From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration” The Renaissance encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade Motivations: Why did Europeans want to explore? As a result of exploration, European nations grew powerful & spread their influence throughout the world Gold (Money) Merchants lookingofforwealth quick,was direct A desire forbegan new sources the trade Asia to avoidexploration Muslim & mainroutes reasontofor European Italian merchants & increase profits The Crusades & Renaissance stimulated European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods Glory Kings who voyages of exploration Thesponsored Renaissance inspired new gained overseas colonies, new sources of possibilities for power & prestige wealth for their nation, & increased power Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity to rise from poverty and gain fame, fortune, & status God European Christians, especially Catholics, wanted to stop the spread of Islam & convert non-Christians to the faith Explorers were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring missionaries who would focus only on conversions Means: The Age of Exploration How were explorers able to sail so far & make it back again? Before the Renaissance, sailors did not have the technology to sail very far from Europe & return Navigation Trade & cultural diffusion during the Renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans Astrolabe used stars to show direction Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate Maps were more accurate and used longitude & latitude European shipbuilders built a better ship; The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind Cannons & rifles gave ships protection A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable Who wereThe the Age explorers, where did they go, & of Exploration how did they change world history? Europeans were not the first to explore the oceans in search of new trade routes Islamic merchants explored the Indian Ocean & had dominated the Asian spice trade for centuries before European exploration Early Exploration From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He led the Chinese treasure fleet on 7 expeditions to SE Asia, India, & Africa during the Ming Dynasty But in the late 1400s, the European sailors did what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could: Begin global (not regional) exploration & create colonies to increase their wealth & power In Portugal, Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of navigation to train sailors He brought in Europe’s best map-makers, shipbuilders, & sailing instructors He wanted to discover new territories, find a quick trade route to Asia, & expand Portugal’s power Portugal was the early leader in the Age of Exploration Prince Henry’s navigation school & willingness to fund voyages led the Portuguese to be the 1st to explore the west coast of Africa Vasco da Gama was the 1st explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by going around Africa to get to India Portugal gained a sea route to Asia that brought them great wealth During the Age of Exploration, Portugal created colonies along the African coast, in Brazil, & the Spice Islands in Asia The Spanish government saw Portugal’s wealth & did not want to be left out More than any other European monarch, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain sponsored & supported overseas expeditions Like most educated men of the Renaissance, Columbus believed the world was round & thought he could reach Asia by sailing west He made 4 trips to “India” never knowing he was in “America” Columbus reached the Bahamas in America but thought that he had reached islands off the coast of India “Tierra! Tierra!” ■ October 12, 1492 – Columbus’s fleet meets land – Columbus claims San Salvador for Spain ■ Thought it was East Indies – Actually the Caribbean Islands – Found natives he called “Indians” ■ Returns to Spain, and the king and queen agree to sponsor future voyages. Amerigo Vespucci 1502 – sailed along coast of South America Determined that it was not part of Asia Decided it was a continent by itself Geographers called it America Despite the fact that Magellan became the Columbus never found first explorer to Asia, Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigate the Earth still thought he could (go all the way around) reach Asia by sailing West Sailing Around the World ■ Ferdinand Magellan –Portuguese man that sailed for Spain –Sailed around the southern tip of South America •Named the ocean the Pacific •“Pacifico” – peaceful in Spanish –Crew sailed all the way to Spain 1522 During the Age of Exploration, Spain created colonies in North & South America Spain sent explorers called conquistadors to the New World to find gold, claim land, & spread Christianity Hernan Cortez conquered the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca The influx of gold from America made Spain the most powerful country in Europe during the early years of the Age of Exploration Why Spain Succeeded ● Weapons and Animals −Guns and Cannons −Horses and dogs ● Other Natives in the Areas −Disliked Aztec and Inca −Assisted Spanish ● Disease −Natives had no immunity to European illness Spain in Florida ● Juan Ponce De Leon −First Spanish landing in North America −East coast of Florida in 1513 −Hoped to find “Fountain of Youth” ● St. Augustine −Settled 1565 in modern Florida −First Spanish settlement in North America The Seven Cities of Cibola ● Mythical empire of great riches −Rumored to exist in the southern part of North America −Many European explorers searched but never found −Hernando de Soto −Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Spanish Rule ● 3 kinds of settlements −Pueblos: towns −Missions: religious communities −Presidios: military fort ● Encomienda System −Granted by Spanish government −Right to demand labor and taxes from natives −Led to formation of plantations Social Classes Peninsulares Born in Spain Owned Land Served the Church/Ran Local Govt. Creoles Born in Americas to Spanish Parents Mestizos People with Spanish and Native American parents Native Americans Lived in Great