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Schools of Thought in Ancient China
Confucius
(551 - 479 BCE)
Central beliefs Influences on
Society
Confucianism: to be “chun 5 social relationships: ruler
tzu” – ideal, superior person. – subject, parent – child,
husband – wife, elder
Golden rule: Do not do unto brother – younger brother,
others what you would not elder friend – younger
want others to do unto you. friend.
Know your place and stay
there
Other ideas
Not enforced by law, but
rather set by example and
accepted as necessary for a
harmonious society.
Live in moderation
Maintain social order
Harmony between people
along a strict hierarchy
Laozi (old master)
(500 - 400 BCE?)
Tao (the way) is the
underlying natural order of
the Universe
It emphasizes the individual. Fundamental text: Tao Te
Ching: The Book of the Way
Seek the simplicity of life
“The truth is not always
Yin and Yang: two opposing Accept things as they are:
beautiful, nor beautiful
forces are in dynamic
the good and the bad at the words the truth.”
equilibrium
same time.
Life force of the Tao through
Ch’i (breath of life),
acupuncture, Chinese
medicinal herbs
Han Fei
Legalism: emphasis on law Influenced the construction The text of legalism is: Han
(280 - 233 BCE)
of the bureaucratic Chinese Feizi
The goal was the unification empire
(under the first emperor Shi of the Warring States
Nature of man is greedy and
Huangdi)
Only the emperor has the
needs to be controlled
power, and he needed to use
it
Meritocracy, standardization
of rewards and punishments
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Leaders