and Divorce
REASONS TO
BE SLAVE
REASONS TO BE A FREEMAN
CAPTIVITY
OF WAR
BRAVERY/GOOD DEADS
INHERITANCE
CONDONATION/FORGIVENESS
CRIME
PAYMENT (TAEL OR LABOR)
DEBT
MARRIAGE

In case of a divorce before the birth of children,
if the wife left the husband to marry another, all
her dowry and an equal additional amount goes
to the husband; but if she left him, and did not
marry another, the dowry is returned.

When the husband left his wife, he lost half of
the dowry, and the other half is returned to
him.

If the husband possessed children at the time
of his divorce, the whole dowry and fine will be
given to the children and held for them by their
grandparents or other responsible relatives.
Dowries and Contract



There are fine stipulated in the contract, that he
who violates it shall pay a certain sum which
varies according to the practice of the village
and the affluence of the individual.
If upon the death of the parents, the son or
daughter should be unwilling to marry because
it was arranged by his or her parents, the dowry
which the parents received is returned nothing
more.
If the parents are living, they pay a fine,
because it was assumed that it was their design
to separate the children.
Laws and Punishments
•
Investigations made and sentences passed by
the datu must take place in the presence of
those in his barangay.

The Sun was also worshipped and is being
accounted for its beauty, and it is universally
respected and honored.

Stars are also adored by some, specifically Tala
– the morning star.

Dian Masalanta - goddess of love, conception
and childbirth and the protector of lovers.

Mapolon – the god of seasons, medicine and
health.

Lacapati - identified as the most important
fertility deity. The goddess of cultivated land.

Balatic – the Greater Bear

Lic-ha – images with different shapes,
sometimes worshipped with little importance.

Idianale - the goddess of labor and good deeds.
Tagalog deities are fluid genders, she was also
known as a female deity of animal husbandry,
and a male deity of agriculture. Deity of
craftsmanship.
•
If any of the litigants (being sued) felt himself
aggrieved, an arbiter (judge) is unanimously
selected from another village.
•
A man of low birth who insulted the daughter
or wife of the Datu will be condemned to death.
Ancient Tagalog Counterpart of Hell

Sitan
•
Witches were killed, and their children and
accomplices becomes slaves of the Datu.

The guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper of all
souls therein.
•
All other offenses were punished by fines in
gold, which is not paid in promptness, expose
the culprit to serve until the payment should be
made.

in a 1589 record, Sitan and Bathala is said to
have once waged a war with each other to
determine who should rule the realms intended
for ancestral souls.

Catolonan – one of the priestess of the devil.

Manisilat or Mansisilat - she was tasked to
destroy and break every happy and united
family that she could find.

Mangagauay – witches who pretends to heal
the sick.

Silangan – if they saw anyone clothed in white,
it will tear out his liver and eat it. Thus causing
death.

Mancocolam - The only male agent of Sitan, he
was to emit fire at night and when there was
bad weather, hence he is referred to as a fire
god. Fires caused during bad weather are
associated with him or Kidlat.

Hocloban

Could change herself into any form she desired.
She can kill or make people unconscious simply
by greeting them. She could also kill someone
by simply raising her hand and could heal
without any difficulty as she wished.
Worship of the Tagalogs


At the center of the house, worshippers place
one large lamp adorned with leaves of white
palm wrought into many designs.
They also bought together many drums, large
and small which they beat successively during
the feast, which usually lasted for four days.
Tagalog Gods and Deities

Bathala

“all powerful”

Maker of all things

Worshipped the moon (Mayari), especially
when it was new, which they had great
rejoicing, adoring it and bidding its welcome.

Osuang – a flying creature that murders men
and eat their flesh.

Magtatangal – shows himself at night to may
persons without his head or entrails.

Mangagayoma - they made charms out of
herbs, stones, and wood, which infuse the heart
with love.

Sonat – helps someone die.

Panatahojan – predicts the future. A seer.

Bayoguin - a cotquean (masculine woman), a
man whose nature inclined toward that of a
woman.
Death

Maca – place of another life of rest. The
“paradise” or “village of rest”. Those who go to
this place are the just, the valiant, and those
who lived without doing harm, or who
possessed moral virtues.

Casanaan – place of punishment, grief, and
affliction. Which is also called “place of
anguish”.

No one would go to heaven, where there only
dwelt Bathala.

Vibit – ghost

Tigbalaang – phantoms

Patianac – the lament, which can be heard at
night, of a woman died during childbirth. She
and her child suffered punishment.
Relevance

Disapproves the claim of some Spaniards that
when they arrived in the Philippines, Filipinos
were still uncivilized and lacking culture.

Filipinos were already politically and
economically organized.

Filipinos has a functioning government, tax
system, set of laws, criminal justice system,
indigenous calendar, and long- standing
customs and traditions.

They had the concept of supreme being called
Bathala, practicd burial customs and believed in
life after death.

People then were already wearing garments
and gold ornaments, and their houses were
decorated with idols.

All these lead to the conclusion that prior to the
coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were already
civilized and maintained a lifestyle that was on
par with or even better than that of people
from other countries in Southeast Asia.