Poverty African Slaves Only class below Native Americans Plantation System ● Large profits for Spanish from exporting crops ● Used natives to work the fields ● Bartolome de Las Casas −Spanish priest −Suggested using African Slaves rather than Native Americans as slaves What is the Protestant Reformation? ■ Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in Western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. – People grew displeased with the churches… • Financial Corruption • Abuse of Power • Immorality What happens to spark the Reformation? ■ Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! – Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) – Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses Language Barriers ■Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. –Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. ■It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people. Martin Luther ■ ■ Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. – Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Luther’s 95 Theses In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! Criticized: 1.Indulgences 2.Power of Pope 3.Wealth of Church God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! Catholic View: Good Works Excommunication ■ In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. – Excommunication- expelled him from the church. – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. – Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestation or protest. •Hence the term Protestant! In England, the Reformation began with the King! ■ King Henry VIII – The king who had six wives… • He wants a SON! Lines provided in notes to write down story of King Henry VIII. The Reformation Parliament ■ Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. ■ Act of Supremacy – Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England” Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII ■ His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies). – Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” • Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake. – Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen. England, France, & the Netherlands became involved in overseas exploration & colonization as well Establishing Colonies ■ King Philip of Spain invaded England. Spain sent the Spanish Armada (fleet) of 132 ships to England. ■ English ships were smaller and faster they defeated Spain’s Armada. ■ This marked the end of Spain’s control of the sea and England was free to develop colonies in North America. ■ Catholics from Spain and France worked to spread the their faith among Native Americans. ■ Dutch and English protestant set up colonies along Atlantic coast. ■ In 1500’s and early 1600’s France, England, and Netherlands sent explorers to North America. Northwest Passage ■ Explorers hoped to discover the Northwest Passage (direct route) to Asia ■ In 1497 John Cabot sailing for England to find the Northwest passage to Asia, but he didn’t find it he probably landed on the coast of modern day Newfoundland. ■ In 1524 France hired Giovanni de Verrazano to look for a route to the Northwest passage. ■ He explored the coast of North America from Nova Scotia down to the Carolinas. ■ In 1535 French explorer Jacquez Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River hoping it would lead to the Pacific Ocean. ■ He found a mountain peak named Mont Royal “Royal Mountains present day Montreal. ■ The Netherlands hired Henry Hudson to find Northwest Passage, but he didn’t instead he discovered the river that is named after him in 1609. ■ A year later Hudson discovered a huge bay he thought led to the Pacific ocean. Later the bay was named Hudson Bay. ■ Hudson’s crew got impatient and rebelled against him and threw him, his son, and a few sailors adrift in a small boat never to be seen again. French and Dutch Settlements ■ French explorers trailed the Spanish by many years. ■ At first the French were most interested in natural resources including fish, and fur. ■ French traded with Native Americans, built forts for trading. ■ In 1663 New France became a royal colony ■ In 1682 Robert Cavelier de la Salle followed the Mississippi river all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the region for France he named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV ■ In 1718 New Orleans was founded by the French. New France and New Netherland ■ French settlement in North America advanced slowly. ■ New France made up estates along the St. Lawrence River tenant farmers paid rent and worked the land for a set period of time. ■ French got along well with Native Americans they tried to learn their languages, and respect their way of life. ■ They built Missionaries and tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, but they did not try to change their customs. ■ The Netherland’s were small country with limited farmland thus the importance of establishing colonies in North America ■ New Amsterdam the heart of New Netherland town built on the tip of Manhattan ■ In 1626 governor Peter Minuit brought the island from Manhattoes people 60 Dutch guilders ($24) Territiories The French would soon carve out a large colony along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans The French explorer Samuel de Champlain searched Canada for a northwest passage to Asia After failing to do so, Champlain founded the French colony of Quebec Unlike other European nations whose kings paid for colonies, the English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed joint-stock companies English colonies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion or wealth The English explorer James Cook was the first European to make contact with Australia, New Zealand, & Hawaii Like England, the Netherlands (the Dutch) allowed private companies to fund exploration The Dutch had colonies in America & Africa, but the Dutch East India Company dominated trade in Asia SUMMARIZE ■In your notebook, summarize the lesson including points about the reason for exploration, some of the explorers, the European countries who sponsored the explorers, and the lands they colonized.
